核用2.25Cr-1Mo钢在不同环境下的微动磨损性能

目的 研究核用2.25Cr-1Mo钢在不同环境下的微动磨损性能。方法 采用自制的切向微动磨损试验设备,在4种环境(温室RT/大气、RT/水、450℃/大气和450℃/液态钠)下对2.25Cr-1Mo钢进行了切向微动磨损试验。试验参数为：法向载荷20 N,运动频率5 Hz,位移幅值50μm,循环次数10⁵和2×10⁵。试验前,采用维氏硬度仪测量了2.25Cr-1Mo钢在室温和450℃高温下的硬度。试验后,采用Bruker白光干涉显微镜测量了磨痕的三维形貌并获得了截面轮廓和磨损量。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析磨痕表面和横截面的微观形貌以及摩擦化学反应。结果 2.25Cr-1Mo钢在不同环境下表现出不同的磨损性能。450℃液态钠环境下的磨损量最大,大于450℃和室温大气环境下的磨损量;室温水环境下的磨损最小。经过10⁵微动循环后,2.25Cr-1Mo钢在450℃液态钠和室温水环境下表现出最大和最小的磨损率,分别为4.17×10^-6 mm³/(N·m)和0.32×...     

High Temperature Corrosion and Characterization Studies in Flux Cored Arc Welded 2.25Cr-1Mo Power Plant Steel

Higher productivity is registered with Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process in many applications. Further, it combines the characteristics of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW) processes. This article describes the experimental work carried out to evaluate and compare corrosion and its inhibition in SA 387 Gr.22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) steel weldments prepared by FCAW process with four different heat inputs exposed to hydrochloric acid medium at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 M concentrations. The parent metal, weld metal, and heat-affected zone are chosen as regions of exposure for the study carried out at 100 °C. Electrochemical polarization techniques such as Tafel line extrapolation (Tafel) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) have been used to measure the corrosion current. The role of hexamine and mixed inhibitor (thiourea + hexamine in 0.5 M HCl), each at 100 ppm concentration is studied in these experiments. Microstructural observation, hardness survey, surface characterization, and morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been made on samples to highlight the nature and extent of film formation. The film is found to contain Fe₂Si, FeSi₂, FeMn₃, Fe₇Mo₃, Fe₃O₄, FeO, FeCr, AlO₇Fe₃SiO₃, and KFe₄Mn₇₇Si₁₉.     

Hot Corrosion Studies of HVOF-Sprayed Coating on T-91 Boiler Tube Steel at Different Operating Temperatures

The aim of the present work is to investigate the usefulness of high velocity oxy fuel-sprayed 75% Cr₃C₂-25% (Ni-20Cr) coating to control hot corrosion of T-91 boiler tube steel at different operating temperatures viz 550, 700, and 850 °C. The deposited coatings on the substrates exhibit nearly uniform, adherent and dense microstructure with porosity less than 2%. Thermogravimetry technique is used to study the high temperature hot corrosion behavior of uncoated and coated samples. The corrosion products of the coating on the substrate are analyzed by using XRD, SEM, and FE-SEM/EDAX to reveal their microstructural and compositional features for the corrosion mechanisms. It is found that the coated specimens have shown minimum weight gain at all the operating temperatures when compared with uncoated T-91 samples. Hence, coating is effective in decreasing the corrosion rate in the given molten salt environment. Oxides and spinels of nickel-chromium may be the reason for successful resistance against hot corrosion.     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢相变塑性的实验研究

试验测定了2.25Cr-1Mo钢贝氏体相变的相变塑性变形,并观测了相变塑性变形随相变进程的演化规律.根据试验结果确定了相变塑性模型.试验测定了应力对2.25Cr-1Mo钢贝氏体最大转变量和相变动力学参数的影响系数.     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火过程中碳化物析出顺序的研究

采用化学相分析的方法研究了2．25Cr-1Mo钢粒状贝氏体组织在回火过程中碳化物的变化和析出顺序。结果表明，当回火参数为18140～22000时，试验钢中析出合金碳化物的类型为M2(CN)，M6C，M4C3，Cr9C3以及M23C6；合金碳化物的析出顺序为M2(CN)→M6C→M7C3，Cr7C3→M23C6，而且这些合金碳化物的变化过程是一系列重迭的阶段。     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢热疲劳裂纹扩展特性数值模拟分析

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,模拟分析了石油化工高温设备中广泛使用的2.25Cr-1Mo钢在交变温度载荷作用下的裂纹扩展行为,得出了裂纹在不同条件下的扩展规律。同时,考虑蠕变的影响因素,得出了热疲劳和蠕变共同作用对裂纹扩展的影响。     

加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo钢锻件的热处理

本文通过解剖一只由 2 8t钢锭锻制的 2 .2 5 Cr- 1Mo钢试验件 ,测试了锻件不同部位的组织、晶粒度和不同部位、不同方向的力学性能 ,研究了回火参数及奥氏体化后的冷却速度对力学性能的影响 ,讨论了化学成分、奥氏体化温度对力学性能的影响。最后用两个典型锻件的生产实例 ,证明了壁厚347mm以下的加氢反应器用 2 .2 5 Cr- 1Mo钢锻件的热处理工艺是可行的。     

Failure Analysis of Weld Cracking in a Thick-Walled 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Pressure Vessel

A crack in thick-walled 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessel girth weld was found during manufacturing. To investigate the cause of failure, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, and microhardness tester were used in this study. According to test results, the fracture is classified as reheat cracking with multiple origins. The cracking occurred during surfacing or final post-weld heat treatment process. Coarse-grains in the weld and bulk-carbides precipitated along grain boundaries induced by multiple heating are main causes of the fracture from material aspect, while high level of the hoop stress component and excess localized deformation in stress relief procedure are mechanical aspect causes of the cracking. The fracture surfaces present major intergranular feature with a small fraction of transgranular morphologies. Large numbers of M₃C and M₂₃C₆ carbides particles were found on the fracture surface, these carbides mainly precipitated on prior austenite-grain boundaries, columnar-grain boundaries, and sub-grain boundaries. Additionally, several proposals were also offered to reduce weld cracking of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessels.     

KINETICS OF TEMPER EMBRITTLEMENT IN 2.25Cr-lMo STEEL USED FOR HOT-WALL HYDROFINING REACTORS

Based on the theory of grain boundary segregation,a kinetics model of temper embrittlement caused by long-term service for hot-wall hydrofining reactors was studied.The kinetics model was applied to phosphorus (P) segregation in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel used for a hot-wall hydrofining reactor,and the kinetics of grain boundary segregation of impurity P in the steel exposed to the process environment of the hydrofining reactor was calculated on the basis of the model.The Auger electron spectroscopy test was performed in order to determine the grain boundary concentration of P.The experimental result is agreement with the theoretical calculated data. The results show that the kinetics equation is reasonable for predicting the levels of grain boundary segregation of impurity P in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel used for hot-wall hydrofining reactors.     

外加磁场对2．25Cr-1Mo钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了2.25Cr-1Mo钢在稳恒磁场内利用交流手工电弧焊接后焊缝的显微组织和力学性能.由于外加磁场与焊接电流交互作用可以在熔池内形成电磁振荡,从而细化了凝固组织,焊缝的硬度和冲击功均有所提高.     

Corrosion Behavior of 9Cr-1Mo Steel in Sulfur Dioxide Environment

Corrosion behavior of annealed 9Cr-1Mo steel was studied in SO₂ environment at 1173 K, at flow rates from 8.33 × 10^?7 to 33.33 × 10^?7 m³/s, and parabolic rate law was followed. The rate constants were found to be independent of flow rate, within the range of flow rate investigated. Corrosion at temperatures from 973 to 1173 K, at a constant flow rate of 16.66 × 10^?7 m³/s, at 1 atmospheric pressure, for 6 h also exhibited parabolic law, however, the rate constants were observed to increase significantly with rise in temperature. The outer layer of the scale formed at 973 K was essentially of iron oxide, with small amount of chromium oxide whereas the inner layer was predominantly of chromium sulphide and chromium oxide. The scale formed at 1173 K was multilayered, in contrast to double layered formed at 973 K and 1073 K. The outer thick layer of the scale formed at 1173 K, consisted of iron oxide followed by thin substrate of chromium sulphide, iron sulphide/iron oxide, and chromium sulphide/chromium oxide toward the substrate. A model is proposed for the process of corrosion of 9Cr-1Mo steel in SO₂ environment, based on the present investigation.     

高Mo的316L堆焊技术在2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢制容器上的应用

在2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢制容器上进行Mo含量超过2.5%的316L双层堆焊时,研究了经过705℃保温32 h热处理后堆焊层中铁素体数很低时如何确保180°弯曲试验无缺陷,为2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢制容器堆焊高Mo含量的309MoL+316L双层堆焊工艺的应用提供了参考。     

2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢焊缝的性能研究

观察焊缝的金相组织,测定力学性能及其冲击功,利用Boltzmann函数确定韧脆转变温度,得出2.25Cr- 1Mo-0.25V钢焊缝经阶梯冷却后,抗回火脆化的性能良好.     

20钢锅炉钢管的断裂及腐蚀穿孔失效

对２０钢锅炉管的两种典型失效方式,即断裂和腐蚀穿孔进行了分析。结果显示,钢管内民交厚的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ａｌ等离子沉积物是钢管发生高温蠕变断裂的直接原因。另外,钢中珠江 的碳化的球化加速了蠕变断裂的进程。钢管的腐蚀穿孔则是由于燃煤中含较多硫或硫的化合物,在燃烧过程中产生高温熔融盐,加还基体铁的氧化腐蚀造成的。含尘烟气对腐蚀产物的高速冲刷也加速钢管的腐蚀穿孔过程。     

Effect of phosphorus segregation on fracture properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel

Phosphorus is a very common trace element that can segregate at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces of low alloy steels at high temperature (e.g., order of 500 °C) and adversely affect the fracture properties. This paper investigates segregation of P during reversible temper embrittlement (96 h at 520 °C) of quenched and fully tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel by Auger electron spectroscopy and describes the segregation mechanism. This paper also describes the effect of P segregation on fracture resistance and fracture mode of unembrittled steels, respectively, by fracture toughness testing over a temperature range of −196 °C to 20 °C and fractography in scanning electron microscopes. During temper embrittlement phosphorus segregation has been attributed due to the mechanism of “carbide rejection”. This segregation caused a reduction in fracture toughness values of the quenched and tempered steels at all test temperatures and an increase in the transition temperature. Phosphorus segregation also changed the brittle fracture micromechanism of quenched and fully tempered samples from one of transgranular cleavage to a mixed mode of fracture (transgranular cleavage and intergranular decohesion). The micromechanism of fracture at temperatures from the upper shelf, however, remained almost unchanged.     

2.25Cr-1Mo与0Cr18Ni9钢焊接工艺研究

在筒体母材为2.25Cr-1Mo钢的大型压力容器生产制造过程中,常涉及到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢内构件与筒节2.25Cr-1Mo钢的焊接。阐述了采用药芯气体保护焊(FCAW)方法焊接该类异种钢的有关工艺要素。通过试验分析了如何调整工艺以改善焊接接头易出现脆化组织的情况,以使接头性能满足产品设计要求。     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢氢致开裂行为及回火脆对抗氢致开裂性能的影响

    采用电解充氢方法分别对回火脆态和脱脆态2.25Cr-1Mo钢氢致开裂行为进行实验研究,通过甘油测氢法测定了2.25Cr-1Mo钢发生裂纹扩展时钢中扩散的平均氢浓度.为进一步了解回火脆对抗氢致开裂性能的影响,利用有限元软件分别对氢在回火脆态与脱脆态2.25 Cr-1Mo钢中的扩散过程进行模拟分析,系统研究了在应力-氢环境交互作用下裂纹尖端周围的氢扩散规律,并给出了裂纹扩展时裂尖局部位置的氢浓度大小.     

1(1/4)Cr—(1/2)Mo耐热钢焊接工艺试验

本文介绍美国引进的1(1/4)Cr—(1/2)Mo耐热钢匹配以国产焊丝、焊条的工艺评定试验及现场工程应用。     

Change in the ductility properties of 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel during post-welding heat treatment

A major problem associated with the use of steels at elevated temperatures in the chemical, petrochemical and power industries, is not only that of hydrogen embrittlement and creep, but also the loss of ductility related to the content of low-alloy trace elements. This phenomenon is known as temper embrittlement. Temper brittleness is associated with embrittlement due to heat treatment, rather than that due to a long period of exposure to high temperatures under working conditions. Since Polish technical literature does not have a term describing this phenomenon, the authors will use the expression 'loss of ductility' or 'working brittleness'. This particular embrittlement is caused by the segregation of phosphorus, tin, antimony and arsenic on the grain boundaries of the primary austenite during prolonged working life, or a low rate of cooling of the steel within the temperature range of 550 to 350°C. It manifests itself in the lowering of the impact strength or in the rising of the brittle fracture transition temperature (Fig.1).     

Prediction of the Residual Welding Stress in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel by Taking into Account the Effect of the Solid-State Phase Transformations

A computational approach based on the thermal elastic plastic finite element method was developed for predicting welding residual stress in low carbon alloyed steel welds by taking into account the effect of the solid-state phase transformations. The kinetics of phase transformations was described by Johnson Mehl Avrami Kolmogrov (JMAK) equation for bainitic transition and by Koistinen-Marburger (K-M) relationship for martensitic transition. Moreover, an additive rule depending on volumetric phase fraction was adopted to represent the material property changes during heating and cooling. Consequently, the residual welding stresses in a 2.25Cr1Mo steel TIG welded plate were computed. Early calculation results suggest that the bainitic and martensitic transformations took place in the weld the heat-affected zone drastically reduce the residual longitudinal tensile stress in the region.