钛合金高速铣削加工表面残余应力的模拟研究

采用有限元法建立了更接近实际的铣刀结构模型及三维铣削模型,对不同刀具参数和切削参数条件下高速铣削钛合金Ti6Al4V的表面残余应力进行了仿真分析,得到了各因素对表面残余应力分布的影响规律。结果表明:工件的残余应力在表层由拉应力迅速的转变为压应力,在100~200μm之间出现残余压应力的最大值。工件表层残余应力随刀具前角、切削速度和每齿进给量的增加而减小,切削深度对表层残余应力的影响不是很明显。     

Al6061铣削精加工表层残余应力分布试验研究

目的探索铣削精加工工艺参数对Al6061工件表层残余应力的影响,提高零件的疲劳寿命。方法设计研究了只改变其中一个参数,其他参数不变的情况下,铣削精加工Al6061工件表层残余应力的分布情况。结果在平行于铣削进给方向(x direction)和垂直于铣削进给方向(y direction),所得表层残余应力均为压应力。随主轴转速的增大,所得工件表面残余压应力减小,残余应力最大值深度增加。当改变每齿进给时,随着每齿进给的增加,工件表面残余压应力减小,残余应力最大值出现在表面;随着铣削深度的增加,工件表面残余压应力减小,对残余应力最大值影响不大;随着铣削宽度的增加,工件表面残余压应力先减小后增大,残余应力最大值从表面向深度层移动。当主轴转速为10 000 r/min、每齿进给为0.015 mm、铣削深度为0.5 mm、铣削宽度为11.8 mm时,对表层残余应力的影响最大,影响层深约245μm,残余压应力最大值为147.67 MPa,其峰值深度约为80μm。结论 Al6061铣削精加工时,如果要获得较大的表面残余压应力,应该选择主轴转速、每齿进给、铣削深度、铣削宽度都较小。在切深方向,如果要获得较大残余压应力,应该选择较大的主轴转速和铣削宽度、较小的每齿进给、合适的铣削深度。     

钛合金Ti-6Al-4V纵扭超声铣削残余应力试验研究

目的 提出将纵扭超声振动和铣削加工相复合,对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行试验研究,探索工艺参数对加工残余应力的影响规律,实现钛合金的压应力抗疲劳制造。方法 通过试验对比分析了纵扭超声铣削和传统铣削在切削力、切削温度和残余应力的差异性。采用正交试验和单因素试验相结合的方法,同时考虑因素交互作用,研究了加工参数、冷却润滑条件以及刀具磨损对加工残余应力的影响。结果 相较于传统铣削,纵扭超声铣削能够使平均切削力降低约16.3%,切削温度降低约25.6%,表面残余压应力值增加31.3%。在所选参数范围内,径向切深对表面残余应力的影响较大（贡献率为34.1%）,而振幅影响较小（贡献率为6.5%）。表面残余压应力值随着铣削速度、每齿进给量以及径向切深的增大有不同程度的降低,随着振幅的增大有一定程度的提高。采用乳化液作为切削液能够提高加工表面的残余压应力值,而干式切削能够获得和在水、油切削液条件下相当的加工表面残余压应力值。工件表面的残余压应力值随着刀具磨损的增加而逐渐减小。结论 纵扭超声铣削能够有效降低切削力和切削温度,提高加工残余压应力值,同时选择适当的工艺参数及润滑冷却条件可进一步增大表面压应力值,可作为一种可靠的压应力制造技术。     

7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工残余应力场研究

目的研究二维超声滚压后7050铝合金残余应力场的形成过程和表层残余应力的分布规律。方法利用有限元软件模拟二维超声滚压加工,分析残余应力场的形成过程及表层残余应力的分布规律;采用正交试验方法进行7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工试验,研究工艺参数对表面残余应力的影响规律,并与有限元分析结果相对比,验证有限元模拟的合理性。结果在二维超声滚压加工过程中,7050铝合金表层材料应力随时间先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,形成残余应力。残余压应力沿滚压深度方向先增大后减小,再转化为残余拉应力。残余压应力层厚度约为1.05 mm,最大残余压应力值约为285 MPa。在相同的工艺参数下,有限元分析结果与试验结果基本吻合。静压力对表面残余应力的形成影响最大,表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大。结论二维超声滚压加工使7050铝合金表面发生剧烈的塑性变形,并形成一定深度的残余压应力。铝合金表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大,而与转速和进给量无关。     

钨合金超声椭圆振动切削表面完整性研究

目的 研究钨合金超声椭圆振动切削表面完整性的变化规律,为实现钨合金高表面完整性加工提供理论基础.方法 设计单因素试验,采用单晶金刚石刀具开展钨合金超声椭圆振动切削试验,并与普通切削进行对比,研究不同切削深度下超声椭圆振动对工件表面形貌、表面粗糙度、微观组织、位错密度、显微硬度以及表面残余应力的影响.结果 普通切削或超声椭圆振动切削后,工件表面的位错密度、显微硬度以及残余应力均随着切削深度的增加而增大,且亚表面的晶粒都发生了一定程度的塑性变形,并出现了晶粒细化.与普通切削相比,超声椭圆振动切削可以有效抑制加工过程中鳞刺和犁沟的产生,改善表面粗糙度;工件表面会产生更高的硬化程度、残余压应力和位错密度,位错密度的量级在108 mm–2;亚表面的变质层厚度更小.结论 相比于普通切削,超声椭圆振动切削可以降低表面粗糙度,增大表面残余压应力,提高工件表面完整性.     

GH4169高速铣削加工残余应力分布规律试验

目的通过研究GH4169高速铣削过程中切削工艺参数对加工残余应力的影响规律,改进工艺参数的选取,提高此类零件的疲劳寿命。方法设计了GH4169高速铣削工艺参数与加工残余应力之间的单因素试验。通过仅改变一个切削参数、其余切削参数不变的方式,得到了工件表面残余应力和切削深度方向残余应力与切削参数之间的变化规律。结果铣削进给方向(x方向)和垂直进给方向(y方向)的表面残余应力主要表现为拉应力,且随着铣削深度和每齿进给量的增加而增加,随着铣削速度的增加而减小;在切削深度方向上,不同切深值所在平面的x方向和y方向的残余应力主要表现为压应力,随着层深的增加先增大后减小。残余应力峰值随铣削深度和每齿进给量的增大而增大,随铣削速度的增大而减小,残余应力最大深度基本在80μm以内。结论 GH4169高速铣削加工中,如果要获得较小的表面残余拉应力,应该选用较小的铣削深度和每齿进给量,较大的铣削速度;在切深方向,如果要获得较大的残余压应力,应该选用较大的铣削深度和每齿进给量,较小的铣削速度。反之亦然。     

超声振动辅助ELID磨削淬硬12Cr2Ni4A合金钢表面特性的研究

目的 提高淬硬12Cr2Ni4A钢的加工质量,消除工件表面残余应力.方法 采用普通磨削(OG)、超声振动辅助磨削(UVAG)以及超声振动辅助ELID磨削(UVAEG)3种磨削方式,分别对淬硬12Cr2Ni4A合金钢进行加工,分析3种加工方式下被加工工件的表面粗糙度以及残余应力.结果 在超声振动辅助磨削、超声振动辅助ELID磨削下,工件表面粗糙度都低于普通加工,而超声振动辅助ELID磨削后的工件表面质量最高,相对普通磨削加工,超声振动辅助ELID磨削后的表面粗糙度降低了66％,相对于超声振动辅助磨削,超声振动辅助ELID磨削后,表面粗糙度降低了约41％.对工件表面进行残余应力测定发现,普通磨削加工后工件表面为残余拉应力,而超声振动辅助磨削、超声振动辅助ELID磨削后的工件表面都产生了残余压应力,超声振动辅助ELID磨削后,工件表面的残余压应力高于超声振动辅助磨削约30％.普通磨削加工中,随磨削深度的增加,残余拉应力一直变大,而超声振动辅助磨削和超声振动辅助ELID磨削的残余压应力总体呈现减小的趋势.在磨削深度达到22.5μm后,超声振动辅助磨削加工表面的残余压应力转变为残余拉应力.在超声振动辅助磨削和超声振动辅助ELID磨削后,随超声振幅的增大,表面残余压应力增大,超声振动辅助ELID磨削表面的残余压应力随占空比的增大而增大.结论 超声振动辅助ELID磨削加工后,能得到更小的表面粗糙度及更大的表面残余压应力.     

钛合金拉伸铣削的机理与试验研究

对钛合金TC4(Ti6Al4V)在拉伸状态下进行铣削加工.建立平面应变的残余应力形成模型,分析了拉伸装夹改变加工表层残余应力的机理.研究了铣削对钛合金表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的影响,得到了在不同切削参数下钛合金表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的实验数据.实验结果表明,拉伸装夹基本不影响表面粗糙度,但可以大大提高加工表面残余压应力并增大残余压应力层的厚度.     

超声振动珩磨表面残余应力数值模拟研究

目的磨削产生的残余应力对工件表面特性有重要影响,超声振动珩磨使磨粒具有极大的加速度而改变了材料去除机理,研究超声振动对工件表面残余应力的影响及产生机理。方法分析残余应力形成有限元理论,建立基于热弹塑性有限元法的超声振动单颗CBN磨粒切削40Cr Ni Mo A热力耦合有限元模型,并设置两次切削、卸载、约束转换及冷却等分析步。通过数值模拟得到不同振动参数下表面残余应力的分布情况,并对模拟结果进行分析。结果有限元计算得到的各分析阶段应力分布存在差别,超声振动参数设置达到仿真要求;对磨粒施加超声振动后珩磨力下降约26%,珩磨热降低约17%,切向残余压应力有所减小,垂直珩磨速度方向拉应力减小并向压应力转变。结论超声振动使珩磨力和珩磨热有一定程度降低从而改变了残余应力的分布及数值;振动频率在20 k Hz波动时对残余应力的影响不大;磨削速度减小,切向残余压应力增大,垂直磨削方向残余拉应力减小;振幅增大时,切向残余压应力减小,垂直方向残余应力增大。     

基于ALE方法的二维超声振动切削仿真

文章应用任意拉格朗日方法(ALE)建立超声椭圆振动切削有限元模型,模拟超声振动对切削加工的影响。同时还对钝圆半径对切削温度和残余应力的影响进行模拟研究。从结果可以看出:工件瞬时最高温度随着振动频率的增加先减小后增大,增大速率比减小速率快;振动频率只影响残余应力值大小,对应力层厚度影响较小;随着钝圆半径的增加,残余压应力层厚度基本不变,而拉应力层厚度减小,最大拉应力也随之减小。     

SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料超声振动辅助切削试验研究

开展了SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的超声振动辅助切削试验研究,对比研究超声振动辅助切削及普通切削条件下切削参数对切削力的影响规律.结果表明:SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料超声振动辅助切削时优选钎焊金刚石磨头,超声振动辅助切削相较于普通切削的切削力降低了10％～20％,主轴转速、进给速度、切削深度都会影响超声振动辅助切...     

The influence of tool flank wear on residual stresses induced by milling aluminum alloy

The machining processes could induce residual stresses that enhance or impair greatly the performance of the machined component. Machining residual stresses correlate very closely with the cutting parameters and the tool geometries. In this paper, the effect of the tool flank wear on residual stresses profiles in milling of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 was investigated. In the experiments, the residual stresses on the surface of the workpiece and in-depth were measured by using X-ray diffraction technique in combination with electro-polishing technique. In order to correlate the residual stresses with the thermal and mechanical phenomena developed during milling, the orthogonal components of the cutting forces were measured using a Kistler 9257A type three-component piezoelectric dynamometer. The temperature field of the machined workpiece surface was obtained with the combination of infrared thermal imaging system and finite element method. The results show that the tool flank wear has a significant effect on residual stresses profiles, especially superficial residual stress. As the tool flank wear length increases, the residual stress on the machined surface shifts obviously to tensile range, the residual compressive stress beneath the machined surface increases and the thickness of the residual stresses layer also increases. The magnitude and distributions of the residual stresses are closely correlated with cutting forces and temperature field. The three orthogonal components of the peak cutting forces increase and the highest temperature of the machined workpiece surface also increases significantly with an increase in the flank wear. The results reveal that the thermal load plays a significant role in the formation of the superficial residual stress, while the dominative factor that affects thickness of residual stresses layer is the mechanical load in high-speed milling aluminum alloy using worn tool.     

钛合金铣削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

为了分析铣削工艺参数对钛合金已加工表面残余应力的影响,根据金属切削有限元分析的相关理论,以钛合金Ti6Al4V为工件材料,建立了铣削加工的有限元模型。采用正交试验设计法对钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削仿真的工艺参数进行优化,并用极差法分析不同的铣削速度、铣削深度、铣削路径对钛合金Ti6Al4V工已加工表面残余应力的影响。研究表明:在钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削过程中,对工件已加工表面残余应力影响因素由小到大依次为:铣削深度<铣削路径<铣削速度,切削深度对已加工表面残余应力影响较小,铣削速度对已加工表面残余应力影响最大;在研究范围内,随着铣削速度的增大,已加工表面残余应力逐渐增加。     

Surface integrity of milling in-situ TiB2 particle reinforced Al matrix composites

The preparation process and material properties of in-situ TiB₂ particle reinforced Al matrix composites are quite different from conventional ex-situ Al matrix composites (SiC_p/Al composites). Most researches have been carried out mainly focus on the machinability of SiC_p/Al composites, but few studies about the machinability of in-situ TiB₂ particle reinforced Al matrix composites have been published. To address this issue, experimental researches were conducted to investigate the surface integrity (surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness, surface topography, defects) of milling in-situ TiB₂ particle reinforced Al matrix composites in this paper. By examining the machined surface with SEM and EDS for different machining parameters, the influences of cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and width on surface integrity were investigated. The results show that feed rate has the dominant influence on surface roughness. As the feed rate increases, the surface roughness increases accordingly. Residual stress decreases and transfers from compressive stress to tensile stress as milling speed gets larger and feed rate decreases. Microhardness variation is not evident below the machined surface. Besides, unlike ex-situ Al matrix composites, pull-out or fractured particles were rarely found on the machined surface of in-situ TiB₂/Al composites.     

A comprehensive experimental study on surface integrity by end milling Ti–6Al–4V

End milling titanium Ti–6Al–4V has wide applications in aerospace, biomedical, and chemical industries. However, milling induced surface integrity has received little attention. In this study, a series of end milling experiments were conducted to comprehensively characterize surface integrity at various milling conditions. The experimental results have shown that the milled surface shows the anisotropic nature with the range of surface roughness values from 0.6 to 1.0 μm. Surface roughness value increases with feed and radial depth-of-cut (DoC), but has much less variation in the cutting speed range. Compressive residual normal stress occurs in both cutting and feed directions, while the influences of cutting speed and feed on residual stress trend are quite different. The microstructure analysis shows that β phase becomes much smaller and severely deformed in the near surface with the cutting speed, but phase transformation was absent for the milling conditions. The milled surface microhardness is about 70–90% higher than the bulk material in the subsurface.     

Process design space for optimal surface integrity in finish hard milling of tool steel

Hard milling has the potential to replace finish grinding in manufacturing dies and molds. A significant impediment for wide-spread application of hard milling is the lack of understanding and control on the surface integrity of machined surface and subsurface. In this study, a Taguchi design-of-experiment based dry finish milling of AISI H13 tool steel (50?±?1?HRc) with (Ti, Al) N/TiN coated cutting tools was conducted to investigate the process-induced surface integrity. The mechanism of surface integrity in hard milling was investigated to understand the effects of mechanical/thermal loads on surface microstructure and properties. The microstructure, microhardness and residual stresses were characterized. Phase transformation was not observed under the process parameters, while the increased microhardness and high compressive residual stresses obtained are beneficial for improving fatigue properties and wear resistance of the machined components. Finally, the process design space for the desired surface properties has been established via the microhardness and residual stress maps.     

纵扭复合超声振动铣削SiCp/Al表面质量研究

SiCp/Al复合材料具有优异的性能,在航天航空、光学行业、汽车工业等高科技领域得到了广泛应用,但它在塑性和硬度之间差距巨大,使得超精密加工显得非常困难。建立超声铣削动力学模型,采用单因素法检测分析了SiCp/Al复合材料在不同主轴转速、铣削速度和铣削深度下的表面粗糙度与表面形貌,建模仿真了纵扭复合超声振动刀刃铣削轨迹,得到了影响加工表面质量规律及机制。研究发现主轴转速为3000 r/min、铣削速度为180 m/min时,表面粗糙度值最小;材料表面质量随铣削深度的增加而下降。为SiCp/Al复合材料铣削加工提供了合理工艺参数,提高了加工效率,降低了刀具磨损,延长了刀具使用寿命。     

Determination of surface and in-depth residual stress distributions induced by hard milling of H13 steel

In the present study, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of surface texture, cutting parameters and phase transformation on the surface and in-depth residual stress distributions induced by hard milling of AISI H13 steel (50?±?1HRc) with the coated carbide tools. The results show that the surface residual stress distribution between two adjacent machined lays has the same periodic variational regularity as the surface profiles, which means that the surface residual stress distribution has a high correlation with the machined surface texture. Surface residual stresses in the pick direction are much more compressive than that in the feed direction; at the same time, radial depth of cut and feed are the main cutting parameters affecting surface residual stresses. Very thin white layer forms or even no obvious microstructural alteration appears in the subsurface. Phase transformations of the subsurface material deeply affect the in-depth residual stress distribution, a ??hook?? shaped residual stress profile beneath the machined surface is generated in which the maximum compressive stresses occur at the depth of 3?C18???m below the surface.     

基于纤维增强复合材料的超声振动辅助加工技术综述

纤维增强复合材料是一类使用范围不断扩大的具有优良机械性能的工程复合材料,但由于其具有各向异性及增强体纤维稳定的理化性能,使得传统金属加工方法很难对纤维增强复合材料进行高质量的加工,特别是对于以芳纶纤维等断裂伸长率较高的纤维为增强体的复合材料,存在较为严重的撕裂、毛刺和分层等加工缺陷。超声振动辅助加工是一种将超声振动附加在机械加工过程中的加工方式。超声振动的加入可使刀具与工件周期性接触,减小切削阻力,降低切削温度,可在一定程度上提高纤维增强复合材料加工的表面质量,减少加工缺陷。在介绍超声振动辅助技术的分类、系统组成和加工机理,及纤维复合材料表面质量、材料去除、加工机理和加工缺陷的基础上,从套料制孔、螺旋铣孔和轮廓铣削三类常见加工工艺方面,论述了针对纤维复合材料的超声振动辅助切削技术的国内外研究进展。基于纤维复合材料超声振动辅助切削技术的发展状况,从基础理论研究、材料表面改性和新加工工艺探索、超声振动加工系统的开发完善等方面,总结了现有研究和应用中的成果及普遍存在的问题,同时对未来研究的发展趋势做出了展望。