橡木提取液对霞多丽和赤霞珠葡萄果实品质的影响

主要研究橡木提取液对葡萄果实品质的影响。以欧亚种（Vitis vinifera L.）酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠和霞多 丽为实验材料,外源喷施橡木提取液后测定果实单宁、多酚、花色苷、单糖和有机酸单体含量及香气成分的质量 浓度。结果表明：橡木提取液对葡萄果实基本理化性质影响不显著,橡木提取液可提高霞多丽果实总酚和单宁含 量,其中体积分数25%美国橡木提取液处理组单宁含量比对照组（喷蒸馏水,下同）增加了33.2%;橡木提取液可 提高赤霞珠果实单宁和总花色苷含量,与对照组相比,体积分数25%美国橡木提取液处理后赤霞珠单宁含量增加 了40.7%,纯美国橡木提取液处理后花色苷含量增加了10.7%;纯橡木提取液可以提高霞多丽和赤霞珠果实果糖含 量;橡木提取液可以提高霞多丽和赤霞珠果实葡萄糖含量。橡木提取液对霞多丽和赤霞珠果实香气成分有很大影 响,都增加了果实香气成分的种类,尤其是酯类、醛类和醇类（如橡木内酯、四氢薰衣草醇）,同时可增加果实香 气质量浓度,如体积分数25%美国橡木提取液可使6-甲氧基丁子香酚的质量浓度增加近8 倍。外源喷施橡木提取液 可改善葡萄果实品质,结果可为葡萄产业废弃物开发利用提供理论依据。     

砧木对酿酒葡萄生长和结果状况的影响

以SO4、5BB两种砧木与宁夏主栽的赤霞珠、美乐、霞多丽进行绿枝嫁接,研究砧木对酿酒葡萄生长、果实品质的影响。结果表明,对于同一接穗品种,以5BB为砧木越冬保存率高,接穗与砧木增粗的速度接近,亲和性更好。SO4和5BB两种砧木显著增加赤霞珠葡萄的单粒质量,但对3个品种的穗质量没有明显影响。5BB做砧木提高霞多丽、赤霞珠可溶性固形物含量,降低霞多丽、美乐可滴定酸含量;以SO4为砧木显著降低3个品种可溶性固形物含量,提高赤霞珠酸含量。综合来看,以5BB为砧木可提高果实品质,而SO4为砧木降低果实品质或推迟成熟。     

栽培密度和产量水平对酿酒葡萄含糖量的影响

种植密度特别是行距是影响酿酒葡萄产量和品质的主导因素,当栽培密度超过278株/667m2,行距缩减到1.6m时产量激增,含糖量明显下降.2m的行距、0.8～1.2m的株距有利于保持霞多丽和赤霞珠逆宜的产量和较高的含糖量.在2500-800kg/667m2的产量范围内,赤霞珠和霞多丽的含糖量随着产量的降低而增加,但当产量继续降低时含糖量增加很少.赤霞珠产量维持在1000kg/667m2,霞多丽在800kg/667m2水平时葡萄果实品质优良,树势稳定.     

霞多丽葡萄营养系果实中酚类和香气物质研究

酿酒葡萄果实品质是酿造葡萄酒风格与典型性的关键因素,以霞多丽4个营养系为试验材料,对4个营养系的果实不同时期不同部位酚类含量和成熟期香气物质进行分析比较。结果表明,在果实完全成熟时,霞多丽277可溶性固形物、皮肉比显著高于其他3个营养系;霞多丽76固酸比、果形指数显著高于其他3个营养系。在盛花后40 d至果实成熟期,霞多丽96果皮中黄烷醇含量、总类黄酮含量均显著高于其他3个营养系;在果实成熟期,霞多丽96果皮和果肉中单宁含量显著高于其他3个营养系,霞多丽277的果肉中总类黄酮含量、黄烷醇含量显著高于其他3个营养系。霞多丽葡萄4个营养系在果实成熟期共检测出96种挥发性香气物质,霞多丽76果实中酯类香气种类最为丰富;霞多丽76果实中花香、水果香的香气活力值显著高于其他3个营养系。在黄土高原栽培条件下,霞多丽96和霞多丽277可作为高酚类霞多丽营养系,霞多丽76可作为高香气霞多丽营养系。     

黄土高原地区酿酒葡萄果实香气成分的GC-MS分析

利用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对位于黄土高原地区的山西省乡宁县葡萄产区酿酒葡萄:坡地赤霞珠、平地赤霞珠、蛇龙珠和霞多丽果实的香气成分进行GC-MS检测分析,并结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行了鉴定,应用内标法测定了各成分的含量。结果发现,坡地赤霞珠、平地赤霞珠、蛇龙珠和霞多丽果实中分别含有24、20、23和27种香气物质,它们主要分属5类,含量由高到低依次是:醇类、醛类、羧酸类、环状烯烃和酯类;就单个物质而言,丁醇、己醛、乙酸和己酸含量较高。另外,葡萄园地形确实能影响葡萄果实的香气组成和含量,但其香气骨架基本一致。     

5个酿酒葡萄品种在榆林长城沿线风沙区的引种试验

2011年从宁夏王朝集团品种园引进黑比诺、美乐、蛇龙珠、赤霞珠和霞多丽5个酿酒葡萄品种,建立引种栽培试验园,观察引入品种在榆林风沙区的表现和适应性。试栽期间对引入品种的物候期、果实经济性状、生长结果特性和适应性等进行了5年的观察研究。结果表明:5个品种在本地生长良好,定植后第3年就进入结果期,葡萄浆果于当地的9月中下旬进入成熟期,可溶性固形物含量在18.9%~21.0%之间,第5年的产量为490.6~810.3 kg/667m2,美乐、赤霞珠和霞多丽综合性状优良,适于当地推广种植。     

多主蔓扇形不同结果部位葡萄酒多酚物质含量变化的研究

以新疆玛纳斯县酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、梅鹿特(Merlot)、霞多丽(Chardonnay)和贵人香(Italian Riesling)为试材,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒的花色素苷、单宁和总酚等质量指标.结果表明:(1)不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒中多酚物质含量存在明显差异.(2)赤霞珠与梅鹿特干红葡萄酒中的总花色素含量均随果实结果部位的提高而呈增加趋势.(3)供试四个品种葡萄酒中总酚与单宁含量均随果实结果部位高度的提高而增加.结论:为了保证树体不同结果部位葡萄酒的质量,建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,并适当提高结果部位.     

贺兰山东麓产区不同地块对酿酒葡萄果实香气物质的影响

为明确宁夏贺兰山东麓产区小产区划分的意义,以该产区4 个葡萄园的2 个酿酒葡萄品种成熟期果实为材料,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对果实游离态和结合态香气物质进行测定,就地块差异对果实香气物质组成的影响进行分析。结果表明,4 个地块的土壤都属于砂壤土类型,高家闸地块的土壤质地含有更多的黏土,志辉地块的土壤更靠近砂土,华西地块和金山地块的土壤质地介于两者之间;在‘霞多丽’葡萄果实中,志辉地块的果实百粒质量、百粒体积和可滴定酸含量显著高于高家闸地块,在‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中,不同地块果实百粒质量和百粒体积不存在显著差异,而金山地块的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实中有更低含量的可溶性固形物和更高的可滴定酸;‘霞多丽’和‘赤霞珠’浆果中的香气物质种类和含量在不同地块中有显著差异,主要体现在C6/C9、酯类、降异戊二烯类和萜烯类化合物。志辉地块的‘霞多丽’果实香气差异化合物中的游离态(E)-2-己烯醛、β-大马士酮以及结合态辛酸乙酯的含量更高,结合相应的香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）,志辉地块的‘霞多丽’葡萄果实中有更加浓郁的生青味、花香和果香;金山地块的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实香气差异化合物中有更高含量的游离态(E)-2-己烯醛和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇,结合相应的OAV,其果实香气中有更多的生青味。总之,基于不同地块葡萄果实香气的差异分析,具有明确不同地块葡萄果实品质和葡萄酒风格的潜在价值,为小产区的划分提供一定理论基础。     

栽培密度和产量水平对酿酒葡萄含糖量的影响

种植密度特别是行距是影响酿酒葡萄产量和品质的主导因素,当栽培密度超过278株／667m^2,行距缩减到1．6m时产量激增,含糖量明显下降。2m的行距、0．8～1．2m的株距有利于保持霞多丽和赤霞珠适宜的产量和较高的含糖量。在2500－800kg／667m^2的产量范围内,赤霞珠和霞多丽的含糖量随着产量的降低而增加,但当产量继续降低时含糖量增加很少。赤霞珠产量维持在1000kg／667m^2、霞多在800kg／667m^2水平时葡萄果实品质优良,树势稳定。     

避雨栽培对酿酒葡萄果实品质和香气物质的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”为试材,研究避雨栽培对葡萄果实基本品质和香气物质的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,避雨栽培可以增加葡萄果实还原糖、总酚和单宁的含量,但降低了果实总花色素含量。常规栽培和避雨栽培的葡萄果实中分别检测出26 种和31 种香气物质,包括高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、萜烯和降异戊二烯类等。与常规栽培相比,避雨栽培的葡萄果实香气物质总量提高了59.22%,提高的香气物质种类包括高级醇、酯类、醛类、酸类及挥发性酚类物质,其中,乙酸乙酯、2-己烯醛、己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇含量显著升高,而己酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛酸、癸酸是避雨栽培果实中检测到的独有特征香气成分。因此,避雨栽培种植模式有助于葡萄果实品质的提高和香气物质的合成。     

Proline and arginine accumulation in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. in Australian vineyards: Influence of vine cultivar, berry maturity and tissue type

Using HPLC analysis, free amino acid profiles were obtained for ripe berries of six grapevine cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Muscat Gordo, Pinot Noir, Riesling and Sangiovese) grown under comparable conditions and harvested at similar maturities. Compositional differences were observed between cultivars, however proline and arginine were always the major amino acids. Mature berries of Cabernet Sauvignon contained a very high concentration of proline, but a much lower concentration of arginine. Those of other cultivars contained moderate levels of both arginine and proline.
Changes in free amino acid profiles during grape berry development were further investigated in four cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Muscat Gordo). In all cases, most of the proline accumulation occurred late in ripening, around four weeks post-veraison. In contrast, arginine accumulation began before veraison and continued to full maturity, except for those cultivars in which a high concentration of proline accumulated, in which case the concentration of arginine reached a plateau relatively early in development. Accumulation of both proline and arginine appears to be develop-mentally regulated. These observations are discussed with reference to proline and arginine metabolism and possible links between them.
The distribution of free proline, arginine and other amino acids amongst pulp, skin and seed was examined using mature fruit of Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling. Amino acid profiles were found to vary considerably between the berry components. The skin contained a greater ratio of arginine:proline compared with the pulp. This suggests that the yeast-assimilable nitrogen content of juices, and therefore their fermentability, could be enhanced in the presence of skins.     

不同棚膜颜色对赤霞珠葡萄果实氨基酸含量的影响

葡萄中的氨基酸含量是影响葡萄和葡萄酒香气品质的重要因素。试验以陕西泾阳的赤霞珠葡萄为试材，研究了不同颜色的避雨棚膜（白色、蓝色和紫色）对葡萄成熟时氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明，连续两年，蓝色和白色棚膜显著提高了葡萄中的谷氨酸、丝氨酸和天冬氨酸含量（P＜0.05）；蓝色棚膜显著提高了葡萄中精氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸等大部分氨基酸的含量（P＜0.05）。综合考虑，蓝色棚膜是提升赤霞珠葡萄氨基酸含量的最佳棚膜。     

Anthocyanin composition of Vranec,Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot and Pinot Noir grapes as indicator of their varietal differentiation

The anthocyanin composition of red grape varieties Vranec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir was determined analyzing the skin extracts of the grape berries. The relative content of the identified anthocyanins was calculated and the obtained anthocyanic profiles were compared in terms of acylation and anthocyanidin distribution. The predominant anthocyanin in all varieties was malvidin-3-glucoside ranging from 35.8% in Cabernet Sauvignon to 67.1% in Pinot Noir. Vranec variety was characterized by high proportions of coumaroyl derivatives (22%) and peonidins (13%). The most pronounced difference among the studied grape cultivars was the relative amount of acetate derivatives accounting 35% in Cabernet Sauvignon, 22% in Merlot and 9% in Vranec. Different relationships among the anthocyanin groups of compounds were calculated and considered as parameters for differentiation of the cultivars. The relationship between coumarates and acetates in Vranec was significantly higher compared with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon with obtained values of 2.37 versus 0.63 and 0.56, respectively. Moreover, the ratio between delphinidins and peonidins allows clear discrimination between the studied grape cultivars showing the greatest difference.     

The effect of Uncinula necator (powdery mildew) and Botrytis cinerea infection of grapes on the levels of haze-forming pathogenesis-related proteins in grape juice and wine

Powdery mildew on Chardonnay grapes resulted in increased levels of a grape thaumatin-like protein, VvTL2, in the free run juice compared to that from uninfected grapes. These increased levels persisted through winemaking and at the highest level of infection (> 30% of bunches infected) had a significant impact on the haziness in the wine following a heat test. Infection of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (1–20% of bunches infected) did not affect the protein concentration of free run juice, and only traces of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins remained detectable in the Cabernet Sauvignon wines from either infected or healthy grapes. In contrast, infection of Chardonnay or Semillon grapes by Botrytis cinerea in the vineyard resulted in decreased levels of all PR proteins in the free run juice and in a total protein extract from infected berries compared to that from uninfected grapes. Similar trends were observed when B. cinerea was grown in the laboratory on surface-sterilised berries or in filter-sterilised juice.     

黑果腺肋花楸与赤霞珠波特酒中挥发性香气成分分析

以黑果腺肋花楸和赤霞珠葡萄为原料,在二者混合发酵过程中添加无核白、霞多丽、赤霞珠3种葡萄蒸馏酒终止酒精发酵,制备波特酒。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC×GC-TOF MS）技术,对黑果腺肋花楸和赤霞珠波特酒的挥发性香气成分进行分析,并对结果进行主成分分析（PCA）。结果表明,3种波特酒中共检测出68种挥发性香气成分,包括酯类25种、醇类21种、酸类7种、酮类6种、醛类4种、其他类5种。对3种波特酒的共有挥发性物质和挥发性化合物进行主成分分析,发现醇类和醛类物质是影响波特酒香气的主要因素。香气品质评价模型结果表明,添加赤霞珠蒸馏酒的波特酒香气品质最佳,添加霞多丽蒸馏酒的波特酒次之,添加无核白蒸馏酒的波特酒最差。     

Volatile profiles of Cabernet Gernischet wine under rain-shelter cultivation and open-field cultivation using solid-phase micro-extraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

The volatile profiles of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Gernischet wines in vintages 2010 and 2011 from rain-shelter cultivation and open-field cultivation were compared and detected by headspace solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the number and concentration of volatile compounds quantified in wine were lower under rain-shelter cultivation compared with open-field cultivation. The strength of the fruity, fatty, caramel, and floral aromas of the 2010 vintage wines was lower under rain-shelter cultivation condition, and the compounds contributing to herbaceous aroma series were also lower with rain-shelter cultivation in the 2011 vintage wines. However, the strength of fruity, fatty, caramel, floral, and chemical aromas was higher with rain-shelter cultivation in vintage 2011. The cultivations in the two vintages could be clearly divided into three groups by principal component analysis. The difference between two treatments was significant in vintage 2010, whereas there was no significant difference in vintage 2011. The present work reveals the effects of rain-shelter cultivation on Cabernet Gernischet wine volatile compounds and explains that the technique is helpful in improving the wine quality in some rainy regions.     

陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄果实成熟特性研究

该实验研究了合阳地区5个红色和5个白色酿酒葡萄品种在成熟期的可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸含量和成熟系数变化,分析了成熟葡萄浆果的物理品质、花色苷和单体酚的组成和含量。结果表明,转色期后12 d,各品种葡萄的成熟系数均＞20。成熟葡萄浆果还原糖含量为180～235 g/L,总酸含量＜6 g/L。综合来看,赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰、爱格丽、小芒森和贵人香适合在合阳地区种植。赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰和贵人香最适采收期在转色期后24 d左右,爱格丽和小芒森在转色期后44 d左右。马瑟兰的成熟浆果花色苷含量较高,达29.85 mg/g;赤霞珠、马瑟兰和爱格丽成熟浆果单体酚含量较高,分别为0.65 mg/g、0.43 mg/g和0.26 mg/g。研究结果将为陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄种植与推广提供参考。