土与结构接触面土体软/硬化本构模型及数值实现

基于土与结构接触面变形特性分析,将接触面土体的剪切滑动面与单元体三维应力状态下的八面体面相对应,通过土的三维弹塑性本构模型在八面体面上的剪切应力-应变关系,建立了接触面土体剪切应力-应变关系;将接触面土体法向压缩变形与侧限压缩条件相对应,通过侧限压缩条件下的荷载变形关系,建立了接触面土体法向应力-应变关系;进一步将接触面土体切向与法向耦合,建立了接触面土体本构模型,模型只有4个材料参数,参数物理意义明确,可由等向压缩试验和常规三轴压缩试验确定。与接触面土体试验结果的对比分析表明,所建立的本构模型可较好地描述接触面土体切向软/硬化特性与法向变形规律。结合有限元软件ABAQUS,编制了FRIC模型子程序,通过模拟土与结构界面剪切滑移过程表明,编制的FRIC子程序可较好地模拟土与结构界面接触的非线性力学行为。     

砂土统一本构模型研究及其三维数值实现

基于广义塑性理论与临界状态概念,研究提出了一个统一三维砂土本构模型,通过一组参数实现了砂土由压缩至剪切过程中状态参量的统一表述。基于ABAQUS提供的用户自定义材料子程序UMAT接口,利用Fortran语言编程实现了该三维弹塑性本构关系模型在软件中的二次开发。分别利用Toyoura砂、Fuji River砂以及Tokachi砂的剪切试验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:提出的有限元计算模型可以有效反映加载过程中不同围压和砂土初始密度对应力-应变曲线的影响,能够准确描述密砂的剪胀特性与应变软化特性以及松砂的剪缩特性与应变硬化特性,从而更加真实地反映三维应力状态下土的变形和强度特性。研究成果进一步扩展了ABAQUS在岩土工程中的应用范围,能够为岩土工程领域的数值分析计算提供更加快捷的解决方案。     

基于不可逆热力学的Ni-Ti合金动态本构模型及其有限元实现

为了准确描述Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在高应变率下的动态压缩力学行为,基于不可逆热力学理论框架假定了两个内变量表征Ni-Ti合金应力诱发马氏体相变与塑性屈服的不可逆变形过程,分别推导了马氏体相变与塑性屈服演化规律的主控方程,构建了Ni-Ti合金的三维动态本构模型。根据材料单轴动态压缩实验的应力-应变曲线并采用最小二乘法对本构参数进行了优化识别,然后采用应力补偿更新算法,通过隐式用户子程序接口UMAT将动态本构模型嵌入ABAQUS有限元软件,实现了Ni-Ti合金在高应变率下动态压缩力学行为的数值模拟。通过比对发现,模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,验证了动态本构模型与UMAT子程序的准确性。本工作为Ni-Ti合金在高速冲击、切削等极端条件下的工程应用奠定了基础。     

基于SMP破坏准则的土体弹塑性动力本构模型

利用土体的塑性流动理论,提出了用于描述饱和砂土动力反应性质的弹塑性本构模型。土体总的变形由三部分组成:即弹性应变、与体积屈服机制相关的塑性应变和与剪切屈服机制相关的塑性应变。土体在初始加载与卸载和重新加载阶段性质的差别通过采用不同的模型参数加以反映。该模型能够较为准确地描述饱和砂土在单调加载和循环加载条件下的反应性质。     

三维各向异性砂土UH模型

为了全面地描述砂土在三维空间不同方向上的本构特性,应当综合考虑各向异性和中主应力的影响。该文在砂土UH（统一硬化）模型的基础上,采用各向异性的变换应力方法,发展了三维各向异性砂土UH模型。该方法通过调整不同方向应力分量的相对大小,将各向异性砂土等效为各向同性砂土,并且在变换应力空间将偏平面上的破坏或屈服包线变成圆形。用各向异性的变换应力张量代替真实应力张量,能够方便地得到同时考虑各向异性和中主应力影响的砂土UH模型。与试验数据的对比表明,三维各向异性UH模型能够合理地预测真三轴应力状态下各向异性砂土的应力-应变关系。     

正常固结非饱和黏性土的三剪边界面模型研究

将三剪统一强度准则分别与非饱和土的单应力变量理论和双应力变量理论相结合提出了正常固结非饱和黏性土的三剪强度准则,在此基础上采用等量代换法与坐标平移法分别推导出可以反映土体全应力状态效应的三剪破坏应力比。将该三剪破坏应力比引入非饱和黏性土修正剑桥模型的屈服面方程以确定初始边界面,采用径向映射法则确定后续边界面,根据插值函数得到加载面上的塑性模量,据之建立了非饱和黏性土单应力变量和双应力变量下分别采用等量代换法和坐标平移法的4个三剪弹塑性边界面模型并对这4个模型做了单调和循环压缩荷载试验验证。结果表明,所建模型均能较好地反映土的变形特征,但相比之下,双应力变量下建立的模型相对单应力变量下建立的模型更接近试验结果,采用等量代换法建立的模型相对坐标平移法更接近试验结果的特点。真三轴数值模拟结果表明,单调加载时,相同应力条件下中主应力影响系数增大会引起非饱和土强度增大;循环加载时,最小主应力或中间主应力的增大均会引起土体抗剪强度的增大,且荷载振幅越大,非饱和土的轴向应变随之增大。比较4个边界面模型在真三轴应力状态的模拟结果表明,单调加载时,非饱和黏性土在双应力变量下的模拟抗剪强度值相对较大;循环加载时,单应力变量下所得塑性变形相对较大。     

非饱和黏性土的三剪次加载面模型研究

基于非饱和土三剪强度准则和次加载面模型，构建了适用正常固结非饱和黏性土的Bishop和Fredlund应力变量法三剪次加载面模型，将2个模型计算结果与非饱和黏土的单调静三轴试验及循环动三轴试验结果做了对比，结果表明，Fredlund应力变量法本构模型要更接近试验结果。在静三轴试验的土体变形后期，Fredlund和Bishop应力变量法的模型计算结果与试验数据的应力偏差分别为2%和10%;在动三轴试验的土体振动后期，Fredlund和Bishop应力变量法与试验结果的应变偏差分别为4.2%和7.5%。另外，对所提模型的真三轴分析结果可知，静真三轴试验的中间主应力影响系数和基质吸力的增大均会使得土体的抗剪强度增加，随着基质吸力增大，不同模拟结果依次的应力偏差均为11%左右；随着中间主应力影响系数增大，不同模拟结果之间的应力偏差大致为4%。动真三轴试验的最小主应力或中间主应力越大，非饱和黏性土的棘轮效应和抗剪强度也越大，不同中间主应力模拟结果之间的应变偏差为3.3%,不同最小主应力模拟结果之间的应变偏差为8.5%。     

基于粒子群优化算法的软土场地Davidenkov模型参数拟合与应用

为探究Davidenkov模型在软土场地地震反应分析中的应用,推导了Davidenkov模型的非线性动力本构模型在初始加载、卸载和再加载阶段的增量剪切模量表达式,并将土体动应力-应变关系推广到三维。基于粒子群优化算法对Davidenkov模型的参数进行拟合,利用MATLAB编制了拟合程序,通过对典型砂土和黏土试验数据进行拟合并验证了方法的适用性,同时对某典型上海软土场地的参数进行了拟合。在此基础上,利用ABAQUS软件提供的二次开发平台UMAT,编制了基于Davidenkov模型的土体非线性动力本构模型计算子程序,利用复杂加载路径验证了该子程序的正确性,实现了在ABAQUS软件中软土非线性动力本构模型的二次开发。最后,以某典型上海软土场地为例,对比分析了上海软土场地基于非线性动力本构模型的计算结果和等效线性化的结果。结果表明:粒子群优化算法能很好地对Davidenkov模型的参数进行拟合;该非线性动力本构模型计算子程序能够较好地描述软土场地的动力非线性行为;在该算例中,上海软土场地基于非线性动力本构模型的加速度响应值和相对位移响应值要小于等效线性化的计算结果。     

结构性软黏土的修正剑桥模型

天然软黏土普遍受到土结构性的影响,如何在土体本构模型中反映这一影响显得非常重要。该文从修正剑桥模型出发,引入结构屈服应力参数表征受土结构性影响的天然土初始屈服面的形状;引入各向异性参数描述天然土体初始各向异性引起的屈服面旋转。基于土结构性突变屈服破坏机理,屈服前结构性软黏土呈现弹性的力学性质,屈服后土结构性的影响完全丧失,采用同修正剑桥模型一致的硬化规律和流动法则。根据一致性连续条件,推导增量型的应力-应变关系,建立适用于结构性软黏土的弹塑性本构模型。选取国外已有的天然沉积Bothkennar软黏土,对比典型应力路径下的试验实测结果与模型计算结果,显示了该文模型模拟结构性软黏土受力变形特性的优越性。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型及其应力回映算法研究

为了克服一般弹塑性损伤模型不能反映岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态的影响以及非线性破坏特征等问题,该文基于广义的Hoek-Brown（HB）屈服准则,考虑损伤引起的刚度退化和塑性导致的流动两种破坏机制的耦合作用,同时引入修正有效应力原理来考虑孔隙水压力的作用,建立了岩体弹塑性损伤本构模型,给出了损伤变量定义及演化方程。针对该模型在数值求解过程中存在的奇异点问题,从主应力空间推导了弹塑性损伤模型的完全隐式返回映射求解算法,包括弹性预测、塑性修正和损伤修正三个步骤。通过ABAQUS软件的用户子程序接口Umat,实现了弹塑性损伤模型的数值求解过程。采用单轴、三轴压缩试验和隧道算例对模型算法进行验证和分析,结果表明,所建立的HB损伤本构模型能够很好地描述岩体材料的力学特性,在实际岩体工程的损伤模拟中效果令人满意,计算结果对工程有指导意义。     

Stress intensity factors for corner cracks in single‐edge notch bend specimen by a three‐dimensional weight function method

A three‐dimensional (3D) weight function method is employed to calculate stress intensity factors of quarter‐elliptical corner cracks at a semi‐circular notch in the newly developed single‐edge notch bend specimen. Corner cracks covering a wide range of geometrical parameters under pin‐loading and remote tension conditions are analysed. Stress intensity factors from the 3D weight function analysis agree well with ABAQUS‐Franc3D finite element results. An engineering similitude approach previously developed for the half‐elliptical surface crack in single‐edge notch bend specimen is also applied to the present corner crack configuration. The results compare well with those from the present weight function analysis.     

An implicit algorithm using explicit correctors for the kinematic hardening model with multiple back stresses

This paper presents an efficient mathematical algorithm for a class of non‐linear kinematic hardening models with multiple back stresses, as an extension of the implicit integration algorithm for a single back stress hardening model. Explicit formulations for general three‐dimensional stress states as well as plane stress and plane strain are given. The new formulation is implemented in a general‐purpose finite element code, ABAQUS, and is verified by comparison with the existing formulation for the single back‐stress constitutive model. Comparison is also made with the experimental results obtained from a plate containing a circular hole subjected to cyclic loading, demonstrating the validity of new method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A phenomenological constitutive modelling of polyethylene foam under multiple impact conditions

This paper extends the knowledge into the mechanical behaviour characterizations and constitutive modelling of polyethylene (PE) foam under multiple loading and unloading. The mechanical properties of PE foam subjected to single loading cases can be obtained by uniaxial compressive tests at quasi‐static and dynamic states. And the multiple loading and unloading behaviours of the foam can be revealed by consecutive drop tests. The major objective of this research is to propose a phenomenological model consists of shape function and modulus function, which can be predicted compressive response of PE foam for single loading cases. The constitutive models of foamed PE under multiple loading and unloading conditions are established by both using hyperbolic function, where the relations between coefficients and residual strain are introduced. And then, experiments are conducted to validate the proposed model by comparing the constitutive models proposed in this paper and those predicting by finite element software ABAQUS with those by experiments, showing that the proposed models are more accurate for predicting acceleration‐times curves of multiple drop scenarios.     

双相型不锈钢S22053循环本构关系研究

为研究国产双相型不锈钢S22053在循环荷载下材料的力学性能和本构关系,该文采用S22053热轧钢板加工成母材试件,进行单调和循环加载试验,得到14种加载制度下的应力-应变曲线。基于单调加载试验曲线,分析了单调荷载下的材料性能;利用等应变幅加载试验曲线拟合了Chaboche混合强化参数,并用有限元软件ABAQUS对试验进行模拟计算,对比、验证了拟合效果。结果表明:双相型不锈钢S22053延性较好,没有明显的屈服平台和屈服点,比例极限较低;循环骨架曲线可以采用Ramberg-Osgood模型进行拟合;采用不同分量模型标定的3组混合强化参数均能较好的模拟材料的循环受力特征,其中三背应力分量模型(N2L1)拟合效果最好。研究结果可用于分析计算双相型不锈钢结构在地震作用下的受力性能。     

FEM analysis of localized deformation behaviour in pseudoelastic NiTi shape memory alloys

This paper takes into account the localized deformation behaviour of a pseudoelastic NiTi shape memory alloy with finite element method. A three‐dimensional micromechanical model has been developed, in which the difference between the elastic properties of austenite and martensite is considered. The model is implemented as User MATerial subroutine (UMAT) into ABAQUS. Then, a polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy with [1 1 1] texture under tensile loading is simulated. The main features of the propagation of the deformation band reported in literatures are captured in the simulation. It is also shown that the initiation and propagation of the deformation bands are strongly affected by the geometry of the specimens.     

Fatigue life prediction of cracked attachment lugs using XFEM

In the present paper, a three dimensional finite element method (FEM) is used to compute the stress intensity factor (SIF) in straight lugs of Aluminum 7075-T6. Extended finite element method (XFEM) capability available in ABAQUS is used to calculate the stress intensity factor. Crack growth and fatigue life of single through-thickness and single quarter elliptical corner cracks in attachment lug are estimated and then compared with the available experimental data for two different load ratios equal to 0.1 and 0.5. The SIF calculated from XFEM shows that the introduction of different loading boundary conditions significantly affect the estimated fatigue life.     

Investigation of the 2D assumption in the image‐based inertial impact test

The image‐based inertial impact (IBII) test has shown promise for measuring properties of composites at strain rates where existing test methods become unreliable due to inertial effects (> 10² s^?1 ). Typically, the IBII tests are performed with a single camera, and therefore, to use surface measurements for material property identification, it is necessary to assume that the test is two‐dimensional. In this work, synchronised ultra‐high‐speed cameras are used to quantify the relevance of this assumption when nonuniform, through‐the‐thickness loading is applied to interlaminar samples. Initial experiments revealed that an angular misalignment of approximately 1° between the impact faces of the waveguide and projectile created a bending wave that propagated along the sample behind the axial pulse. Even under these conditions, consistent measurements of stiffness were made by assuming a linear distribution of the behaviour through‐the‐thickness. When the misalignment was reduced to 0.2°, the effects on single‐sided measurements were significantly reduced. The two alignment cases were compared to show that three‐dimensional loading had a small effect on stiffness identification (approximately 5% bias) relative to failure stress (approximately 30% bias). This study highlights the importance of impact alignment for reliable characterisation of the interlaminar failure stress and was used to establish guidelines for diagnosing loading issues from single‐sided measurements.     

轮胎横向花纹沟噪声影响因素的剖析

运用Abaqus对具有横向花纹沟的轮胎滚动进行有限元分析,提取不同速度、气压、载荷、摩擦系数条件下的轮胎花纹沟表面在轮胎接地过程中位移-时间的变形曲线。为分析横向花纹沟的泵吸噪声,建立单个横向花纹沟及其周围的空气域有限元模型,在沟表面加载位移-时间变形曲线,利用FSI方法分析速度、气压、载荷、摩擦系数等使用因素对横向花纹沟泵吸噪声的影响。结果表明：泵吸噪声随着速度和载荷的增大而增大;气压变化均会使泵吸噪声增大;而摩擦系数对泵吸噪声影响不明显。验证FSI方法分析轮胎泵吸噪声是可行的,对后续低噪声轮胎使用和花纹设计具有一定的指导作用。     

Development of numerical model for the determination of crack opening and closure loads,for long cracks

A two‐dimensional finite element (FE) model has been developed for determining crack opening and closure stresses, with the eventual aim of investigating plasticity induced closure effects on crack growth under variable amplitude loading. An issue with model verification is obtaining accurate experimental values of crack opening and closure loads. Validation was therefore carried out using experimental data from constant amplitude loading tests, recently obtained by the authors 1 , 2 where there was good confidence in the accuracy of the opening and closing loads. Elastic–perfect plastic and work hardening material properties were investigated to determine the effect they had on crack growth. The modelling considered long cracks by dividing the crack into consecutive small lengths. For this purpose, the restart capability included in the ABAQUS code was employed. In addition, a mesh refinement strategy was optimised to reduce the memory requirements for the thousands of cycles analysed. This enabled both long crack lengths and small element sizes to be studied which has not been done in the literature before. The FE results were in good agreement with most of the experimental results, and possible reasons are given for some of the minor discrepancies observed.     

组合载荷下含缺口纤维增强树脂基复合材料的失效分析

为研究含缺口纤维增强复合材料层合板在复杂载荷下的破坏,本文采用改进的Arcan夹具,在30°方向对含缺口碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板（[-45/90/45/0]_s）进行了拉伸-剪切组合加载实验。用数字图像相关方法（DICM）测量了层合板表面层的裂纹发展过程,在缺口尖端观察到了明显的劈裂现象。然后用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了三维层合板模型,为准确模拟裂纹尖端的应力场,模型中每层引入内聚力接触来模拟劈裂。为了比较加载端的转动自由度对层合板失效模式和破坏强度的影响,文中分析了两种不同的边界条件,即约束和放松加载端的转动自由度。研究结果发现,加载端的合力方向主导了层合板的失效模式和破坏强度,放松加载端自由度的模拟结果与实验结果有很好的一致性。