Development of procedures for partial discharge measurements at low pressures in air, argon and helium

Partial discharge (PD) characteristics in air, argon and helium at pressures between 101 kPa (760 Torr) to about 0.27 kPa (2 Torr) under 60 Hz ac energization were studied with various electrode arrangements. Measurements are presented for two representative electrode configurations, (1) needle-plane, with 20 mm spacing and a dielectric barrier, and (2) a twisted pair of insulated conductors. Typical PD currentpulse waveforms are presented. Difficulties in adhering to measurement guidelines defined by the IEC 60270 standard are described, and suggested modifications of the standard procedures are presented for measurement and calibration for low-pressure PD.     

局部放电脉冲电流波形分析研究

为了对局部放电检测中脉冲电流波形特征进行分析,搭建了三种空气中常见绝缘缺陷模型,即电晕放电、悬浮放电和沿面放电。利用高速数字示波器采集了三种缺陷的正负脉冲波形,通过去噪工具和信号处理工具对波形进行处理得到波形特征量。研究证明,脉冲电流法的正负脉冲波形在幅值上近似相等,但在其他几个特征量上却存在一些差异。     

脉冲电源驱动多针—平板电极介质阻挡放电影响因素研究

笔者采用μs振荡脉冲电源驱动多针—平板电极,产生空气中介质阻挡放电(DBD),测量了不同条件下放电的电压电流波形,拍摄了放电发光图像,并进一步计算得到放电功率和传输电荷量等主要放电参量,研究了多针电极密度、外加电压幅值和气隙距离对多针—平板电极DBD放电特性和放电参量的影响,并结合放电机理对所得到的实验结果进行了分析....     

管-管和管-板电极介质阻挡放电特性研究

电极结构对介质阻挡放电(DBD)的放电特性有重要影响,研究和比较不同电极结构DBD的放电特性,对优化DBD反应器结构和提高放电效率具有重要意义。笔者实验研究和比较了大气压空气中管-管电极和管-板电极DBD的放电特性,比较了它们电压电流波形图、李萨育图形以及发光图像的区别,研究了不同电压幅值下放电参量的变化,并从放电机理上对实验结果给出合理解释。结果表明:管-板电极DBD的电气特性和发光特性与管-板电极DBD有明显的区别,相对于管-管电极DBD,管-板电极DBD的放电更稳定,放电细丝分布更均匀;随着外加电压幅值的增加,两种电极结构DBD的放电持续时间、电流幅值、放电功率和传输电荷量都增加,在相同外加电压幅值下,管-板电极DBD的各参量均大于管-管电极DBD。     

纳秒脉冲表面放电等离子体影响因素的实验研究

在大气环境条件下,以环氧为介质阻挡材料,基于单极性ns脉冲电源进行了表面介质阻挡放电实验,研究了电压幅值、电极宽度、电极间距和重复频率对放电等离子体的影响。结果表明ns脉冲表面介质阻挡放电是丝状放电,放电发生在电压脉冲的上升沿阶段;放电电流主要包括两部分脉冲,与放电丝分布的均匀性有着一定的内在关系,外加电压对放电的均匀性以及产生等离子体的长度起作用;电极宽度和间距对放电电流和产生等离子体的发光强度影响不大,电极宽度和间距越小,放电丝分布越均匀,电极宽度存在一个最优值,使得激励器的放电稳定且产生等离子体相对均匀;脉冲重复频率仅对等离子体强度起作用,对放电特性的影响较复杂,不同电极参数下这些影响与放电丝的分布状态有关。     

利用液体阻挡介质产生空气中均匀介质阻挡放电的研究

研究了外加电压幅值对均匀介质阻挡放电(DBD)特性的影响,并结合不同外加电压幅值下的发光图像,分析了DBD放电特性的变化情况.利用测量得到的李萨育图形计算得到放电功率P和传输电荷Q,并进一步研究了外加电压幅值和电源频率对P和Q的影响.研究结果表明,采用硅油作为液体阻挡介质的锥-平板电极结构DBD能够在大气压空气中产生均匀放电,P和Q随外加电压幅值和电源频率的增加而非线性增加.     

亚大气压介质阻挡辉光放电的特性研究

亚大气压强下的均匀辉光放电,有可能成为无汞荧光灯。它在材料表面改性、灭菌等领域也有广阔的应用前景。利用水电极在真空玻璃箱内的亚大气压条件下实现了介质阻挡均匀辉光放电。电流波形与放电均匀性没有必然的关系,周期性出现的单电流脉冲无法作为高频下均匀放电的普适性判据。测量了不同气压下氩放电的发射光谱,发现高气压下由于下能级的吸收增加,氩750～850nm的部分谱线强度反而降低。分析了放电照片的灰度均匀性,认为它可以作为判断均匀放电的定量参数。气压越高,越不容易实现均匀放电。气体的均匀放电的气压上限分别是Ar（760 Torr）,Ar-O2（600 Torr）,N2（525 Torr）,N2-O2（375 Torr）,空气（300 Torr）。电负性的O2和H2O会吸附自由电子,将提惯击穿电压,影响放电的均匀性。     

纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电的电气和光学特性

为了研究纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电特性,本文采用一种新型三电极结构的激励器,通过纳秒脉冲叠加负直流的混合激励模式产生表面滑闪放电。实验研究了电压脉冲分量、电压直流分量及两者的差值对纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电特性的影响。实验结果表明,当脉冲电压幅值固定时,直流电压幅值的改变对脉冲侧电流的影响较小,但对直流源侧电流却影响显著,直流源侧电流随直流电压幅值的增加而增加,发生表面滑闪放电后峰值和速度均增加。直流电压幅值越大,直流源侧电流出现时刻越早。当直流电压幅值固定时,脉冲侧电流和直流源侧电流均随着脉冲电压幅值的增加而增加。实验中存在一个电压阈值(脉冲分量和直流分量电压差值)使纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电发生,该阈值为22k V。此时发生表面滑闪放电,瞬时功率峰值、单脉冲能量峰值和稳态能量均迅速增加。脉冲直流电压差值相同时,脉冲分量主导脉冲侧电流的大小,直流分量主导直流源侧电流的大小,脉冲分量所占比例的大小对功率和能量损耗的影响较大。此外,利用数码相机拍摄放电图像研究了纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电的光学特性,放电图像表明,在电极间施加合理的脉冲电压和负直流电压均可产生表面滑闪放电,实现等离子体的拉伸效果,在阻挡介质表面获得大面积的等离子体。     

多脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电特性的仿真及实验研究

为了简化实验,优化反应器设计,扩大均匀介质阻挡放电的应用范围,基于用电压控制电流源(VCCS)模拟均匀放电过程的介质阻挡放电(DBD)等效电路模型,利用Simulink建立了大气压多脉冲均匀DBD的动态仿真模型。模型中采用适于表征均匀DBD的VCCS激励信号,建立了开关控制模块再来对VCCS进行控制,从而实现对放电电流脉冲个数的调节。利用所建模型对大气压氖气中平板电极结构DBD的电气特性进行了仿真,得到了不同条件下多脉冲均匀DBD的电压电流波形以及Lissajous图形。同时,建立了大气压氖气中DBD实验装置并对不同电压幅值下的放电特性进行了实验研究,还将仿真与实验所得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明,利用所建模型仿真得到的电压电流图形和Lissajous图均与实验测量结果相符合,验证了仿真模型的正确性。利用仿真模型进一步计算得到了实际实验过程中无法直接测量获得的放电参量,如气隙电压、介质电压、放电电流、放电功率、传输电荷等。由仿真得到的伏安特性曲线可知,氖气中多脉冲放电除第1次脉冲放电为Townsend放电转化为辉光放电,其余脉冲放电皆为辉光放电。     

低气压下直流正极性冰电极电晕特性研究

覆冰将改变绝缘介质的放电过程，导致电力系统绝缘性能下降，为深入研究覆冰绝缘子串中空气间隙的电晕放电特性，基于冰棱-冰板电极系统，通过脉冲电流传感器和紫外线成像仪CoroCAM IV+揭示了气压对起晕电压、放电模式、放电波形及其幅值等的影响。通过数学分析提出表征不同大气压下不同间隙长度时起晕电压的修正公式，分析和讨论气压对放电脉冲及其幅值的影响。理论分析表明，随着气压的降低，覆冰空气间隙起晕电压呈幂函数或指数函数降低，特征指数同间隙长度相关。试验结果与理论分析一致，进一步揭示了覆冰环境下电晕放电的特性。     

高频高压下介质阻挡放电的实验研究

利用介质阻挡放电实验装置和测量系统研究了不同的介质层厚度、外加电压以及空气间隙距离的等离子体助燃(PAC)激励器放电特性,并在实验数据的基础上,根据介质阻挡放电等效电路对空气间隙上的两端电压、放电电流等参数进行了计算。结果表明,介质层的厚度对放电脉冲的次数的影响很大;随外加电压的增加,脉冲放电增加,放电的起始时刻不断提前;随着空气间隙距离的减小,激励器放电强度明显增强,放电更加均匀。     

线—板式脉冲电晕放电系统研究

线—板式电晕放电系统被广泛应用于大型除尘器及烟气脱硫反应器上。通过改变收集极板间距、放电极邻距及脉冲成形电容值,研究这些参数变化对高压ｎｓ级脉冲波形的影响,为设计脉冲电晕脱硫反映器内部电极结构提供了实用性实验依据。     

高频高压交流电源应用于介质阻挡放电特性的研究

应用电压幅值和频率都可调的高频高压交流电源研究了大气压空气中同轴介质阻挡放电的特性;介绍了该介质阻挡放电装置的工作原理后研究了电源逆变器交流侧电路工作于固有谐振频率和1/3固有谐振频率下负载电压及其频率、放电电流、谐振电流随着逆变器直流侧电压变化的规律,比较了在逆变器直流侧电压相同下的负载电压和放电电流的特点。研究结果表明,在初始放电发生前,电源的逆变电路直流侧电压线性增加,负载电压和放电电流随之增加,负载性质始终为容性;放电发生后,负载电压近似恒定,放电电流近似线性增长,负载性质为阻容性;在外加电源电压的正、负半周内,微放电电流波形不对称,分别呈“似辉光放电”和“丝状放电”的特点。     

Effect of Pressure on Discharge Initiation and Chemical Reaction in a Liquid-Phase Electrical Discharge Reactor

The effect of pressure on liquid-phase electrical discharges was investigated by using a stainless steel high-pressure reactor combined with a high-voltage pulse forming network. The initiation breakdown voltage was obtained under various pressures up to 1380 kPa (200 $hbox{lb/in}^{2}$ ). The discharge characteristics including current and voltage waveforms as well as power per pulse were determined. The effect of pressure on streamer chemical reactions was also investigated by measuring the formation rate of hydrogen peroxide $(hbox{H}_{2}hbox{O}_{2})$ in the solution. Experimental results showed that the initiation voltage is linearly dependent on pressure. The initiation voltage and power were correlated to the increase of heat requirement to vaporize liquid water with increasing pressure. On the other hand, when the input voltage exceeds the initiation voltage such that a stable discharge can be formed, the discharge characteristics are not affected by pressure. Hydrogen peroxide generation was also not affected by external pressure for conditions with stable discharge. To explain the aforementioned results, the bubble theory of liquid-phase breakdown initiation is discussed.      

空气条件下介质阻挡放电影响因素的研究

为了解决低气压等离子体用于工业生产时存在真空系统昂贵和难以实现试品的批量处理等缺点,采用环氧树脂和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)作为介质阻挡放电(DBD)的阻挡介质,探讨了在不同放电间距d(2-5 mm)、气压p(10-100 kPa)和外施电压U下的放电特性。结果表明,PTFE为阻挡介质,d≤3 mm时,在大气压下可利用DBD的形式产生辉光放电,当d>4 mm时,则不能得到稳定的DBD;在不同气压下,DBD稳定放电对应的电压区间范围在d为3 mm时最大;次大气压下辉光放电的特征较大气压下更明显,辉光放电更易获得,稳定放电的电压区间也更大。     

Generation and control of electrolyte cathode atmospheric glow discharge using miniature gas flow

Stable electrolyte cathode atmospheric DC glow microdischarges were generated by using a miniature helium gas flow from a nozzle electrode in air. We developed two schemes to control the temporal evolution of the discharge and the interaction between the discharge column and the ambient air. The vaporization of electrolyte solutions takes place and affects the discharge characteristics. This takes time from the start of the discharge. Therefore, the discharge was controlled by applying pulse‐modulated DC voltages. If the voltage was dropped down to zero before the vaporization, the gas discharge developed without the ionization of the solution components. A helium gas discharge without air developed when the nozzle electrode was placed in a glass capillary. This was confirmed by examining the change in pH of the solution, which usually decreased owing to the generation of nitrogen oxides in the discharge in air. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(4): 8–15, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21222     

Reduction of CO2 from combustion gases by DC coronatorches

An experimental investigation has been conducted to reduce CO₂ from combustion gases by using DC corona torches. This plasma device, the corona torch, consists of two small-diameter hollow electrodes. The gas flow enters the upstream cylindrical hollow electrode and exits at a downstream cylindrical hollow electrode. Therefore, all the reactive gas passes through the active corona-induced plasma zone. High-speed gas flow near the exit of the electrode cools the electrodes; hence, the chemical reactions and the stability of discharge are enhanced. Various amounts of argon gas were added to the model combustion gas (N₂:O₂:CO₂=0.745:0.15:0.105). The results show that the CO₂ gas reduction rate increases with increasing corona current when the model gas is seeded with argon. The CO₂ gas reduction rate increases when the percentage of argon gas in the mixture increases up to 20%, and decreases when the percentage of argon gas in the mixture increases above 20%     

Investigation of partial discharge mechanism by simultaneous measurement of current waveform and light emission

We observed current pulse waveforms of partial discharge (PD) in SF₆ gas so as to investigate the PD mechanism. We also measured light intensity and light emission image of PD simultaneously under different conditions of applies voltage and SF₆ gas pressure. From these experiments, we found that the “double-peak current waveform” appeared at high pressure and high voltage conditions. We also analyzed the mutual correlation of waveforms between a single current and the light emission. Moreover, we obtained experimental evidence of filmentlike light image appearing at the PD tip under the same condition with double-peak current waveform. From the electric field analysis around the needle electrode tip, we believe that the filamentlike light image expands beyond the critical electric field of SF₆ gas. Thus, we concluded that these current waveforms with double peaks showed evidence of leader-type PD, leading to breakdown. Finally, we could point out that leader-type PD should be distinguished and measured for the diagnosis of GIS insulation performance. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 58–65, 1999     

Propagation characteristics of impulse creepage discharge in perfluorocarbon liquid

In this paper, the propagation characteristics of a creepage discharge on the surface of a solid insulator with a back electrode in perfluorocarbon liquid under an impulse voltage application are investigated. The propagation process is observed in detail by means of a high‐speed schlieren optical technique, and simultaneously waveforms of a current and a charge are also measured. Consequently, the polarity effect of the streamer propagation and the positive streamer which propagates stepwise can be seen. The latter is concurrent with the sparse current pulse which corresponds to the charge step‐variation. These results are compared with ones obtained in transformer oil. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(4): 19–28, 2000     

Ozone generation in dry air using pulsed discharges with andwithout a solid dielectric layer

Energy efficient generation of ozone is very important because ozone is being used increasingly in a wide range of industrial applications. Ozonizers usually use dielectric barrier discharges and employ alternating current (ac) with consequent heat generation, which necessitates cooling. In the present study, very short duration pulsed voltage is employed resulting in reduced heating of the gas and discharge reactor. A comparison of ozone generation in dry air using a coaxial concentric electrode system with and without a solid dielectric layer is reported. Two types of dielectric layers were employed, ceramic and polyvinylchloride (pvc). The effects of peak pulsed voltage (12.5 to 62 kV), reactor length (0.1 to 1 m), pulse repetition rate (25 to 400 pulses per second, pps), gas flow rate (1.5 to 3.0 1/min) and variation of the pitch length of the spiral wire forming the central electrode (5 to 10 mm) on the concentration and production yield of ozone (g/kWh) are reported. A comparison is made between the performance of discharge reactors with (ceramic reactor Type IIC and pvc reactor Type IIP) and without (reactor Type I) a dielectric layer, using the same electrode gap separation (15 mm) and reactor lengths (0.157 and 1 m). High production yields of ozone in dry air of ~125 52 and 60 g/kWh were obtained when using, respectively ceramic, pvc, and no dielectric layer, for a fixed pulse rate of 100 pps, 15 1/min now rate and for a relatively short length of the reactor of 157 mm