Application of Improved Hybrid Interface Substructural Component Modal Synthesis Method inVibration Characteristics of Mistuned Blisk

The large and complex structures are divided into hundreds of thousands or millions degrees of freedom（DOF） when they are calculated which will spend a lot of time and the efficiency will be extremely low. The classical component modal synthesis method （CMSM） are used extensively, but for many structures in the engineering of high-rise buildings, aerospace systemic engineerings, marine oil platforms etc, a large amount of calculation is still needed. An improved hybrid interface substructural component modal synthesis method（HISCMSM） is proposed. The parametric model of the mistuned blisk is built by the improved HISCMSM. The double coordinating conditions of the displacement and the force are introduced to ensure the computational accuracy. Compared with the overall structure finite element model method（FEMM）, the computational time is shortened by23.86%–31.56%and the modal deviation is 0.002%–0.157% which meets the requirement of the computational accuracy. It is faster 4.46%–10.57% than the classical HISCMSM. So the improved HISCMSM is better than the classical HISCMSM and the overall structure FEMM. Meanwhile, the frequency and the modal shape are researched, considering the factors including rotational speed, gas temperature and geometry size. The strong localization phenomenon of the modal shape’s the maximum displacement and the maximum stress is observed in the second frequency band and it is the most sensitive in the frequency veering. But the localization phenomenon is relatively weak in 1st and the 3d frequency band. The localization of the modal shape is more serious under the condition of the geometric dimensioning mistuned. An improved HISCMSM is proposed, the computational efficiency of the mistuned blisk can be increased observably by this method.     

Impact of Material on Crankshaft Torsional Vibrations

In this study, it shows how the main indicators of torsional vibrations of the crankshaft change when its materials change. In the study, the crankshaft of diesel engine with four cylinders in line was taken, in which the material is changing from steel to cast iron, due to the technological possibilities of production. For study of torsional vibration of crankshaft system, the construction of equivalent reduced scheme is carried. Reduced inertia moments of discs are determined for each crank of crankshaft, by receiving the impact of piston group and rod mass. Reduced rigidities of crank are determined by experimental method. The results show that the rigidity of crank for the same crankshaft varies up to 6%, while the change between crankshafts goes up 10%. At the end, frequency and vibration forms are calculated using Tole-Holxer method. From calculations, it results that the frequencies are 19% smaller, while the vibration forms varies slightly. In this case, the change of the materials leads to the first frequency in the area of engine rotations and it can worsen the level of torsional vibration, therefore, it should check the resonance areas and vibration amplitude.     

Finite Element Analysis of the Dynamic Behaviour of Transmission Line Conductors Using MATLAB

The dynamic behaviour of power line cables have been a source of interest to researchers ever since the phenomenon was first noticed in the 1920s. Conductor oscillation is mostly caused by the dynamic forces of nature such as wind loading. This imposes a periodic force on the conductors which is highly undesirable. It is therefore important for engineers to account for the possible effect of the wind loading when designing the power line. Investigations have shown that modeling the exact dynamic behaviour of a conductor is very difficult. Based on this fact, getting the exact analytical solution to conductor vibration is difficult, which is almost impossible, hence the numerical approximation becomes an option. This paper presents the developed finite element method used to analyse the dynamic behaviour of transmission line conductors. The developed FEM （finite element method） is implemented on MATLAB. The numerical analysis using MATLAB that is presented in this paper is used to simulate the response of the conductor when subjected to external loading in the time domain. The simulation is used to analyse the transverse vibration of the conductor. The formulation of the stiffness matrix and load vector is done and the results obtained are used to evaluate the conductor＇s internal energy dissipation. This finite element solution is compared with the results documented in literature. This numerical simulation is also used to investigate the effects of varying the axial tension on energy dissipation within the strands. Hence, this evolved in physically appropriate energy characterization process that can be used to evaluate the conductor self-damping with respect to line contact.     

Acoustic Resonance in Exhaust Gas Economizer Tube Bundles Prediction and Suppression of Resonance

The tendency for air column resonance generation in structures with a constant volume behind a tube array like that of an exhaust gas economizer has been reported, but many points remain unclear with respect to the mechanism and conditions that generate acoustical resonance. When acoustical resonance is generated, in reality, prevention and suppression measures are implemented by inserting a baffle plate into the ducts through a process of trial and error. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of generation of acoustical resonance, and to establish an appropriate measure to prevent such resonance. Noise generated in an exhaust gas economizer was correlated with the flow inside the tube array and experimentally analyzed, and the mechanism for resonance generation was considered. In addition, the effectiveness of a baffle plate positioned in order to prevent resonance was investigated. We have successfully employed a single baffle plate to suppress resonance.     

Identification Method of Dynamic Coefficients of Fluid Film Bearings for HDD Spindle Motors

Fluid film bearings are widely used as support elements of rotating shaft for HDD （hard disk drive） spindle motors. Recently, the opportunity for the HDD spindle motors exposed to external vibration has been increasing because the HDDs are used for various information related equipments such as mobile PCs, car navigation systems. Hence, the rotating shaft has a possibility to come in contact with the bearing and it causes wear or seizure to the bearing surface. In order to avoid the problems, it is extremely important to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the fluid film bearings for spindles. However, verification from both theory and experiment of dynamic characteristics such as spring coefficients and damping coefficients is rare and few. In this paper, the bearing vibration characteristics when the HDD spindle is oscillated are investigated theoretically and experimentally. And then the identification method ofoil film coefficients of fluid film bearing spindles is described.     

Use of Accelerators for Biomechanical Analysis of Walking Motion Aided by Wheeled Walking Frames

Walkers improve self-reliability. We examined the effectiveness of a newly developed wheeled walking frame for use by physically handicapped persons. Unstable gaits in walker users were analyzed by tri-axial accelerometers and a motion capture system. Several markers were placed on subjects＇ backs and legs. Subjects were requested to walk around a test course at a comfortable speed, while their motion was recorded by two high-speed video cameras. The activities performed on the test course comprised standing, normal walking, fast walking, and walking over a barrier. Any accidental falls were also recorded. We established the characteristic rules of gait motion using a walker. Furthermore, we demonstrated that gait characteristics are more conveniently extracted from acceleration sensors than from motion capture systems, since the sensors can be affixed to subjects for self-monitoring and goal achievements. The methods employing acceleration sensors are considered suitable for determining the average gait motions of elderly persons living in nursing homes, and can be used to evaluate walking motion before and aider rehabilitation.     

Modelling and Vibration of Gear Drive Systems Influenced by Real Face Width

Gear drives are one of the most common parts in many rotating machinery. If the gear drive runs under lower torque load, nonlinear effects like gear mesh interruption can occur and vibration is accompanied by impact motions of the gears, This paper presents an original method of the mathematical modelling of gear drive nonlinear vibrations by using the modal synthesis method with degrees of freedom number reduction. The model respects nonlinearities caused by gear mesh interruption, parametric gearing excitation caused by time-varying meshing stiffness and nonlinear contact forces acting between journals of the rolling-element bearings and the outer housing. The nonlinear model is then used for investigation of gear drive vibration, especially for constant gear mesh determination. The theoretical method is applied for investigating of test gear drive nonlinear vibration.     

Flywheel and Induction Motor Sizing for Torque Fluctuation Optimization in Reciprocating Compressor

Reciprocating compressors are prone to high cyclic loads. The high required performance relies on a good design focusing a torque oscillation applied by the driver. In the first part of this job, dynamic model of reciprocating is presented. Newton-Euler method is used to get motion equations. In the second part, numerical results are presented. Simulations are used for calculating the driving moment as function of crankshaft motion. These results illustrate the effect of the flywheel and motor on its dynamics and are used for induction motor selection and flywheel sizing for optimizing crankshaft torque fluctuation and power consumption reduction.     

基于原子体系的量子惯性传感器研究现状

惯性传感器的性能直接决定了惯性导航系统的精度。基于原子体系的量子惯性传感器有望在更小体积和更低成本下达到传统惯性传感器的性能,且理论上可以获得比现有技术更高的测量灵敏度和长期稳定性。近些年随着量子精密测量领域的快速发展,量子惯性传感器的实用化和工程化方面研究进展显著,未来通过替代传统加速度计和陀螺仪,有可能形成高度集成、低功耗和低漂移的量子惯性导航系统。文章简要介绍了基于原子体系的量子惯性传感器的基本原理,总结了以原子干涉陀螺仪、原子自旋陀螺仪、原子干涉加速度计、原子干涉重力仪和重力梯度仪为主的量子惯性传感器研究现状,并对有待解决的关键技术问题进行了梳理和分析,可为量子惯性传感器的发展提供参考。     

Application of NURBS for Obtaining Free Form Curves and Surfaces in Spur and Helical Gears by Using CMM （Coordinate Measurement Machine）

Currently, engineering processes require reduced manufacturing time and low cost, in addition to the growing demand for workpieces with high accuracy. Workpieces with complex geometries and free forms has been a common practice in industries from different sectors such as： automotive, aeronautics, bioengineering among others. One way to satisfy the market requirements satisfactorily is making measurements more efficient to make the production process faster, in other words, it is necessary to make the inspection system more accurate and flexible. The coordinate measuring evolved over the past three decades and today it is the technology that best meets the requirements of modem manufacturing through CMMs （coordinate measurement machines）. The CMMs are important tool for design, fabrication and inspection of manufactured products, also used in the application of reverse engineering. These machines are also used by engineers in order to produce an accurate digital model in a virtual space for later use in CAD （computer-aided design）/CAM （computer-aided manufacturing）. It is worth mentioning that the accuracy of the modeling process of given piece depends on the number of control points that are captured on the workpiece surface. Consequently, the laser inspection systems are the best tools for use in reverse engineering, but more expensive when compared to contact measurement systems that use the TTP （touch trigger probe）, also used by CMMs. In this case, this paper aims to present an approach based on NURBS （non-uniform rational B-splines） to obtain free form curves and surfaces from a group of points obtained by using a contact sensor, the touch trigger probe. NURBS is an important mathematical tool and consists of generalizations of Bezier curves and surfaces and B-splines. The approach proposed in this paper can be applied for obtaining free form curves and surfaces in spur and helical gears. Experimental results obtained by measuring spur gears showed that the NURBS technique contributes     

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units Using a Modified Canonical Genetic Algorithm for Observability Analysis

This paper proposes a method for optimal placement of synchronized PMUs （phasor measurement units） in electrical power systems using a MCGA （modified canonical genetic algorithm）, which the goal is to determine the minimum number of PMUs, as well as the optimal location of these units to ensure the complete topological observability of the system. In case of more than one solution, a strategy of analysis of the design matrix rank is applied to determine the solution with the lower number of critical measurements. In the proposed method of placement, modifications are made in the crossover and mutation genetic operators, as well as in the formation of the subpopulation, and are considered restrictive hypotheses in the search space to improve the performance in solving the optimization problem. Simulations are performed using the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus and New England 39-bus test systems. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 118-bus test system considering the presence of observable zones formed by conventional measurements.     

Dynamic Control of a Flexible Shaft Mounted in Adaptive or Active Bearing

The dynamic behavior of rotors is highly influenced by bearing characteristics. In previous works, the authors have shown that it may be beneficial to adapt the bearing behavior to the shaft behavior. Several adaptive and active components will be developed in this paper in order to control the shaft dynamical amplitude. Different models of hydrodynamic bearings behavior are described. The Reynolds equation resolution may be done by numerical or analytical solutions. A physical analysis of the equation of thin films will identify the most sensitive parameters. The shaft flexibility is taking into account by a modal approach. The fluid-structure coupling process is a simulation, step by step, of the rotor behavior. At each step, the nonlinear fluid force is numerically calculated to obtain the unbalanced shaft response. The results, presented in this paper, concern the dynamic response of unbalanced shaft mounted in adaptive or active bearings： bearings with variable clearance, variable viscosity or variable housing speed. It is shown that the fluid bearing parameters must be adapted to the rotor speed （in particular near or far a critical speed）. Then, the paper presents a new kind of active bearing. It works with a mechanical control of the housing position. Several parameters are tested and compared. The robustness of the dynamic control parameters is presented. In conclusion, the bearing adaptation could be very useful to control the shaft dynamic. This limits the effect of the critical speed, in particular by diminishing the shaft amplitude and the dynamic forces transmitted to the housing.     

Design of a Preview Controller for Articulated Heavy Vehicles

The paper presents a preview controller design for ATS （active trailer steering） systems to improve high-speed stability of AHVs （articulated heavy vehicles）. An AHV consists of a towing unit, namely tractor or truck, and one or more towed units which called trailers. Individual units are connected to one another at articulated joints by mechanical couplings. Due to the multi-unit configurations, AHVs exhibit unique unstable motion modes, including jack-knifing, trailer swing and rollover. These unstable motion modes are the leading cause of highway accidents. To prevent these unstable motion modes, the preview controller, namely the LPDP （lateral position deviation preview） controller, is proposed. For a truck/full-trailer combination, the LPDP controller is designed to control the steering of the front and rear axle wheels of the trailing unit. The calculation of the corrective steering angle of the trailer front axle wheels is based on the preview information of the lateral position deviation of the trajectory of the axle center from that of the truck front axle center. Similarly, the steering angle of the trailer rear axle wheels is calculated by using the lateral position deviation of the trajectory of the axle center from that of the truck front axle. To perform closed-loop dynamic simulations and evaluate the vehicle performance measure, a driver model is introduced and it ＇derives＇ the AHV model based on well-defined testing specifications. The proposed preview control scheme in the continuous time domain is developed by using the LQR （linear quadratic regular） technique. The closed-loop simulation results indicate that the performance of the AHV with the LPDP controller is improved by decreasing rearward amplification ratio from the baseline value of 1.28 to 0.98 and reducing transient off-tracking by 95.03%. The proposed LPDP control algorithm provides an alternative method for the design optimization of AHVs with ATS systems.     

Sensitivity of transverse shift inside a double-grating Talbot interferometer

We study the Talbot interferometry with an additional mask grating located behind the diffraction grating. The self-imaging so-called, Talbot carpet, can be very sensitive to an external perturbation. We here show the measurement and the optimization of sensitivity of transverse shift of one of the two gratings inside Talbot interferometer as a function of grating constant and opening fraction of the grating itself. The results show that the sensitivity of the transverse shift is increased dramatically at smaller grating constants while no effect for different opening fractions. A sensor of our simple scheme can be suggested as an excellent inertial sensing applications such as displacement sensor, spectrometer, and vibration sensor.     

Investigations of 3D Surface Roughness Characteristic＇s Accuracy

The existing surface roughness standards comprise only two dimensions. However, the real roughness of the surface is 3D （three-dimensional）. Roughness parameters of the 3D surface are also important in analyzing the mechanics of contact surfaces. Problems of mechanics of contact surfaces are related to accuracy of 3D surface roughness characteristic. One of the most important factors for 3D characteristics determination is the number of data points per x and y axes. With number of data points we understand its number in cut-off length. Number of data points have substantial influence on the accuracy of measurement results, measuring time and size of output data file （especially along the y-axis direction, where number of data points are number of parallel profiles）. Number of data points must be optimal. Small number of data points lead to incorrect results and increase distribution amplitude, but too large number of data points do not enlarge range of fundamental information, but substantially increase measuring time. Therefore, we must find optimal number of data points per each surface processing method.     

新型摩托车曲轴组件动平衡检测技术

介绍了一种新型摩托车曲轴组件动平衡检测系统的测量方法和结构，打破了传统的人为干预不连续测量。不平衡曲轴组件转动产生的惯性离心力引起振动台振动，安装在振动台上的振动传感器拾取振动信号，这至计算机，通过信号处理得到曲轴组件的不平衡量。系统在LabVIEW平台上开发了虚拟仪器，实现了数据采集、数据处理以及分析自动化和高效率。实验结果表明，系统具有精度高、检测效率高、制造成本低的优点。     

动载体光电平台角位移精密测量方法研究

提出了用位移传感器实时测量动载体光电平台六自由度位移的方法,并推导了该方法的理论公式,即通过坐标变换推导出了平台惯性坐标系、平台固连坐标系及传感器平面坐标系之间的关系,得到了传感器测试信号与平台位移量之间的关系式。通过传感器采集的实时位移值,计算出了平台六自由度位移,并分析了影响该方法测试精度的多个因素,得出了该方法可通过选用不同频带、不同精度的传感器,实现不同振动环境下隔振平台六自由度位移的动态精密测量的结论。理论分析表明,该测量方法简单有效,适用范围广,有较大的推广价值。     

精密隔振平台主动阻尼系统的低频微振动测量研究

阐述了精密气垫式隔振平台的主动阻尼关键技术之一的低频微振动测量问题，着重分析了压电传感器在低频、微幅振动测量的条件下的电荷变换单元的电路参数，并介绍了实际研究结果及其在上述主动阻尼系统中的使用效果。     

外界振动对精密离心机动平衡测试的影响

为从精密离心机动平衡测试信号中分离出外界振动的干扰信号,分析了惯导用精密离心机动平衡测试系统的测试信号,研究了静不平衡与偶不平衡作用下转子的回转中心,分析了来自地基水平方向的外界振动及外界角振动对精密离心机动平衡测试的影响。根据动平衡测试系统噪比对外界振动提出了要求。     

测量微小振动的光纤传感技术

本文简叙应用光纤分能器的光纤传感技术来测定微小振动。文中给出了测试数据,表明其振幅测量的空间分辨率约为λ/2;如采用频谱分析技术,测量精度还可提高1～2个量级。