TiAl合金片层取向控制研究进展

TiAl合金因具有低密度、良好的高温强度以及抗氧化性,成为在航空航天及汽车行业具有重要应用价值的新型高温结构材料。对于全片层TiAl合金,通过控制α相沿非择优取向生长,获得平行于生长方向的片层组织,可显著提高其综合力学性能。TiAl合金的片层组织控制方法主要包括改变凝固路径法和籽晶法。综述了TiAl合金片层取向控制的现状及存在的主要问题,指出自引晶法和β相籽晶法是片层取向控制的新方法,将促进TiAl合金片层组织控制的工程化应用。最后,对TiAl合金片层取向控制的发展前景进行了展望。     

显微组织应变率对全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的影响

采用了特殊的热处理工艺,分别获得了不同晶粒度和不同片层厚度的显微组织的全片层TiAl合金,并在不同的应变速率下,对这些合金进行了室温单向拉伸实验.结果表明:在一定的应变速率下,晶粒度的降低和片层厚度的增加都会导致全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的增加.在确定的显微组织下,应变率的降低,会导致全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的增加.而当应变率较低、晶粒较大、片层较厚时,试样中容易萌生微裂纹.微裂纹多数在软取向的晶粒中出现.具有小晶粒、厚片层显微组织的全片层TiAl合金在较低的应变速率下将会具有较好的塑性.     

片层状TiAl-Nb合金中γ/γ界面体系拉伸行为的原子模拟

全片层组织结构的TiAl基合金在发生塑性变形时，因具有多个可阻碍位错迁移的界面，增加了位错迁移所需要的应变能，从而使变形能力和强度强烈依赖于这种显微组织中的层状界面。本工作采用分子动力学方法研究了单轴拉伸载荷下具有γ/γ界面的TiAl-Nb合金的变形行为。从原子尺度上讨论了真孪晶(True-twin, TT)、旋转界面(Rotational boundary, RB)、伪孪晶(Pseudo-twin, PT)三种不同界面下，片层状TiAl-Nb合金的力学响应、位错演化和断裂机制；阐述了材料力学响应与微观缺陷演化之间的关系，表明含不同界面的TiAl-Nb合金力学性能具有显著的层状边界效应。通过观察位错与界面的交互作用发现位错与界面相遇后，三个界面及附近都会产生无序原子区；而RB/PT试样中无序原子区作为位错源会向另一片层发射位错，TT试样中的无序原子区不会作为位错源向另一片层发射位错。     

TiAl合金片层形成及其稳定性研究现状

TiAl合金具有低密度和优异的高温性能,是650~850 ℃温度区间内替代镍基高温合金的重要候选材料。具有片层组织的TiAl合金高温综合性能优异,但片层组织形成机理、高温服役条件下片层稳定性仍是关注的重点。综述了近年来片层形成和组织稳定性的研究成果,主要分析片层形成机制和γ变体选择机制,以及片层特征对组织稳定性的影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

TiAl合金全片层组织的热稳定性研究

研究了Al含量、冷却速率和添加硼元素对TiAl合金全片层组织在1150℃的热稳定性的影响。研究表明:Al含量在46%～48%(原子分数,下同)范围的二元TiAl合金的Al含量越高,γ偏析程度越严重,铸造片层组织的热稳定性越差;Ti-48Al合金α单相区固溶处理后炉冷的粗片层组织的稳定性远远优于空冷的细片层组织,空冷细片层组织容易在晶界处发生不连续粗化转变,并且空冷片层晶粒内的魏氏片层(Lw)与基体的界面往往与晶界一同成为片层组织发生分解的起始部位;Ti-48Al合金中添加0.8%B因晶界TiB2相的存在能有效抑制细片层组织的晶界不连续粗化,但γ相从TiB2/基体界面和晶界重新形核生长可使片层组织转变为均匀的细晶近γ组织。     

全片层γ-TiAl基合金屈服应力的微结构尺度效应

本文基于多位错塞积模型,研究了γ-TiAl基全片层组织合金的屈服应力与微观结构多尺度的关系,给出了全片层γ-TiAl基合金屈服应力的解析计算公式.重点分析了合金中PST颗粒片层界面强度τλc、晶界强度τdc、片层厚度λ及PST颗粒大小尺度d对合金屈服应力大小的影响.     

铌和钨对γ-TiAl基合金热稳定性的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)，扫描电镜(SEM)，X射线衍射研究了TiAl—5Nb，TiAl—14．3Nb，TiAl—8Nb—1W，TiAl—12．3Nb-2W四种合金片层组织在1000℃的热稳定性。结果表明，TiAl—12．3Nb-2W合金热稳定性最好，但合金元素对TiAl基合金热稳定性的影响机理还有待进一步的研究。     

锰对铸态ZA27合金压缩蠕变的影响

本文采用自制的试验装置研究了锰对铸态ZA27合金压缩蠕变行为的影响。结果表明，在所试验的温度为20℃到160℃和压应力为50MPa到137.5MPa的范围内，ZA27-Mn和ZA27合金的第一阶段压蠕变量和稳态蠕变速率随着温度和应力的增高而增大，但ZA27-Mn合金的第一阶段的蠕变量和稳态蠕变速率低于ZA27合金。两种合金的压蠕变均符合Int=C-nln Q/RT，材料结构常数C不同合金压蠕变不同，ZA27-Mn合金的应力指数n和蠕变激活能Q分别为3.89和83.97KJmol^-1合金的应力指数和蠕变激活能分别为3.46和81.09KJmol^-1，合金的压蠕变由锌的点阵自扩散和位错的攀移控制。在整个试验温度和应力范围内，ZA27-Mn合金的压蠕变抗力高于ZA27合金。     

单晶镍基合金的层错能及其对蠕变机制的影响

通过对合金进行不同温度层错能的计算、蠕变性能测试及位错组态的衍衬分析,研究温度对单晶镍基合金层错能和蠕变机制的影响。结果表明:合金在760℃具有较低的层错能,其蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,切入γ′相的位错可分解形成(1/3)〈112〉位错+(SISF)层错的位错组态。随温度的提高,合金的层错能增大,合金在1070℃蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相。在980℃,合金的层错能介于760~1070℃之间,蠕变期间的主要变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,剪切进入γ′相的螺位错由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成(1/2)〈110〉不全位错+反向畴界(APB)的K-W锁位错组态,这种具有面角非平面芯结构的K-W锁可抑制位错的交滑移,提高合金的蠕变抗力。其中,蠕变期间较低的应变速率仅释放较少的形变热,不足以激活K-W锁中的位错在{111}面滑移,是K-W锁在980℃得以保留的主要原因。     

3003铝合金蠕变行为与本构方程

研究了3003铝合金冷轧变形后再结晶组织控制和175~250℃、外加应力25~50 MPa条件下3003铝合金的蠕变行为。采用弹性模量归一化应力幂律蠕变本构方程,对实验数据进行线性拟合,建立了能够较好描述稳态蠕变速率与应力、温度三者之间关系的本构方程。结果表明:采用350℃和600℃的两步再结晶退火,可获得有利于提高合金蠕变性能的长条状再结晶组织;温度越高,应力增加对稳态蠕变速率增加的贡献越大;不同温度下3003铝合金的蠕变机制不同,175℃时,应力指数n=3.5,蠕变主要由位错滑移控制;在200~250℃范围内,n处于5.1~8.6之间,蠕变主要由位错攀移控制。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...