改性SiC短切纤维体积分数对SiCsf/LAS复合材料介电性能的影响

以改性SiC短切纤维为添加剂,用热压法制备了SiCsf/LAS复合材料,考察了纤维的显微结构以及纤维和复合材料在8.2～12.4GHz频率范围内的微波介电性能。结果表明,当SiC纤维的体积分数为2.92时,纤维混合体介电常数实部、虚部最大,分别为38～25、40～20。高复介电常数的SiC纤维使SiCsf/LAS复合材料比LAS具有更高的介电常数,材料中无富碳界面层的形成。当SiC纤维的体积分数为3时,复合材料介电常数实部、虚部以及损耗角正切值最大,其均值分别为58、25和0.45。     

短切SiC纤维含量对SiCsf/LAS复合材料性能的影响

用热压烧结法制备了不同纤维含量的SiCsf/LAS玻璃陶瓷复合材料,研究了该复合材料的微观结构、力学性能和微波介电性能。结果表明:随着SiC纤维含量的增加,SiCsf/LAS材料的抗弯强度先增加后降低,最大值为104MPa。由于碳界面层的形成,SiCsf/LAS比LAS具有更高的介电常数。当SiC短切纤维的质量分数为1.5%时,SiCsf/LAS复合材料介电常数具有最大值,其实部ε′和虚部ε″均值分别为48和66,并具有明显的频散效应。     

C_(sf)/Al_2O_3复合材料的力学性能和介电性能

采用无压烧结的方法制备了短切碳纤维/氧化铝(Csf/Al2O3)复合材料,研究了短切碳纤维含量变化对复合材料洛氏硬度、抗弯强度及微波介电性能的影响。结果表明:短切碳纤维在氧化铝基体中分散均匀,呈明显的各向异性。随着短切碳纤维含量的增加,复合材料的致密度和洛氏硬度HRA都明显降低,而试样的抗弯强度则先升高后降低。当纤维含量为0.25%时,试样抗弯强度达到最大值285 MPa,相比纯氧化铝基体提高了43.2%。在8.2~12.4 GHz频率范围的复介电常数测试结果表明,复介电常数的实部和虚部随碳纤维含量的增加先逐渐上升,当碳纤维含量从0.5%增加到0.65%时,试样的介电常数实部和虚部都显著降低,这主要是由于试样的致密度急剧下降造成的。     

QW220/5284RTM复合材料的介电性能研究

采用RTM工艺制备了四种不同纤维体积含量的石英纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层板。研究了温度、吸湿、频率、纤维体积分数和后固化等因素对该复合材料体系介电性能的影响。结果表明,在30~150℃温度范围内,QW220/5284RTM复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗均随温度升高而增大;纤维体积分数为53%时,该复合材料体系的饱和吸湿率较低,约为0.44%,吸水后,介电常数和介电损耗都有一定程度的增加;室温下,7~18GHz频率范围内,该复合材料体系的介电常数和介电损耗随频率改变没有表现出明显和规律的变化;该复合材料体系的介电常数和介电损耗随着纤维体积分数的提高而分别增大和减小;后固化使该复合材料体系的介电常数和介电损耗均减小。QW220/5284RTM复合材料具有良好的介电性能,且介电性能具有较好的耐环境特性,可用于飞机透波结构。     

电化学沉积制备氧化钼/碳纳米管复合纤维及其电化学行为

以电化学沉积法将氧化钼（MoOx）沉积于宏观碳纳米管（CNT）纤维上,制得氧化钼包覆碳纳米管复合纤维（MoOx/CNT）,研究了复合纤维的结构、相组成及电化学性能。结果表明：该复合纤维由氧化钼均匀包覆碳纳米管束的同轴纳米纤维构成,氧化钼包覆层厚度为100～175nm,碳纳米管束直径为20～60 nm,能谱分析表明包覆层含Mo和O;将该复合纤维用于电化学系统超电容,电化学测试其具有明显的电化学活性,电容量为19 F/g;该复合纤维可用于发展电化学功能纤维或编织储能器件。     

厚度对溶胶-凝胶法制备BaTi0.99Fe0.01O3薄膜的结构及电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备在Pt/Ti/SiO₂/(100)Si基片上不同厚度的BaTi_0.99Fe_0.01O₃(BFTO)薄膜，研究了不同薄膜厚度对BFTO薄膜的晶体结构、介电和铁电性能的影响。在薄膜厚度低于370 nm时，BFTO薄膜呈现四方相结构，而随着厚度进一步增加，薄膜的四方性降低。随着厚度的增加，有利于提高薄膜的介电常数，而铁电性能逐渐降低。在厚度为370 nm时，薄膜具有良好的铁电性能和较低的漏电流，剩余极化P_r为12μC/cm²，漏电流密度为2.4×10^-6 A/cm²。     

AlN/碳掺杂氮化硼纳米管复相陶瓷的制备及性能

将1%～10%(体积分数)碳掺杂氮化硼纳米管(carbon-doped boron nitride nanotubes,BCN-nt)引入到纳米AlN中,采用放电等离子烧结得到致密的AlN/BCN-nt复相陶瓷。结果表明:适当提高烧结温度能使AlN晶粒充分长大,提高AlN晶粒完整性并有效去除结构中的氧杂质,因而显著改善了引入BCN-nt对热导率的劣化。在Kα波段(26.5～40.0GHz),随BCN-nt含量的增加,材料的介电常数实部和虚部都呈现逐渐增大的趋势,损耗因子也逐渐增加。提高烧结温度对介电常数影响不大,而过高的温度使介电常数虚部明显下降。适当的BCN-nt含量和烧结温度能够在提供稳定的介电损耗同时兼顾较高的热导率。     

环氧树脂/碳纤维吸波涂层电磁特性的实验研究

对环氧树脂/碳纤维吸波涂层的电磁特性进行了研究,包括对体系电磁参数及反射率的测量,纤维长径比、体积含量对电磁参数及吸波性能的影响,以及电磁参数与吸波性能的关联。结果表明,在8～18GHz频段内,随碳纤维长度的增大其介电常数实部与虚部值均增大,磁导率虚部值增大,吸收效果逐渐增强;随碳纤维体积含量的增加,其介电常数实部与虚部值均显著提高,吸收效果逐渐增强,吸收峰向低频方向移动。     

多尺度柔性钛酸钡/聚二甲基硅氧烷复合材料的制备及介电性能优化

介电电容器具有重量轻、充放电速度快、功率密度高等优点,在航空航天储能器件领域的作用日益凸显。采用模板法与电泳沉积法相结合制备了多尺度结构的柔性复合电介质材料钛酸钡/聚二甲基硅氧烷(BTO/PDMS),研究了其微观无序、有序结构对介电性能的影响,并通过理论模拟对其介电与介电强度性能进行了系统分析,为提高复合电介质储能密度的研究提供了理论铺垫。结果表明：当BTO含量达到10.16%(质量分数)时,复合材料的相对介电常数在1 000 Hz时提升到85 (纯PDMS的相对介电常数仅为2.75);当BTO的体积分数在5%～20%之间变化时,介电常数随BTO含量的增加呈线性增加;此外,通过调控BTO形貌的有序定向结构(如四方或蜂窝定向结构),介电性能得到提升,某些特定方向的介电强度性能显著提高;将聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和PDMS复合形成核壳结构,常数略有提升,填料与基体的介电性能差异减小,介电强度性能得到提升。     

磁场处理对聚偏二氟乙烯复合材料介电性能的影响

以镍沉积钛酸铜钙纳米颗粒(NC)为填料,通过流延法制备聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)/NC复合薄膜(PNC),研究磁场对PNC复合材料介电性能的影响。结果表明：40 nm的镍颗粒沉积在直径200 nm的钛酸铜钙球形颗粒表面。不同磁场强度结合温度处理能够促进PNC复合材料的极化响应,从而有效调控其介电性能。高温强磁场(150℃-1.5 T)能够引发PNC复合材料的绝缘-导电相变。而30℃与1.0 T的最佳磁场条件下,增加PNC复合材料的界面极化强度,显著提升其介电性能,使PNC复合材料在10 Hz频率下获得高介电常数(21)、低介电损耗(0.10)和低电导率(1.0×10^-11S/cm)等介电性能。     

Microwave absorbing properties of carbon black/silicone rubber blend

In the frequency range of 2–18 GHz, the microwave absorbing properties of a carbon black/silicone rubber blend were investigated by changing the carbon black content and the thickness. The real part (ε′) and the imaginary part (ε″) of permittivity of the blends were calculated from the S‐parameters measured by a network analyzer. The reflection loss was simulated by using ε′ and ε″. The reflection loss less than ?10 dB could be obtained in the frequency range of 9.6ε13.5 GHz from the sample with 10 wt% of carbon black at 1.9 mm of thickness.     

Dielectric properties of BN modified carbon fibers by dip-coating

Continuous and uniform boron nitride (BN) coatings were synthesized on carbon fibers by dip-coating and their microstructure, chemical composition and dielectric properties were investigated. Results show that the as-prepared coatings are composed of phase mixture of h-BN and amorphous t-BN. The oxidation property of the BN modified carbon fibers is improved with higher initial and final oxidation temperatures. Both the real (ε′) and imaginary part (ε″) of permittivity of the BN modified carbon fibers decrease significantly compared with the pure carbon fibers. The decrease of ε′ can be mainly attributed to the absence of dielectric relaxation effect, while the decrease of ε″ can be ascribed to the large decrease in electrical conductivity. The decreasing permittivity leads to increase of microwave impedance which is beneficial for electromagnetic matching. With improved impedance match and still relatively high ε″, the BN modified carbon fibers exhibit a promising prospect as microwave absorbing materials.     

化学镀钴活性炭的微波吸收性能研究

采用化学镀的方法对活性炭进行表面镀钴,透射电镜（TEM）观察证实了活性炭的表面上已经镀覆上了钴层。采用HP8722ES矢量网络分析仪测量了样品在2—18GHz频率范围内的复介电常数（εT=ε＇-jε＇＇）和复磁导率（μT=μ＇-μ＇＇）。用吸收屏理论公式计算其反射损耗（R．L．）、匹配厚度（dm）及匹配频率（fm）。结果表明,随着匹配厚度的增大,吸收峰没有发生移动,但吸收峰值有所下降。在匹配厚度dm=0．2mm时,样品最大反射损耗达-5．23dB,对应的匹配频率fm=10．59GHz,而且在整个电磁波频率测试范围内,反射损耗值均小于-4．8dB。     

Polarization behavior of sol‐gel‐derived relaxor Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 films

Films of the relaxor ferroelectric BaZr_0.25Ti_0.75O₃ (0.25‐BZT) were synthesized via a sol‐gel route to investigate the effect of film thickness on the dielectric properties and for comparison with normal ferroelectric BaTiO₃ (BT). The as‐prepared films on Nb‐doped SrTiO₃ (Nb–ST) displayed a (100) orientation; thinner films had stronger (100) orientations. Microwave dielectric measurements up to a few GHz quantified the polarizations, that is, the dipole contribution, ε_dipole, the combination of the ionic and electronic polarizations, ε_ionic+el., and the total contribution, ε_total. The ε_dipole in the relaxors at a film thickness of t=630 nm was 360, which was double that for the normal ferroelectric BT (ε_dipole=180) at t=735 nm. The larger apparent permittivity of the BZT therefore originated from the larger ε_dipole of the polar nanoregions (PNRs), while the nanograins of BT with few domain walls led to a comparably smaller ε_dipole. The volume ratio of the surface and film‐substrate interface lacking the dipole interactions increased with the reduction in the film thickness, leading to the significant depression in the permittivity for both specimens. The difference in the thickness dependence of the dielectric properties of the sol‐gel derived relaxor BZT and the normal ferroelectric BT films was attributed to the different origins of their dipole contribution, that is, the PNRs and ferroelectric domains, respectively.     

碳纤维/玻璃纤维复合纤维毡的介电和吸波性能

考察了碳纤维/玻璃纤维复合并浇注硅溶胶制成的纤维毡的介电和吸波性能。结果表明:碳纤维的分散对复合材料的介电性能有很大影响。复合材料的介电常数随着碳纤维含量的增加而增加,随频率的增加而降低,具有明显的频响效应。复合材料具有明显的双峰吸收性能,且最高吸收峰随着厚度的增加向低频移动。当w(碳纤维)=1%,复合材料厚度为6、7、8 mm时,反射率小于-10 dB的频段分别为4.2~10.5、3.9~9.3、3.8~7.7 GHz。     

Studies on the semirigid chain polyamide—poly(1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide)

In this article, the polycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride and p-phenylenediamine was systematically studied, including the liquid–crystalline state of the solution and the spinning of poly(1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPTA). High-molecular-weight PPTA with ε_inh = 5–7 was prepared and the main factors influencing the solution polycondensation of 1,4-phenylenediamine with terephthaloyl chloride were studied in detail. Experimental results showed that the water content of the reaction system, reactant concentration, and volume ratio of mix solvents have a great influence on the inherent viscosity of the poly(1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide) obtained. The highest ε_inh was obtained at 0.3M/liter reactant concentration in a mixed solvent ratio HMPA/DMAC of 4/1 (by volume), at 0.35M/liter reactant concentration in a mixed solvent of HMPA/NMP = 7/3, and at 0.5M/liter of reactant concentration in a mixed solvent of HMPA/THF = 9/1. The water content must be controlled to less than 100 ppm in the polymerization system. In the early stage of the polycondensation process, the ε_inh of the polymer obtained increased rapidly with time. The system gelled within 2 or 3 min, while the monomer conversion reached about 100%. However, the reaction of polycondensation continued after gelation and the ε_inh of the polymer increased appreciably. We have studied the viscosity behavior at 20–155°C for the anisotropic solution of PPTA in 100% sulfuric acid (ε_inh of PPTA 2.5–4.9). Experimental results showed that, at low concentrations the viscosity of isotropic solution increases with the increase of polymer concentration to reach a maxium near the critical polymer concentration, beyond which the solution changes to an anisotropic liquid–crystalline solution. The appropriate spinning region was obtained as shown in the phase diagram determined by viscosity, degree of depolarization anisotropy, and region of thermal depolymerization. Fibers of PPTA with high modulus and high tenacity were obtained by dry-jet wet spinning. The fibers obtained have a tenacity of ～22 g/denier, a modulus of ～600 g/denier, and elongation at break ～3.5%.     

微螺旋炭纤维的微波电磁参数及其环氧复合材料的吸波性能研究

采用化学气相沉积法制备了微螺旋炭纤维(CMCs),研究了其在频率为8.2￣12.4GHz范围内的微波介电特性;以环氧树脂为胶粘剂制备了CMCs/环氧复合吸波涂层,并对其吸波性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着CMCs含量的增加,复介电参数实部ε′、虚部ε″和介电损耗tanδ均有所增加,当CMCs含量为1%￣5%时,ε″和tanδ增幅很小;当CMCs含量为10%时,两者增幅显著增大。ε′表现出高频减小的趋势,同时tanδ表现出高频增大的趋势,这些均有利于实现高频吸波。磁损耗tanξ较小且CMCs含量对其影响不明显。CMCs/环氧复合吸波涂层的反射率随着CMCs含量的增加而明显减小,表现出高频衰减略有增加的趋势,同时出现多吸收峰,这有利于实现宽频吸波。     

BaTiO3／环氧树脂／玻璃纤维复合材料介电性能研究

本文运用热压工艺制备了BaTiO3（BT）／环氧树脂／玻璃纤维和BaTiO3／炭黑／环氧树脂／玻璃纤维复合材料,研究了温度、填料含量和交流频率对复合材料的介电性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的介电常数（εr）和介电损耗（tanδ）随肌体积分数的增加而升高。当肌体积分数为17％时,复合材料在1MHz下的εr和tanδ分别为7.88和0.027。当炭黑的含量为1.0％时,明含量为17％的复合材料εr和tanδ分别为11.0和0.035。随着频率的升高,复合材料的εr降低,而介电损耗升高。复合材料的εr随温度升高而增加。