Formulation of new correlations in terms of extraterrestrial radiation by optimization of tilt angle for installation of solar photovoltaic systems for maximum power generation: case study of 26 cities in India

This paper deals with finding of optimum tilt angle for installation of optimized solar photovoltaic system in India. The optimization of tilt angles is performed using measured solar radiation data for 26 cities in India. The tilt angle is changed from 0° to 90° at step of 1° to find out optimum tilt angle for which monthly average solar radiation is maximum. It was found that the optimum tilt angle varies between 0° and 63° throughout the year in India. The monthly optimum tilt angle is maximum in December for all cities in India. It is found that increase in maximum solar radiation at monthly optimum tilt angle in comparison to latitude based tilt angle and annual optimum tilt angle varies from 5.85% to 8.08% and 5.95% to 8.34%, respectively, showing monthly optimum tilt angle is beneficial for maximum power generation for different cities in India. The novelty of this study is new correlations of optimum tilt angle in terms of extraterrestrial radiation are developed for estimating monthly optimum tilt angle for installation of photovoltaic systems at different sites in India. The root mean square error in correlation equations varies from 0.1256 to 0.9771.     

Optimum parallel-face slanted surface-relief gratings

Using a combination of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and simulated annealing, parallel-face slanted surface-relief gratings (PFSSRGs) are optimized. For substrate-mode optical interconnects, profiles are presented for both polymer and silicon PFSSRGs for both TE and TM polarizations at normal incidence with grating periods designed to give a 45 degrees output angle in the negative-first forward-diffracted order. The resulting diffraction efficiencies range from 70% to 99%, with a majority of the optimized profiles yielding over 90%. Optimized polymer profiles for TE and TM polarizations exhibit similar high diffraction efficiencies, but the TM profiles generally require greater groove depths. Silicon profiles optimized for TM polarization have greater diffraction efficiencies than those for TE polarization. Profiles that can feasibly be fabricated are identified, and sensitivities to groove depth, filling factor, slant angle, and incident angle are shown to be modest.     

Optimization of sawtooth surface-relief gratings: effects of substrate refractive index and polarization

The effect of the refractive index of the substrate together with the incident polarization on the optimization of sawtooth surface-relief gratings (SRGs) is investigated. The global optimum diffraction efficiencies of the -1st forward-diffracted order of sawtooth SRGs are 63.3% occurring at n2=1.47 for TE polarization and 73.8% occurring at n2=2.88 for TM polarization. Incident TE polarization has higher optimum diffraction efficiency than TM polarization for all n2<1.85. In contrast, TM polarization has higher optimum diffraction efficiency than TE polarization for all n2>1.85. A polymer (n2=1.5) optimum sawtooth SRG exhibits 62.6% efficiency for TE polarization. A silicon (n2=3.475) optimum sawtooth SRG exhibits 68.6% efficiency for TM polarization. These sawtooth SRGs are compared to right-angle-face trapezoidal SRGs. It is found that the optimum profiles of right-angle-face trapezoidal SRGs have only very slightly increased efficiencies over sawtooth SRGs (0.04% for TE and 0.55% for TM).     

Optimal deployment of multiple passive sensors in the sense of minimum concentration ellipse

In the sense of minimum concentration ellipse, the optimal deployment of multiple passive sensors in bearing-only location system is studied in terms of cut angle. It is found that the optimum cut angle depends only on l, the ratio of the distance between target and the baseline of the two sensors to the baseline length. When l is greater than 0.5, the optimum cut angle can be obtained if the deployment of the target and the two passive sensors is an isosceles triangle with the baseline length as its base side. When l is less than 0.5, the optimum cut angle can be obtained if the target and the two passive sensors are located on the circle with the baseline length as its diameter, that is, the deployment of the target and the two passive sensors being a right triangle. When l equals 0.5, the optimum cut angle can be obtained if the target and the two passive sensors are deployed on an isosceles right triangle. The global minimum value of concentration ellipse can be asymptotically reached by decreasing the ratio l to zero based on these properties of the optimum cut angle.     

Micro gradient-index conical lenses: simulation and fabrication methods

In this paper, a micro gradient-index conical lens, which has a larger acceptance angle than a conventional microlens, is presented. Methods on how to simulate these lenses in commercial optical design software CodeV are introduced, and the effects of several index profiles and cone shapes are compared in simulation. Results show that a micro gradient-index conical lens has a four times larger acceptance angle compared with a microlens. Additionally, conical lenses with a Gaussian-index profile show a larger acceptance angle than those with a solid refractive index. Fabricated conical lenses show an acceptance angle of more than 27 degrees for a detection threshold of 50%, which agrees with the simulation result.     

接枝改性聚丙烯纳米复合超短纤维及其润湿功能性

聚丙烯纳米复合(PPNC)超短纤维表面疏水,利用2-甲基-2丙烯酰胺丙磺酸(AMPS)对其进行表面接枝。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对超短纤维的改性效果进行表征,接触角测试研究改性超短纤维的润湿性。结果表明:接枝反应的优化条件为0.3%过氧化二异丙苯(DCP),4.0%AMPS,反应时间7h,反应温度125℃。该接枝改性样品的动态接触角降低44.20%,亲水性显著提高,更易在液相体系中分散,可开拓PPNC超短纤维混合钻井液基浆进行储层保护的应用空间。     

毫米波与红外双模复合引制一体化设计

引信与导引头一体化设计是提高引战配合效率的有效途径。基于毫米波与红外双模复合探测的优点,将其与波控引信结合进行引制一体化设计,介绍了一种毫米波与红外双模复合引制一体化设计的算法流程,分析了弹目交会模型中影响最佳起爆角的因素,推导了起爆延时的数学表达式,最后分析对比了α-β(GH)滤波和α-β-γ(GHK)滤波算法对最佳起爆角和起爆延时的估计效果。仿真结果表明,GH滤波在大交会角低速交会效果较好,GHK滤波在小交会角高速交会效果较好,且两种滤波时效性强,计算精确,能够为引制一体化预测算法提供可靠数据。     

Numerical calculation of plasmonic field absorption enhancement in CdSe-quantum dot sensitized ZnO nanorods by Ag nanoparticle periodic arrays

Plasmonic field absorption enhancement (PFAE) of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) periodic arrays in CdSe-quantum dot (QD) sensitized ZnO nanorods was numerically investigated by the three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD). The Ag NPs with spherical morphology were found to have an optimum PFAE compared to other Ag NP morphologies such as cubic and pyramidal. The results also showed that PFAE intensity in CdSe-QD-sensitized ZnO nanorods is increased with the reduction of Ag NP diameter until 10 nm and decreases thereafter. Moreover, the optimum density of spherical Ag NPs for optimum PFAE was observed as 20%. PFAE in CdSe-QD-sensitized ZnO nanorods is improved with increasing space between ZnO nanorods until 180 nm and reduces thereafter. Finally, the results showed that PFAE of Ag NPs for the high distance between ZnO nanorods is dependent on radiation angle; while for the low distance between ZnO nanorods it is free of radiation angle.     

Desired concentration-dependent ion exchange for micro-optic lenses

The required concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients for both ideal one-dimensional and ideal radial gradient-index profiles are determined. The modified quasi-chemical diffusion model is used to relate the diffusion coefficient to optimum glass composition. Adding aluminum to sodium silicate glasses facilitates the approach to the desired concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient for silver-sodium ion exchange. A parabolic one-dimensional index profile is fabricated in one of the glasses. It deviates from ideal values by less than 2%.     

Characterization of localized surface elastic defects by nonspecular reflection at the Rayleigh angle

The relationships between characteristics of elastic defects and nonspecular features of bounded ultrasonic beams reflected at the Rayleigh angle from a liquid-solid interface are investigated. The results can serve as a theoretical basis for interpretation of Rayleigh angle nonspecularly reflected beam profiles as characterization of localized surface elastic defects.     

高速车辆车轮磨耗与轮轨接触几何关系的研究

根据线路实际测量的高速车辆车轮踏面外形,分析了不同磨耗里程下的S1002G踏面的轮轨接触几何关系的变化规律。研究结果表明S1002G踏面随着运营里程的增加,等效锥度逐渐增大,特别是在轮对横移量2mm以内表现最明显。随着轮对横移量的增加等效锥度呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,这说明S1002G踏面在京沪线实际运营过程中以凹形磨耗为主。通过建立高速动车组单车动力学模型,采用磨耗前后的轮轨型面,分析了三种不同类型转向架车辆模型的运动稳定性。分析结果表明磨耗导致轮轨匹配关系发生变化从而大大降低了车辆的临界速度;而一系纵向定位刚度无论是磨耗前还是磨耗后都会对车辆稳定性造成重要的影响,相对来说柔性转向架更有利于车辆的运动稳定性。轨道参数对轮轨接触几何关系有着非常重要的影响,因此研究车辆稳定性问题必须要考虑轨道几何参数的作用。     

Ultrashort pulse compression by using one-dimensional inhomogeneous photonic crystal

Ultrashort pulse compression by propagation in one-dimensional inhomogeneous photonic crystals with symmetric and asymmetric refractive index profiles are studied by using the transfer matrix method and Fourier analysis. The effect of different parameters, like chirp value of the incident pulse, angle of incidence, and number of unit cells on the compress factors, are investigated and temporal evolution of the reflected pulse is calculated. Compress factors as low as 32% for a sinusoidal profile are obtained using this structure.     

一种估计吊放声呐工作深度的简易方法

反潜战中,吊放声呐的工作深度对探测效果影响较大,研究如何根据不同声速剖面确定最佳工作深度使探测距离达到最远,可有效提高探测效率。先将声速剖面划分为典型的几类,然后设计了一种使计算机能够自动识别其类型的方法,再在此基础上利用Bellhop模型找出不同声速剖面下的最佳工作深度规律。仿真结果证明快速算法在一定条件下可替代逐深度计算声呐作用距离,再通过比较选出最佳工作深度的传统算法的。     

Acceptance diagram calculations of the performance of neutron removal mirrors

We have used the method of acceptance diagrams to compute the performance of low energy neutron removal mirrors, or “deflectors”, placed within a parallel neutron guide. Such devices are typically used to remove long wavelength neutrons from cold neutron beams. With appropriate coatings they may also be used as low energy neutron polarizers, ideally transmitting one spin state and reflecting the other spin state out of the beam. Within the small angle approximation, ignoring absorption, and representing reflectivities using unit step functions (either 0% or 100%, depending on the angle of incidence and the critical angle), the transmission probability reduces to a function of 3 ratios among 4 angles: the inclination angle of the deflector and the critical angles (which are proportional to neutron wavelength) of the upstream entrance guide, the deflector, and the guide within which the deflector is placed. The results of the acceptance diagram calculations, and of complementary ray-tracing calculations using realistic reflectivity profiles for the deflector, should benefit scientists and engineers involved in the design of neutron scattering instruments that potentially incorporate neutron deflectors.     

Maximum natural frequencies of polymer composite micro-beams by optimum distribution of carbon nanotubes

Optimum distribution of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within a polymer composite micro-beam is sought to achieve its highest natural frequencies given a weight percent (wt.%) of MWCNTs. To this end, the micro-beam is divided into ten segments which are perfectly bonded to their neighbors. Each segment is made of low-viscosity, thermosetting polyester epoxy/amine resin LY-5052 and is reinforced by MWCNTs. A computer program, written in the Python programming language, is compiled with ABAQUS to generate a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of the micro-beam and subsequently to evaluate an optimum CNT distribution under various vibration modes and boundary conditions. The influence of uniform and optimum MWCNT distributions on the natural frequencies, mode shapes and equivalent stiffness of the micro-beams is investigated and the results are compared with those of the pure polymer micro-beam. Subsequently, after acquiring the optimum distribution of the MWCNTs, two new CNT dispersion functions are proposed for maximizing fundamental frequencies of the clamped-free and clamped–clamped micro-beams. The results of the FE analysis reveal that the optimal reinforcement distribution pattern significantly depends on vibration mode shapes, particularly the micro-beam curvature under each mode. It is observed that fundamental frequencies of clamped-free, clamped-guided and clamped–clamped micro-beams are enhanced up to 15.9%, 13.1% and 12.6%, respectively, by choosing optimum MWCNT distribution profiles along the micro-beam length.     

Mechanical and structural studies of low density polyethylene

During uniaxial orientation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at 90 to 95°C some unusual structural changes occur, as revealed by wide and low angle X-ray diffraction. Quantitative measurements of diffracted intensity distributions have been made. At low draw ratios a novel 6-point low angle pattern appears which persists to extensions of over 300%. Cone distributions are present in all the crystal axis orientations, and these are superimposed on transverse components to give complex wide angle diffracted intensity profiles. A spherulite deformation model is proposed to explain these observations. At high draw ratios uniaxial crystal alignment obtains, but we find that the lamellar orientations differ between specimens annealed after drawing at room temperature and those drawn directly at the higher temperature. The implications of this observation are considered.     

两种二元离心叶轮型线优化方法比较

以二元离心风机叶轮叶片型线为研究对象,对7—40和bb24风机叶轮运用等减速和等当量扩张角规律,分别对其进行叶片型线的重新设计,并运用CFD数值模拟叶轮内部复杂三维流动。结果表明,在设计工况下,无论是等减速规律还是等当量扩张角规律对于2个不同的风机叶轮都取得了较好的效果,尤其是应用等减速规律改进的叶轮,改进效果更加明显,叶轮性能显著提高。     

Fabrication tolerances and metrology requirements for ion-exchanged micro-optic lenses: What's good enough?

Allowable deviations in index profiles, dopant distributions, and concentration dependence of diffusion coefficients are determined for collimating microlenses. Examples of high (and low) numerical aperture lenses are given for silver/sodium (and lithium/sodium) ion exchanges. Using the full lens aperture, one can ensure diffraction-limited performance only when the index is measured to within 1.0 x 10(-4) (4.3 x 10(-5)) of the optimum values. Fabrication tolerances for diffraction-limited performance over 80% of the numerical aperture are expressed in terms of the concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient, which typically must be held to within +/-4.7% (+/-11.5%) of ideal values.     

原子力显微镜探针原位有效参数对线宽测量的修正

针对原子力显微镜（AFM）的线宽和轮廓的精确测量，对AFM探针的原位有效参数进行了定义和表征，提出使用AFM探针的原位有效参数对AFM的线宽测量结果进行修正的模型。采用有效半径和半内角表征AFM探针的复合形状，悬臂轴倾角表征探针的安装状态，设计了具有不同梯形截面的两个表征样板，通过对表征样板进行AFM和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的比对测量获得了探针的原位有效参数。提出了在线宽测量中，当AFM的扫描轮廓线具有不同的斜度时分别采用的不同的修正公式。采用此公式和探针的原位参数对掩膜板的AFM线宽测量结果进行了修正。