Characteristics of traditionally processed shea kernels and butter

The traditional production of shea butter requires a heat treatment of the nuts. This study compared the end products derived by two commonly used heat treatments, namely smoking and boiling followed by sun‐drying. Neither treatment influenced the moisture content of the kernels (8–10%), but the boiling treatment resulted in more free fatty acids (FFA) (6%) and a higher fat content (41%) of kernels. A sensory panel preferred shea butter from boiled kernels because of its soft texture and intense smell. This butter also had the highest values for moisture content (2%), unsaponifiable matter (7%), tocopherol compounds (125 mg g^?1), peroxide value (8 meq O₂ kg^?1), iodine value (53 mg I₂ 100 g^?1) and FFA (2%). Minor variations were noticed in the fatty acid profile. Aside from the use of butter from both boiled and smoked kernels in cosmetics, the butter from smoked kernels will be more suitable for food purposes.     

Effect of adding shea butter stearin and emulsifiers on the physical properties of cocoa butter

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of shea butter stearin (SBS) as cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). In this work, the optimal ratio of SBS and cocoa butter (CB) was evaluated by the solid fat content and deviation solid fat content. Emulsifiers added to SBS and CB blends were first screened based on β polymorph level, and mixture regression experiment was designed to obtain the optimized compound emulsifiers ratio, finally the characterization of shea butter chocolate was evaluated by sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis (TPA). The best compatibility was obtained when the mixture ratio of SBS and CB was 20:80, where ΔSFC within a range of 1.5 was shown. The appropriate compound emulsifiers were soy lecithin: polyglycerol polyricinoleate: Tween 60 = 1:1:1. Both sensory evaluation and TPA test showed SBS and CB blends could improve the taste and texture of chocolate with proper emulsifiers addition.     

Cocoa butter equivalents prepared by blending fractionated palm stearin and shea stearin

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of commercial use as a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). The CBE was prepared by blending fractionated palm stearin and shea stearin in a weight ratio of 40:60 and contained 81.9% total symmetric monounsaturated triacyl-glycerols. The CBE was blended with cocoa butter in weight ratios (CBE:cocoa butter) of 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10. The blends were evaluated for their fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions, thermal melting/crystallization behaviors, and solid fat content. The 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70 blends showed similar melting/crystallization temperature ranges and enthalpies to those of cocoa butter. Furthermore, they showed similar changes in solid fat content to those of cocoa butter as a function of temperature. These results indicate that the CBE can be blended with cocoa butter at 30% for the manufacture of chocolate products without significantly altering their physical properties.     

Fungal metabolism of butter and shea oils by Penicillium roquefortii in solid state cultures

Monoacylglycerols (monoglycerides, MAGs) were produced from butter oil and shea stearin fraction (shea oil) by two strains of Penicillium roquefortii, FRR 2456 (isolated from a spoilt melon) and Wisbey PJ (a commercial dairy strain), at pH 7.0 at 10 and 25 °C. The system was designed as a model of cheese using modified Czapek medium in solid state cultures. Shea oil with its unique fatty acid profile (stearic, oleic and palmitic acids) was used for comparison with butter oil. Yields of MAGs, which ranged from 3 to 14 g kg^?1 oil, were higher with butter than with shea oil and higher when the spoilage strain FRR 2456 was used. Monoacylglycerols produced by mycelium‐bound lipases from both fungal strains were mainly sn‐1(3) or α isomers (60–70 mol%). Monopalmitin was the major MAG produced from both butter and shea oils. The production and use of MAGs alone or in combination with free fatty acids (FFAs) as food preservatives are discussed. It is implied that sn‐1(3) MAGs together with free fatty acids may be part of a natural antimicrobial system in relatively high‐pH foods such as blue mould‐ripened cheese where growth of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can be a problem. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

The development of a model butter reworker

The throughput of commercial butter reworkers is too great for experimental work. A laboratory scale reworker was designed and constructed to enable quantitative investigation of the reworking process.     

代可可脂、类可可脂、天然可可脂的组成及性质分析

对代可可脂(月桂酸型和非月桂酸型)、类可可脂、天然可可脂的组成及性质进行比较研究,主要包括Sn-2位和总脂肪酸组成分析、熔化特性、产品成分和氧化稳定性分析。结果表明,天然可可脂和类可可脂脂肪酸组成较相似,但与代可可脂则差异较大;天然可可脂、类可可脂和月桂酸型代可可脂的DSC曲线图上出现一个陡峭而又强烈的吸收峰,表明熔化范围较窄,成分单一,而非月桂酸型代可可脂的DSC曲线图上出现两个吸收峰,表明熔化范围较宽,成分复杂;天然可可脂、类可可脂和代可可脂中甘三酯含量均大于94%;利用Rancimat测定的天然可可脂、代可可脂的氧化稳定性相对类可可脂的较好。     

乳木果液油中生物活性物质提取工艺的研究

以乳木果液油为原料,经甲酯化后得到低酸值的乳木果液油,通过转酯化把甘三酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯,通过分子蒸馏把脂肪酸甲酯和生物活性物质分为轻组分和重组分,重组分(生物活性物质)再经过溶剂结晶进一步提高生物活性物质含量。通过单因素实验确定较好的甲酯化工艺条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间3 h,醇油质量比3∶10,浓硫酸添加量3%;在此条件下,乳木果液油的酸值(KOH)从56.1 mg/g降至2.1 mg/g,游离脂肪酸转化率达到96.3%。通过单因素实验确定的较佳分子蒸馏条件为:进料速率2 m L/min,刮膜转速250 r/min,蒸馏温度150℃,真空度0.1 Pa;在此条件下蒸馏,生物活性物质在重组分中的回收率达95.9%,生物活性物质含量可达68.8%。乳木果液油经过甲酯化、转酯化、分子蒸馏和结晶得到的产品中三萜醇和甾醇总含量可达69.80%,生物活性物质含量可达83.18%。     

脱脂麦胚花生酱的研制

研究了脱脂麦胚花生酱的工艺,确定了最佳配方和操作要点。结果表明,脱脂麦胚与花生的配比以１∶３为最好,稳定剂以１．５％的单甘酯为佳,添加适量的调味料和抗氧化剂等,可得到风味、色泽、质地、口感均极佳的产品,其氨基酸含量及平衡得到很大改善     

Furan fatty acids in butter and butter oil

Summary Nine furan fatty acids (F-acids), among which 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid and 10,13-epoxy-11,12-dimethyloctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid predominated, were detected in butter and butter oil. The total amount of the F-acids in four butter samples varied between 116 and 476 mg/kg.

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Furanfettsäuren in Butter und Butterschmalz

Zusammensetzung Neun Furanfettsäuren (F-Säuren), unter denen die 12, 15-Epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12, 14-diensäure und die 10,13-Epoxy-11,12-dimethyloctadeca-10,12-diensäure dominierten, wurden in Butter und Butterschmalz nachgewiesen. In vier Butterproben variierte der Gehalt der F-Säuren zwischen 116 und 476 mg/kg.

     

代可可脂与可可脂相容性及晶体形态研究

利用等温相图和偏光显微镜技术,对可可脂(CB)含量1%～9%的氢化棕榈仁油(HPKO)混合物(HPKO/CB)的相容性及晶体形态进行了研究.结果表明,在0～35 ℃范围内相容性良好,但在15 ℃和20 ℃时HPKO对CB的敏感度高于其他温度.晶体形态分析表明,CB和HPKO晶体形态显著不同,添加少量CB就会出现明显的共晶现象.     

花生酱的营养及新型花生酱的研究进展

随着人们生活质量的提高,人们对于食物营养的要求也越来越高。由于花生酱的脂肪含量极高,不适于糖尿病、高血压等疾病的患者和老人食用,因此研发低脂、健康、营养的新型花生酱很重要。通过对花生酱制作工艺的调整,降低油脂含量以及补充或添加健康辅料,能显著改善花生酱的营养价值,这也成为花生酱营养改进的重要方向之一。本文对花生酱中脂肪、蛋白质等营养成分及新型花生酱的研究进展进行综述。未来新型花生酱的研发重点可能是通过原料筛选、增加添加剂、改善制作工艺等来调节肠道菌群平衡、增加其益生作用等方面。     

The advantages of solid fat content determination in cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalents by the Karlshamns method

This paper describes the preparation of samples and the evaluation techniques applied to determine the Solid Fat Content (SFC) by means of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in confectionery fats characterized by distinct polymorphism (cocoa butter, cocoa butter equivalents and their mixtures). Due to the deviation of SFC values in certain softer cocoa butter equivalents at the temperature of 20 °C, an internal method devised at Karlshamns Oils & Fats AB is applied as well. When compared to the official IUPAC 2.150 (b) method, Karlshamns' method involves a lower temperature and a prolonged period of time at the stage of the final SFC stabilization in the pre-treatment of fat samples. The calculation of SFC in the analysed samples for the purposes of this paper was carried out by employing both methods (the indirect method and a serial procedure). The results are presented graphically. Differences were reflected in the SFC of the fats and their mixtures that were under observation depending on the method and temperatures applied. The obtained results indicated a considerable advantage of employing the Karlshamns method since the results yielded by this method are more lucid. Moreover, the behaviour of fats in the production process can be more easily predicted on the basis of these results.     

Viscosity of cocoa butter

The viscosity of cocoa butter was measured in the range of temperatures 30‐70°C. Product in thawed state behaved as the Newtonian fluid with viscosity independent of shear rate. This behaviour was changed when the temperature reached 30°C. From this temperature the product behaved as non‐Newtonian fluid which was caused by the presence of the first fat crystals. The solidification was detected between 27‐30°C. A comparison of the measured data of viscosity with literature data has been done. The good agreement of literature data enabled us to select the general equation for prediction of cocoa butter viscosity in the thawed state as a function of temperature for the range 30‐97°C.     

Determination of the triacylglycerol content for the identification and assessment of purity of shea butter fat,peanut oil,and palm kernel oil using maldi-tof/tof mass spectroscopic technique

This article reports the rapid screening and identification of the triacylglycerol content of shea butter fat, palm kernel oil, and peanut oil sold in the local Ghanaian market for their characterization and identification. Samples were dissolved in chloroform with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix. After subjecting the samples to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry, the spectra obtained showed the characteristic triacylglycerols as sodium adducts. Seven major triacylglycerol species were identified as dipalmitoyl olein, palmitoyl diolein, palmitoyl stearoyl olein, linoleoyl diolein, triolein, stearoyl diolein, and distearoyl olein in all three samples. Palmitoyl linoleoyl olein and tristearin were also identified. Oxygenated triacylglycerols and other species from the fragmentation of triacylglycerols were also obtained. The presence of the oxygenated triacylglycerols and the triacylglycerol fragments may be a result of poor handling and production processes.     

柠檬醛对花生酱的防腐效果

采用平板法比较柠檬醛与合成食用防腐剂苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾对8种霉菌的抗菌效力。结果表明，在花生酱pH5.5时，柠檬醛对多数霉菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为0．10％，山梨酸钾为0．10％，而苯甲酸钠的MIC值在0．35％或0．35％以上。同时，从柠檬醛与黄曲霉产毒关系的试验中发现，柠檬醛对黄曲霉产生黄曲霉毒素有较强的抑制作用。     

乳粉对可可脂/代可可脂结晶特性的影响

为提高巧克力制品品质,研究了乳粉种类及添加比例对可可脂及代可可脂结晶特性的影响。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射(XRD),考察不同添加比例的全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉和乳清粉对可可脂和代可可脂(基于棕榈油和棕榈仁油)在非等温条件下结晶行为的影响。结果表明:全脂乳粉或乳清粉的加入会降低可可脂和代可可脂的结晶和熔化温度,其中全脂乳粉的影响最为显著;脱脂乳粉的加入则表现为提高可可脂和代可可脂的结晶和熔化温度。添加脱脂乳粉或乳清粉后代可可脂仍然稳定在β′晶型,而全脂乳粉的加入则导致代可可脂冷却结晶后β晶型的出现。高比例的全脂乳粉或乳清粉的加入均会导致调温后可可脂结晶中亚稳定态β′晶型的出现,即阻碍了可可脂稳定态晶型β晶型的形成,影响了巧克力的调温效果,而脱脂乳粉的添加对可可脂的稳定晶型无影响。     

滋养生命的黄油(上)

当您优雅的往面包片上涂抹黄油,享受西式早点的舒适与惬意时,您可知道,这样一个简单的饮食习惯背后,有着多么深厚的文化积淀。在每一个西方人心里,黄油早已被抽象成了推动社会发展,维系社会生活的物质力量。有历史学家曾说“人类社会的历史就是寻找面包和黄油的历史”。曾几何时,拿破仑三世为寻求黄油而煞费苦心;希特勒在黄油和大炮的矛盾中步履维艰。黄油,这个带有厚重生命色彩的词汇,与“面包”一道,构成了生活必需品的代名词。黄油的历史关于黄油的历史记载,要追溯到五六千年前的上古时代,在一些古印度书籍和古希腊作家们的著作中可以找…