一种智能环卫服的设计研究

目的基于环卫工人多维度的需求和太阳能资源的利用,设计安全兼具实用、功能完备的智能环卫服。方法因柔性非晶硅薄膜太阳能板吸收并将太阳能转化为电能,转存到锂电池为设备供电,同时以可拆卸的形式与服装结合,便于洗涤;微型轻便USB风扇通过纽扣开关的调节可使微型风扇多角度的活动,另一个纽扣开关控制的多功能USB插口可自主为无线电呼机、手机等设备充电,为环卫工提供生理安全、便利通讯和娱乐性;NFC芯片载有环卫工的具体信息,优化考勤工作。结论智能环卫服的设计研究对环卫智能化、一体化建设具有重要意义,同时也对从事安全服装设计的人员提供一个理论性的参考研究。     

基于太阳能热化学的分布式供能系统热力学性能及碳排放分析

分布式供能系统临近用户,具有灵活消纳可再生能源的优势。集成太阳能与清洁燃料互补的分布式供能系统,旨在实现太阳能与燃料的高效互补利用。提出了基于太阳能热化学的分布式供能系统,该系统集成了太阳能热化学转化与分布式冷热电联供系统,将太阳能与甲醇以热化学的形式进行源头互补,把太阳能转化为合成气燃料化学能,进而通过内燃机发电机组和余热回收单元输出冷、热、电产品,以满足用户的负荷需求。通过数值计算的方法,对所集成的系统开展了热力学性能及CO₂排放性能分析,研究了设计工况及变工况下运行性能,结果表明所集成的太阳能与燃料热化学互补供能系统具有显著的节能减排优势。     

Pulsed energy conversion with a dc superconducting magnet

A generator system for pulsed power is described which employs a dc superconducting magnet in a magnetic flux compression scheme. Experience with a small-scale generator together with projections of numerical models indicate potential applications to fusion research and commercial power generation. When the system is large enough pulse energy can exceed that stored in the magnet and pulse rise time can range from several microseconds to tens of milliseconds.     

Superconducting magnetic energy storage

After a brief review of the reasons for and forms of secondary energy storage and of the elements and history of inductive or magnetic storage, we discuss the four distinct areas in which superconducting magnetic energy storage can be applied. Differences in energy transfer times place different requirements on the storage coil, on the switch or transfer element, and on the energy losses in the superconductor. We report on designs and experiments in one of these areas with 2 to 300 kJ units, and on the analysis and plans for an installation that is to provide 250 MJ of plasma compression energy for the theta-pinch controlled thermonuclear fusion test reactor. We point out those elements of inductive storage that need further development before a theta-pinch fusion reactor can become economically competitive. Finally, we compare the size and costs of the energy storage components of these systems with similar and with larger inductive storage systems that are to interact reversibly with electric utility networks.     

The quest for carbon-neutral industrial operations: renewable power purchase versus distributed generation

Integrating renewable energy into the manufacturing facility is the ultimate key to realising carbon-neutral operations. Although many firms have taken various initiatives to reduce the carbon footprint of their facilities, there are few quantitative studies focused on cost analysis and supply reliability of integrating intermittent wind and solar power. This paper aims to fill this gap by addressing the following question: shall we adopt power purchase agreement (PPA) or onsite renewable generation to realise the eco-economic benefits? We tackle this complex decision-making problem by considering two regulatory options: government carbon incentives and utility pricing policy. A stochastic programming model is formulated to search for the optimal mix of onsite and offsite renewable power supply. The model is tested extensively in different regions under various climatic conditions. Three findings are obtained. First, in a long term onsite generation and PPA can avoid the price volatility in the spot or wholesale electricity market. Second, at locations where the wind speed is below 6 m/s, PPA at $70/MWh is preferred over onsite wind generation. Third, compared to PPA and wind generation, solar generation is not economically competitive unless the capacity cost is down below $1.5 M/MW.     

某住宅小区可再生能源应用技术介绍

详细介绍了地源热泵、太阳能热水、风光互补发电系统在某住宅小区的应用情况,为可再生能源技术在同类项目中的应用提供借鉴。     

超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术应用

超临界二氧化碳循环可应用于火力发电、核能发电、太阳能热发电等多种发电技术领域,作为新型的动力循环系统替代目前广泛使用的汽轮发电机组或燃气轮机发电机组。在进入商业化应用之前,需要对超临界二氧化碳循环技术在各种应用场景下的优势及其潜在的社会和经济效益进行探讨。通过分析超临界二氧化碳循环的特点和优势,探索其与化石能源、核能、太阳能、生物质能、余热等各种热源相结合的可行性,提出多种发电系统方案,可为今后超临界二氧化碳循环的商业化应用提供参考。随着超临界二氧化碳循环技术不断成熟,设备成本进一步降低,其系统简化、结构紧凑、效率高等优势将更加突显。     

Optimal design and integration of solar systems and fossil fuels for sustainable and stable power outlet

Widespread industrial utilization of solar energy is an important goal that requires overcoming several technical challenges. One of the key hurdles is the need to address the temporal fluctuations in incident solar power (e.g., on an hourly basis or seasonally) which lead to variations in the outlet power. This work is aimed at the development of a systematic design procedure providing a stable power outlet while using solar systems. First, the dynamic performance of solar collectors is parametrically modeled. Next, an optimization formulation is developed as the basis for the design procedure which accounts for the integration of solar and fossil energy sources in a power system. The procedure determines the optimal mix of energy forms (solar vs. fossil) to be supplied to the process, the system specifications, and the dynamic operation of the system. The developed procedure includes gathering and generation of relevant solar and climatic data, modeling of the various components of the solar, fossil, and power generation systems, and optimization of several aspects of the hybrid system. A case study is solved to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the devised procedure.     

中国的超导托卡马克装置HT—7U用炭基面对等离子体材料的研究

聚变能作为一种潜在的替代能源,可以为将来提清洁和无穷尽的能源供给,引起中国政府的高度重视。一项国家大科学工程“超导托卡马克HT－7U的建造”目前正在中国科学院合肥等离子体物理研究所实施。考虑到HT－7U将运行在高热负荷和近稳态的工作条件下,研究和选取面对等离子体候选材料就显得极为重要。中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所和合肥等离子体物理研究所合作致力于HT－7U用炭基面对等离子体材料的研究和开发。本文主要介绍了聚变能的优点,有关聚变研究的一些基本概念如托卡马克,等离子体,面对等离子体材料,壁材料和等离子体间的相互作用行为等。给出了HT－7U炭基面对等离子体材料的主要结果。相关的具体研究结果将在后续文章中给予报道。     

SAHPPA: a novel power pinch analysis approach for the design of off-grid hybrid energy systems

This work proposes a novel approach called stand-alone hybrid system power pinch analysis (SAHPPA), which is particularly applicable for the design of off-grid distributed energy generation systems. The enhanced graphical tool employs new ways of utilising the recently introduced demand composite curve and supply composite curve while honouring and adapting fundamental energy systems engineering concepts. The SAHPPA method is capable of optimising the capacity of both the power generators and energy storage for biomass (i.e. non-intermittent) and solar photovoltaic (i.e. intermittent) energy technologies, which is a contribution to the emerging area of power pinch analysis. In addition, the procedure considers all possible efficiency losses in the overall system encompassing the charging–discharging and current inversion processes.     

Use of solar cell in electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil

This preliminary study used a solar cell, instead of direct current (DC) power supply, to generate electric field for electrokinetic (EK) remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil. Three EK tests were conducted and compared; one was conducted on a cloudy and rainy day with solar cell, one was conducted on a sunny day with solar cell and another was conducted periodically with DC power supply. It was found that the output potential of solar cell depended on daytime and was influenced by weather conditions; the applied potential in soil was affected by the output potential and weather conditions, and the current achieved by solar cell was comparable with that achieved by DC power supply. Solar cell could be used to drive the electromigration of cadmium in contaminated soil, and removal efficiency achieved by solar cell was comparable with that achieved by DC power supply. Compared with traditional DC power supply, using solar cell as power supply for EK remediation can greatly reduce energy expenditure. This study provided an alternative to improve the EK soil remediation and expanded the use of solar cell in environmental remediation.     

Application of superconductivity in the controlled thermonuclear research program

Applications of superconductivity will be needed in each of the three magnetic confinement systems being developed in the AEC controlled thermonuclear research program. Fusion plasmas must be confined by magnetic fields instead of solid walls. The tokamak and magnetic mirror confinement systems will need superconducting magnets to produce the confining magnetic field. The theta-pinch confinement system will need superconducting energy storage coils and homopolar machines to provide energy for pulsed magnetic fields. The AEC is supporting developments for these three systems but it is not yet known which magnetic confinement systems will be used in fusion power reactors. The technology problems associated with these applications of superconductivity are described in the paper.     

Magneplane power supply costs

Means are studied to bring propulsion power from commercial utility lines and distribute it and control it to the LSM propulsion winding in the guideway. Switched sections of propulsion winding from 0.25 km to 2.5 km long are considered and cost variations explored. Magneplane guideway for this study propagates a fixed frequency travelling magnetic wave on which vehicles with superconducting magnets for LSM and maglev are inserted and removed by adjustable frequency sections at station stops. Costs reported reflect only fixed frequency main-line. Several variable parameters are considered. These include length of LSM winding which will be energized by each PCU, number of winding sections per PCU, utility supply voltage, and capacitor compensation of winding inductance to reduce thyristor current. Estimated costs are presented to show the influence of variation in the parameters. Future cost trends are considered. System power efficiencies are presented and their influence on selection of non-optimum system cost is considered. Development of thyristor switching technology for tuned series RLC high power circuits is recommended.     

空气源热泵耦合太阳能及余热用于升压站供暖的研究

风电场、光伏发电站等工程的升压站,一般远离集中热源,冬季多采用“电暖气+热水器”的传统方案,能源利用效率低,增加了电能消耗,降低了项目收益。提出“空气源热泵耦合太阳能及余热”的供暖方案,为升压站提供了可靠的热源,并提高了能源利用效率,降低了运行费用。升压站内电气设备间有大量的40℃左右的排风,可以作为空气源热泵的低温热源,解决了空气源热泵低温时效率低的弊病;空气源热泵生产出热水,并设置太阳能热水器进一步提高水温满足供暖要求;设置单独的蓄热水箱适应供暖负荷变化并解决一部分生活热水需求。以北京某风电场工程为例,阐述了这一系统的优缺点以及推广的必要性和可行性。分析表明,在最冷时该系统仍可以高效、稳定的运行,投资回收期短,为寒冷地区空气源热泵的应用提供了参考依据。     

Unit helium requirements for superconductive energy applications in the USA

Estimates of the helium requirements for superconductive magnetic energy storage, magnetically confined fusion reactors, superconducting power transmission lines, magnetohydrodynamic units, superconducting motors and generators, and particle accelerators are presented. The approach entails surveying estimates from system studies, then developing simple scaling laws to calculate helium inventories. Helium loss rates are discussed and applied to estimate annual helium makeup.     

多能互补分布式综合供能系统及典型开发方案研究

多能互补分布式综合供能具有绿色、低碳和高效等典型特征,已经成为国内外能源领域研究与发展的重点。论述了多能互补分布式综合供能系统的基本概念、主要技术特征、系统主要构成与关键技术等,并以国内某典型科技创新园为例,分析其负荷需求和资源禀赋,开发了"五化一体"综合供能实施方案。该方案以燃气分布式、分布式光伏、分布式风电、污水源热泵和储能为供能主体,构建了电力、热力、冷煤水、燃气和中水等能源网络,并借助智能化技术实现供能系统的优化运行,满足不同用能主体用能需求。最后,针对我国多能互补分布式综合供能系统发展现状与存在的问题给出相关建议。     

Effect of various pulse wave forms for pulse-type magnetic flux pump

The excitation current of magnetic pole windings in magnetic flux pump needs to be generated by a control system. In this paper, the control system of pulse-type high temperature superconducting magnetic flux pump is discussed in detail. The control system consists of a control circuit and a drive circuit. A direct current power supply is the unique power supply of the drive circuit. The control circuit is powered by a computer through a USB interface of the computer. The control circuit receives commands from the computer and controls the drive circuit to generate different pulse waves. Each pulse wave generates a unique pulse-type traveling magnetic field and will pump magnetic flux into the superconducting loop. Experiments have been performed to examine the pumping effect of different pulse waves on both MgB₂ and Bi-2223 superconducting loops using the proposed control system, and the best pulse wave has been found. The experimental results show that the magnetic flux pump can compensate current decay up to 32.5 A for MgB₂ loop and 129 A for Bi-2223 loop. It indicates that the control system of the pulse-type magnetic flux pump is effective and feasible.     

Powering Mobile Networks with Optimal Green Energy for Sustainable Development

Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies, especially academia and industry, in light of economic and ecological perspectives. Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances. Moreover, the specific power supply requirements for a base station (BS), such as cost effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and reliability, can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy. Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy. Renewable energy is free, clean, and abundant in most locations throughout the year. In this work, a sustainable optimal stand-alone solar-powered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is proposed. This model can extend 24 h uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS that fully utilizes an integrated storage device. The system analysis is conducted using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) based on actual prevailing conditions of the regions and their technical feasibility. The results showed can be achieved operational expenditure savings up to 16%. These outcomes provide a huge benefit to the cellular operators of Oman economically, technically, and ecologically.     

Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect Induced Electricity for Self‐Powered Photodetector System

Ferroelectric materials have demonstrated novel photovoltaic effect to scavenge solar energy. However, most of the ferroelectric materials with wide bandgaps (2.7–4 eV) suffer from low power conversion efficiency of less than 0.5% due to absorbing only 8–20% of solar spectrum. Instead of harvesting solar energy, these ferroelectric materials can be well suited for photodetector applications, especially for sensing near‐UV irradiations. Here, a ferroelectric BaTiO₃ film‐based photodetector is demonstrated that can be operated without using any external power source and a fast sensing of 405 nm light illumination is enabled. As compared with photovoltaic effect, both the responsivity and the specific detectivity of the photodetector can be dramatically enhanced by larger than 260% due to the light‐induced photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect. A self‐powered photodetector array system can be utilized to achieve spatially resolved light intensity detection by recording the output voltage signals as a mapping figure.     

The principles of thermodynamic heating

The world will face a very serious situation with regard to energy supply towards the end of this century and at the beginning of the next, as the oil supply gradually runs out. The large new energy sources such as fusion or solar energy, will not be operative on a sufficient scale until well into the next century.In the meantime, economic use of energy will be crucially important. The possible application of thermodynamic heating methods in the form of cogeneration and heat pumps is most important. The paper discusses the economics of such systems under different conditions as they exist in both water-power and heat-power countries.