复合结构纳米纤维渗透汽化膜的制备及脱盐性能

采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)静电纺丝膜作为纳米纤维支撑层,用顺丁烯二酸(MA)对聚乙烯醇(PVA)进行交联作为致密分离皮层,制备了复合渗透汽化膜。通过傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、纯水接触角测试(WCA)等测试手段对复合膜的分离皮层和支撑层的结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,当纺丝液质量分数为17%、纺丝电压为25kV及纺丝接收距离为15cm时,可以得到纤维直径分布较窄,且主直径为150nm的纳米纤维支撑层。通过MA对PVA进行交联,改善了膜的耐水性能,当羧基与羟基的物质的量比为1∶5时,膜的溶胀度降低到11.8%。最终制得的MA-PVA/PVDF nanofiber复合结构渗透汽化膜,其分离皮层厚度为10μm左右。通过分离性能测试表明,复合纳米纤维渗透汽化膜对NaCl具有优异的脱除效果,脱除效率可以达到99%以上。     

丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物渗透汽化分离性能研究

将丙烯酸 (AA) -丙烯酰胺 (AM)共聚物与聚乙烯醇 (PVA)共混制得优先透水的渗透汽化膜用于分离 4 0 %～ 95%的乙醇水溶液 ,研究了膜的热处理温度、分离温度、共聚单体摩尔比、制膜液 p H值等因素对膜分离性能的影响。当用 AA∶ AM=1∶ 1(mol)的共聚物与 PVA等质量共混 ,制膜液 p H=7,制得的膜经 16 0℃热处理后用于分离 95%的乙醇水溶液 ,其分离系数和透过速率分别为 PVA膜的 1.3倍和 8倍     

聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜研制

以聚砜为支撑底膜,以哌嗪和均苯三甲酰氯为单体,经界面聚合反应制备聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜,详细研究了聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜的成膜规律和分离性能,研究结果表明,以聚砜为支撑底膜,采用界面聚合法,选择合适的成膜工艺（支撑底膜孔径、水相和有机相组成,热处理温度等）,可制备分离性能优越的聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜。     

TiO2改性静电纺复合超滤膜抗污染性能的研究

膜污染是制约超滤膜广泛使用的最重要因素之一,膜污染直接影响到膜的使用寿命及膜的分离性能.本文采用静电纺丝技术制备了PET/PVA纳米纤维复合超滤膜,通过溶剂浸泡处理复合膜,将PVA纳米纤维层溶胀并交联,形成具有抗污染性能的PVA表面致密层结构,所制备的复合纳米纤维超滤膜具有水通量损失率小、通量恢复率高的优点.通过在PVA中添加不同质量分数的TiO2进一步改善膜的亲水性和抗污染性能.使用死端过滤系统过滤10 mg/L腐殖酸溶液,测试结果表明:复合膜的分离性能和抗污染性能在一定范围内随着TiO2的增加而增大.亲水性TiO2的添加能够进一步增强PVA的亲水性,对复合膜抗污染性能的提高有重要作用.但是,TiO2的添加也会增大膜表面的粗糙度,不利于膜抗污染性能的提高,因此,TiO2有一个合宜的添加限度.     

超低压高通量聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺/聚砜纳滤复合膜的研究

主要进行了4个方面的研究,首先系统分析和研究了哌嗪水溶液/均苯三甲酰氯正己烷溶液界面聚合体系特征、界面聚合反应中各影响因素对膜性能的影响等,结果表明:当界面处两相单体(哌嗪和酰氯)分子摩尔比为某一比值时,通过控制界面聚合时间,可以形成超低压高通量高脱盐的致密功能层,如复合膜(Ⅰ),水相浓度为0.4%,有机相浓度为0.1%,聚合时间1min.改变两相单体浓度可以获得不同通量和脱盐性能的纳滤复合膜,如适当提高有机相浓度至0.5%得复合膜(Ⅱ).70℃,20min下热处理可以进一步改善复合膜的脱盐性能.分析认为造成平板复合膜(Ⅰ)和中空纤维复合膜(Ⅲ)性能差异的主要原因,除了平板基膜与中空纤维基膜因表面曲率不同可能引起在涂覆时形成的致密功能层结构上的差异之外,由于中空纤维膜受外压时,膜内部承受的应力形式与平板膜不同,同时在径向(膜厚度方向)和环向(膜面内方向)两个方向产生压应力,因此,所发生的形变也较为复杂,可能造成表面复合层的起皱或脱落,引起脱盐率下降.利用衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外(FTIR-ATR)对不同聚合时间的平板复合膜表面进行了特征吸收定量分析,研究发现,聚酰胺功能层随聚合时间不断增厚,这说明已形成的聚酰胺功能层不能屏障两相而使反应终止,相反由于哌嗪单体的分子量远低于纳滤截留分子量的范围,很易扩散穿过功能层达到两相界面,继续与有机相单体酰氯反应.而随着功能层厚度的增加,分子的扩散阻力增大,一方面使得界面聚合反应趋缓,功能层厚度的增加逐渐减慢,另一方面,单体分子扩散速率的减小会引起界面处两种单体摩尔数的比值失衡,使后期发展的功能层结构不完善,因此,脱盐率随后期功能层的发展变化不大,而使膜通量逐渐下降.其次,研究了非溶剂添加剂对聚砜/DMAc溶液的作用:(1)PVP、PEG、水、LiCl饱和水溶液等都与DMAc有较强的作用,因而对溶液有较大的增粘作用;(2)醇类(甲醇、乙醇)对溶液没有明显的增粘作用,甚至稍有稀释作用;(3)丙酮稀释作用较强,使溶液粘度降低.此外,对含有第一类NSA的PSf/DMAc溶液的流变性研究,均属于切力变稀流体.利用双插入管纺丝组件/共挤出复合纺丝技术,通过调整内外纺丝液组成、挤出比和凝固条件等纺制了不同形态结构的中空纤维基膜,并进行了复合研究,结果表明,具有薄而致密皮层结构的基膜,复合时间短,所得复合膜的脱盐率高、通量大、操作压力低.目前纺制的复合效果较好的聚砜中空纤维基膜通量高于200 L·m-2·h-1,对PEG20000的截留率达99%.第三,利用多种手段对聚哌嗪酰胺/聚砜复合膜的结构与性能进行了研究,特别是针对聚哌嗪酰胺功能层的结构进行了研究.主要发现有两点:一是利用分子模拟技术推断聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺分子为准平面网状结构,"网眼"直径约1.5nm;又由于广角X光衍射(WAXD)结果显示聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺为无定型结构,因此推断致密功能层是这些"网"无规地层叠而构筑的.当分子层间距小于"网眼"直径时,层间距就决定了功能层的截留性能,当受压层间距减小时,复合膜的脱盐率也因此增大.因此,从理论上讲,聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺功能层的最大孔隙应为1.5nm.二是利用XPS技术对超低压高通量高脱盐纳滤平板复合膜进行了分析,发现聚酰胺脱盐功能层在基膜表面上是整体覆盖的,厚度在2～5nm.最后,将所制的低脱盐纳滤中空纤维复合膜应用于多肽的分离实验,结果表明它能够脱除体系中的柠檬酸和磷酸二氢钠,截留分子量约800的多肽,从而实现盐/多肽混合溶液体系的分离.     

静电纺丝法制备PVA/CS/TEOS复合纤维

采用静电纺丝法制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/壳聚糖(CS)/硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)复合纤维。研究了纺丝液中各组分配比、电压、极距、给液率对复合纤维膜性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪观察纤维的形貌及其失重变化。实验结果表明在CS浓度为5%(wt,质量分数),PVA∶CS配合比为70∶30,PVA∶TEOS配合比为1∶1.2时复合纤维膜具有良好的形貌,纤维粗细均匀,分布规则,平均纤维直径250nm左右。     

壳聚糖季铵盐/磺化聚醚砜复合纳滤膜的制备与表征

以磺化聚醚砜(SPES)为支撑底膜,2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖(HACC)水溶液为表面活性层的铸膜液,采用涂敷法制备了HACC/SPES复合纳滤膜.考察了HACC浓度、浸涂时间、干燥温度和时间对膜性能的影响,优化了制膜条件.在优化条件下,复合膜的纯水通量为25.8L/(m~2·h),膜对PEG1000的截留率为90%,对盐的截留率低至百分之十以下,该膜可望应用于盐与有机物的分离.     

聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜研制初探(Ⅰ) UPANA-1复合膜的制备

以聚丙烯酸钠为复合膜分离层材料,多孔的聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜研制出具有超薄分离层的聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜(UPANA-1).用浓度为0.005 g/L的分子量为1 000的聚乙二醇水溶液作为介质溶液,室温、压力0.6 MPa下做膜性能测试,UPANA-1膜的截留率大于90%,水通量为32.6 L/(m2*h).并着重研究了基膜的选择、超薄分离层膜液的组成等制膜条件对复合膜性能的影响.     

聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜研制初探（I）UPANA—l复合膜的制备

以聚丙烯酸钠为复合膜分离层材料,多孔的聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜研制出具有超薄分离层的聚丙烯酸钠复合超滤膜(UPANA-1).用浓度为0.005 g/L的分子量为1 000的聚乙二醇水溶液作为介质溶液,室温、压力0.6 MPa下做膜性能测试,UPANA-1膜的截留率大于90%,水通量为32.6 L/(m2*h).并着重研究了基膜的选择、超薄分离层膜液的组成等制膜条件对复合膜性能的影响.     

过硫酸铵改性聚乙烯醇膜的制备及渗透汽化性能

以过硫酸铵(APS)为交联引发剂,引发聚乙烯醇(PVA)自交联,并复合在聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤支撑膜表面,制备了PVA/PAN渗透汽化复合膜。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪表征了交联膜的形貌和物理结构变化,由电镜观察到,在PAN超滤膜上形成了一层致密分离层,厚度为10μm。研究了膜在乙醇水溶液中的溶胀行为,测定了膜的凝胶分数,结果表明,APS含量增加,膜的结晶度下降,凝胶分数增加,溶胀度减小。通过考察膜对95%乙醇水溶液的渗透汽化分离性能可知,随着APS含量增加,膜的渗透通量先上升后下降,膜透过侧含水量始终保持在99%以上。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...