蜂花粉破壁的研究进展

蜂花粉营养成分非常丰富,但花粉壁的存在限制了蜂花粉的深层开发和利用。目前的破壁方法主要有机械法、物理法和生物法,本文对各种破壁方法进行了综述,并对未来的蜂花粉破壁方法进行了展望。     

油菜蜂花粉破壁技术研究进展

文章综述了油菜蜂花粉的细胞结构、破壁形态及其破壁方法,分析对比了各种破壁方法的优劣,总结了破壁油菜蜂花粉的应用开发现状,并对后期油菜蜂花粉破壁技术的研究进行了展望。     

蜂花粉破壁技术的研究进展

蜂花粉含有许多活性物质,对人体具有很高的营养价值,但是花粉具有坚韧的细胞壁,阻碍了人类对花粉的营养物质的吸收利用。目前破壁的方法有物理破壁法,生物破壁法和化学破壁法,本文对各种破壁方法进行综述并进行了展望。     

超临界二氧化碳处理对油菜蜂花粉破壁的影响

采用超临界二氧化碳对油菜蜂花粉进行处理,通过快速卸压使蜂花粉细胞壁破裂,经扫描电镜观察不同压力对蜂花粉破壁的影响,并比较了超临界二氧化碳破壁油菜蜂花粉和未破壁花粉油脂在脂肪酸组成上的差异.结果表明,超临界二氧化碳压力越高,花粉细胞的破壁效果越好,破壁后与未破壁的蜂花粉油脂脂肪酸组成差异显著.超临界二氧化碳对蜂花粉进行破壁在较低温度下进行,破壁时间短,工艺流程简单,是一种理想的蜂花粉破壁新方法.     

复合蛋白酶酶解油菜蜂花粉及其表征

蜂花粉营养成分丰富,并多存在于花粉粒内部,花粉壁的存在限制了蜂花粉的开发和利用。结果表明：采用复合蛋白酶处理花粉,获得最佳破壁效果时的条件为：pH8、48℃、时间48h。并在此条件下利用比表面积、粒度分析、Zeta电位、扫描电镜、透射电镜对蜂花粉破壁进行表征评定,从不同角度反映酶法在改善花粉细胞通透性上起到的作用。     

蜂花粉怎么吃好?

是否有必要吃破壁的蜂花粉?可食用的蜂花粉根本不需要破壁,因为花粉壁上存在萌发孔、萌发沟,在胃肠的酸性环境和酶的作用下,花粉的营养成分能通过萌发孔、萌发沟渗透出来。因而,对于食用蜂花粉,破壁不仅没有必要,而且,破了壁的花粉在外界环境中容易被氧化,从而变质不利于保存;如果蜂花粉是作为化妆品原料,为了大幅度提高皮肤的吸收率,破壁是有必要的。     

蜂花粉活性成分、生物活性及破壁技术研究进展

蜂花粉作为一种天然食品,富含大量的生物活性物质,包括多糖、蛋白质、脂质、多酚等。体内外研究表明,蜂花粉具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂、保肝、治疗前列腺疾病、减肥、抗癌、抗动脉粥硬化和免疫调节等生物活性。但花粉壁结构复杂,在一定程度上限制了蜂花粉的生物活性物质释放和开发利用,因此,破壁技术的研究可以解决这些问题,进而提高蜂花粉的生物活性。本文综述了近年来蜂花粉的主要活性成分、生物活性和蜂花粉破壁处理技术的研究进展,为蜂花粉高附加值产品的开发提供借鉴。     

破壁油菜蜂花粉的制备及其形态表征

为探索花粉细胞的新型破壁方法,利用脉冲电场技术制备破壁型油菜蜂花粉,并用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等显微方法初步考察经脉冲电场破壁处理后蜂花粉细胞微形态的变化。结果表明,未处理的蜂花粉细胞形态完整,萌发孔呈闭合态;处理后的细胞萌发孔打开,细胞外壁脱落,细胞形状也发生显著变化。利用脉冲电场对油菜蜂花粉进行破壁处理时条件温和,耗时短,操作方便,破壁效果显著,这为油菜蜂花粉细胞的破壁提供一种新型而有效的途径。     

不同发酵法对油菜蜂花粉破壁的影响

采用自然发酵法、干性酵母直接发酵法、酵母发酵-酶解法对油菜蜂花粉进行破壁,比较3种破壁方法的破壁率、破壁花粉营养成分可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、总黄酮、维生素C及风味改善,从而筛选出最佳的破壁方法.结果表明,采用干性酵母直接发酵法、酵母发酵-酶解法得到的破壁率、营养成分及风味改善优于自然发酵法,从经济方面来考虑酵母发酵法为油菜蜂花粉的最佳破壁法.     

多指标评价果胶酶对油菜蜂花粉的破壁作用

为改善蜂花粉的破壁效果,采用果胶酶对油菜蜂花粉进行破壁处理。以pH值和温度为考察因素,蛋白分散指数、可溶性糖含量、显微镜分析、粒度分析等为评价指标,对破壁工艺进行优化。结果表明:果胶酶对油菜蜂花粉有一定的破壁作用,最佳破壁条件是pH值3.5,温度50℃。该条件下,蛋白分散指数为0.684 6;可溶性糖含量为24.86%;部分花粉粒萌发孔打开,花粉粒周围有小颗粒性物质出现;花粉孔洞面积增加,增加率为39.20%;花粉颗粒由孔洞率小的范围趋向孔洞率大的范围分布;花粉颗粒的粒径和花粉碎片的粒径都有减小的趋势,其中1μm以下粒径范围内的花粉碎片变化最为明显,增加了339.92%。     

油菜蜂花粉的生物活性及其开发利用现状

人们健康理念日益增强，油菜蜂花粉作为一种天然保健原料，研究开发价值极高。文章介绍了油菜蜂花粉富含的多种营养成分和活性物质，主要总结油菜蜂花粉在抗氧化、抗炎、增强免疫、抗菌、保护前列腺、抗糖尿病并发症、抗肿瘤、调节保护肠道、保护卵巢等方面的生物活性和药理作用，以及油菜蜂花粉在蜂产品、保健品、食品、医药、化妆品中的应用，并对油菜蜂花粉的发展方向进行了展望。     

蜂花粉保健功能及产品开发研究进展

文章综述了蜂花粉增强免疫、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血糖、防治前列腺增生、对肝细胞损伤的保护、抗炎症、抑制褐色素产生等保健功能,分析蜂花粉开发中存在的破壁、致敏等主要问题,简述了以蜂花粉为原料的食品、保健品及药品等产品的开发现状及技术储备状况。     

Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review

Natural products, including bee products, are particularly appreciated by consumers and are used for therapeutic purposes as alternative drugs. However, it is not known whether treatments with bee products are safe and how to minimise the health risks of such products. Among others, bee pollen is a natural honeybee product promoted as a valuable source of nourishing substances and energy. The health‐enhancing value of bee pollen is expected due to the wide range of secondary plant metabolites (tocopherol, niacin, thiamine, biotin and folic acid, polyphenols, carotenoid pigments, phytosterols), besides enzymes and co‐enzymes, contained in bee pollen. The promising reports on the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticariogenic antibacterial, antifungicidal, hepatoprotective, anti‐atherosclerotic, immune enhancing potential require long‐term and large cohort clinical studies. The main difficulty in the application of bee pollen in modern phytomedicine is related to the wide species‐specific variation in its composition. Therefore, the variations may differently contribute to bee‐pollen properties and biological activity and thus in therapeutic effects. In principle, we can unequivocally recommend bee pollen as a valuable dietary supplement. Although the bee‐pollen components have potential bioactive and therapeutic properties, extensive research is required before bee pollen can be used in therapy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

油菜花粉和茶花花粉中重金属含量的分布特征研究

目的 考察2种蜂花粉产品中7种重金属(类金属)元素含量的分布特征。方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对所采集的蜂花粉样品中铬、锰、砷、铜、镍、镉和铅等7种元素含量进行分析测定,通过统计分析考察2种蜂花粉中各元素含量是否有显著性差异。结果 2种蜂花粉均存在重金属污染问题,但重金属污染水平存在差异。锰、镍、铜等3种元素在所采集的油菜花粉样品和茶花花粉样品中的含量差异具有显著统计意义(P < 0.05);铬、砷、镉和铅等4种元素含量在该2种蜂花粉中差异不显著(P > 0.05)。结论 油菜花粉和茶花花粉中部分元素含量差异有统计意义,对于具有较高重金属污染风险的花粉种类应加强监管,将样品来源地环境无机污染物引起的重金属污染问题纳入到生产规范标准制修订的考量之中。     

Breaking the cells of rape bee pollen and consecutive extraction of functional oil with supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide was applied to break the cell wall of rape bee pollen and consecutively extract lyzed bee pollen oil. The supercritical CO₂ rapid depressurization was carried out on the bee pollen. The conditions of consecutive extraction of lyzed bee pollen oil were optimized using response surface methodology and performed at the range of pressure 13.2–46.8 MPa, temperature 33.2–66.8 °C and CO₂ flow rate 6.6–23.4 L/h. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that supercritical CO₂ treatment was an effective way to break cell of rape bee pollen and higher CO₂ pressure was found to be more effective. The extraction pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate significantly affected the yield of lyzed bee pollen oil in supercritical CO₂ extraction. Optimum oil yield was obtained as 5.98 g/100 g dry pollen at the following predicted conditions: extracted at 39.2 MPa and 54.7 °C with CO₂ flow rate of 17.1 L/h after bee pollen was treated with supercritical CO₂ at 45 MPa for 10 min and then depressurizing. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids in the extracted oil, indicating its potential in the nutraceutical industry.Industrial relevanceThe application of supercritical CO₂ technology in food industry has received much attention in recent years. This study investigates the feasibility of breaking pollen cell wall by supercritical CO₂. The procedure is under low temperature with short time. From an industrial point of view, it is a promising method for breaking bee pollen cell wall. The optimum parameter of supercritical CO₂ extraction of functional pollen oil simultaneously obtained from the process may also be attractive to the food and nutraceutical industries.     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey and bee pollen

A total of 3917 honey samples and 119 'bee pollen' samples (pollen collected by honeybees) were analysed for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Some 0.05 M sulphuric acid was used for extraction followed by a clean-up step by means of solid-phase extraction. Separation and detection was achieved by target analysis using an LC-MS/MS system. PAs were found in 66% of the raw honeys (bulk honey not yet packaged in containers for sale in retail outlets) and in 94% of honeys available in supermarkets (retail honey). A total of 60% of the bee pollen samples were PA positive. The PA pattern was used to identify the potential origin of the PAs in honey, which was verified for the genus Echium by relative pollen analysis. The results give an estimate of the impact of PA-containing plants belonging to the genera Echium, Senecio and, to a certain extent, Eupatorium on PA levels in honey and can serve as a decision basis for beekeepers in order to find the most suitable location for the production of honey and bee pollen low in PAs.     

Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in bee pollen using online cleanup by accelerated solvent extraction and high performance liquid chromatography

A method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in bee pollen has been developed applying an online cleanup of accelerated solvent extraction and using environmentally acceptable organic solvents. The extracted samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The optimised method employed 10 mL extraction cells, 1 g sample size, absolute ethanol as extraction solvent, 80 °C of extraction temperature, one extraction cycle, 5 min of static time, Cleanert Alumina-N as sorbent and 60% flush volume. The method was validated by means of an evaluation of the matrix effects, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), trueness, precision and stability. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.25–200 mg/L and the LOD and LOQ were 0.16 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were above 90%. The inter- and intra-day precision was below 6.3%. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of bee pollen samples. For 20 bee pollen products, the coenzyme Q10 content varied from not detectable to 192.8 mg/kg.     

Flavonoids as biochemical markers of the plant origin of bee pollen

The flavonoid compounds present in almond (Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae), Jara (Cistus sp Cistaceae), Echium sp (Boraginaceae) and Chrysanthemum sp (Compositae) bee pollens have been studied by TLC, 2D PC and HPLC techniques. These bee pollens show characteristic flavonoid patterns which allow their use as biochemical markers of their plant origin. In addition, the flavonoid patterns of natural almond and ?Jara’? pollens have been shown to be identical to those of the corresponding bee pollens confirming their use as chemical markers. The flavonoid aglycones obtained by acid hydrolysis of pollen flavonoids are also useful for identification purposes. Almond bee pollen contains 8-methoxykaempferol, kaempferol and quercetin 3-glycosides, ?Jara’? bee pollen produces quercetin and isorhamnetin 3-glycosides and trace amounts of myricetin and kaempferol 3-glycosides, Echium bee pollen contains mostly kaempferol 3-glycosides and traces of quercetin 3-glycosides, and Chrysanthemum contains kaempferol, apigenin, and quercetin 3-glycosides. The major compound in almond pollen, namely 8-methoxykaempferol 3-glycoside, was not detected in the related apple, pear, cherry and plum pollens.     

Carbohydrate composition of Slovenian bee pollens

Bee pollen is a source of nutrients that are important for humans. There is growing interest in bee pollen, mainly due to consumers wishing to use natural products for a healthy diet or for their therapeutic effects. The composition of bee pollen varies according to botanical and geographical origin. The aim was to define for the first time the carbohydrate composition of bee pollen from Slovenia. A total of twenty‐eight samples of bee pollens were analysed for botanical origins and contents of water, sugars and soluble and insoluble dietary fibre. From the bee pollen samples analysed, ten were recognised as monofloral. Monosaccharides represented 96% of the sugar fraction, with ranges 13.2–27.8 g per 100 g dry weight for fructose and 10.6–28.5 g per 100 g dry weight for glucose. Levels of sucrose, maltose and melezitose were low. Total dietary fibre was 10.0–21.4 g per 100 g dry weight bee pollen, with 73–82% insoluble fibre. Bee pollen can thus provide a good source of dietary fibre. This study supports further nutritional proposals for Slovenian bee pollen.