Development of highway constructing technology in the permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway passes through the Qinghai-Tibet plateau hinterland from north to south, from Kunlun Mountain to Tanggula Mountain. The average altitude is above 4500 m and permafrost covers more than 700 km length of area with high elevation and high temperature. The climate of the plateau is capricious and the surroundings along the road are bad, where the mean annual atmosphere temperature is -2 to -7℃ and the oxygen content is inadequate, which is less than 50% of the sea level, while the solar radiation is higher than 3600 kJ/m2. The basic characteristics of the plateau surroundings are the permafrost, coldness with litter oxygen, and fragile ecosystem. As the air temperature warms all over the world, the permafrost on the plateau responds quickly. The average temperature of permafrost is up by 0.2―0.3℃ in recent 20 years, and the island-permafrost dwindles with a high rate, and the high temperature permafrost degrades quickly, and the temperature of the low temperature permafrost increases remarkably. These gradually cause the highway engineering diseases in the permafrost region. The Qinghai-Tibet highway has experienced much maintenance and rebuilding for 50 years after it was built, and the continual observation and investigation have been made for more than 30 years. This road is the longest test engineering for permafrost research work in China. It is no doubt that it is also the greatest engineering project in plateau permafrost region. The Ministry of Communication in China initiated the research project "Research on a series of technologies for highway constructing in the permafrost regions" in 2002, which was to meet the challenges from the effect of climatic warming on the permafrost. The project systematically studied the permafrost engineering theories, methods for survey and design, engineering stabilization measures, preventing of the road disasters and maintaining, environment protection and the techniques to prolong the road engineering life in the cold surroundings with high altitude and less oxygen. This article describes a series of technologies for highway constructing according to the special surroundings in the plateau, including some innovative achievements and the research and development of permafrost engineering.     

Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate

Northeastern China has the second largest expanse of permafrost in China,primarily known as Xing'an-Baikal permafrost.Located on the southeastern edges of the Eurasian cryolithozone,the permafrost is thermally unstable and ecologically sensitive to external changes.The combined impacts of climatic,environmental,and anthropogenic changes cause 3-dimensional degradation of the permafrost.To predict these changes on the southern limit and ground temperature of permafrost in Northeastern China,an equivalent lat...     

Changes in permafrost environments caused by construction and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Highway

The sideward permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) contains massive ground-ice and is at a relatively high temperature. Under the influence of the steady increase of human activities, the permafrost environment has been changed greatly for a long time. At present, the permafrost becomes warm and rapidly degenerates, including the decline of the permafrost table, rising of the ground temperature, shortening of the length of frozen section, and extension of range of melting region. Some thaw hazards (e.g. thaw slumping and thermokarst pond) have widely occurred along both sides of the roadbed. In addition, due to the incomplete construction management, the vegetation adjacent to the highway is seriously damaged or eradicated, resulting in the land desertification and ecosystem out of balance. The dust, waste and garbage brought by drivers, passengers, maintenance workers, and transportations may also pollute the permafrost environment.     

利用封闭式块石护坡调节通风管路基阴阳坡效应

为研究多年冻土区通风管路基和通风管封闭碎石护坡路基在阴阳坡温度差异影响下,温度场的不对称特征和下部冻土上限间的差异,评价封闭块石护坡对通风管路基温度场的调节效果,利用北麓河通风管路基实测温度资料,并考虑气候变暖的影响,分别对这两种路基温度场进行数值模拟分析.分析结果表明,通风管路基具有一定的降温能力,但阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异显著,路基温度场呈现明显的不对称性;在通风管路基阳坡增加封闭块石护坡后,可以降低阳坡下土体温度,减小阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异,能有效调节路基阴阳坡效应.对第50年路基与天然地表交界处年平均热流密度的分析表明,增加封闭块石护坡后的路基结构优于通风管路基,且两种路基均处于吸热状态.     

Effect of permafrost degradation on hydrological processes in typical basins with various permafrost coverage in Western China

Monthly discharge of four rivers with various permafrost coverage and little anthropogenic influence was used to identify effects of permafrost degradation during the last 50 years,which has occurred because of significant increases in air temperature in the river regions.The basins of the Shule,Heihe,Shiyang and upper Yellow Rivers in northwestern China have 73%,58%,33% and 43% permafrost coverage,respectively.There is snow cover in the basins and no rain to supply rivers during winter. The monthly recessi...     

Numerical analysis on thermal regime of wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

This study investigated the temperature field and thawing depth of wide embankment for expressway in permafrost regions based on numerical analysis by using finite element method(FEM).According to specific embankment section of Qinghai-Tibet highway,computational region for numerical analysis was defined.And numerical model was developed through FEM software named as ABAQUS and was verified by field observed data.The effects by width and height of embankment on the thermal regime of computational region were analyzed based on FEM modeling.Numerical analysis showed that embankment construction has serious disturbance on the thermal stability of ground permafrost showing as annual average ground temperature and the maximum thawing depth keeps increasing with service time increasing.And larger embankment width leads to poorer thermal stability and more serious uneven temperature field of embankment.Raising embankment height can improve the thermal stability; however,the improvement is restricted for wide embankment and it cannot change the degradation trend of thermal stability with service life increasing.Thus,to construct expressway with wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,effective measures need to be considered to improve the thermal stability of underlying permafrost.     

Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively bigchanges have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of thepermafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred inthe engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume offield survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and verticaldistribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature changecharacteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes thatwould occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones risesby 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.     

泛北极多年冻土及重大线性工程稳定性状况

泛北极是中国“一带一路”倡议的主要合作示范区域,已有的重大线性工程及新的基础设施建设均面临着与多年冻土相关的冻融灾害及工程病害问题。在全球气候变暖及人类活动增强的背景下,泛北极多年冻土主要呈现地温升高、活动层厚度增加趋势,且低温多年冻土地温升高更加明显,20世纪70年代以来年平均地温(MAGT)升温最高可达3 ℃; 自北向南多年冻土活动层厚度增加,且增厚趋势趋于明显,在俄蒙边境地区活动层厚度增速为3～5 cm·年^-1。多年冻土退化诱发系列与热喀斯特过程相关的地质灾害,主要包括热喀斯特滑坡与热喀斯特湖,且灾害数量急剧增加,如加拿大Banks Island地区1984～2015年热喀斯特滑坡数量增加了约60倍。在多年冻土退化、热稳定性降低的背景下,泛北极铁路、公路和管道等重大线性工程出现了沉陷、裂缝等不同类型、不同程度的病害,整体上多年冻土区道路工程病害率大于30%。热融灾害及工程病害的发育均与气候及岩土、冻土条件相关,但工程病害还与工程运营期限、工程结构形式密切关联。对比泛北极道路、管道等线性工程状况及其与工程结构的关系,以及病害特征和防治措施效果,表明基于保护冻土的“主动冷却”设计原则依然是多年冻土区工程设计的主导思想。     

Innovative designs of permafrost roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Under global warming scenarios, the passive method of simply increasing the thermal resistance by raising the embankment height and using insulating materials has been proven ineffective in warm and ice-rich permafrost areas and therefore could not be used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering. Instead, a proactive "cooled-roadbed" approach was developed and used to lower the ground temperature in order to maintain a perennially frozen subgrade. The concept that local and site-specific factors play an important role in the occurrence and disappearance of permafrost has helped us to devise a number of measures to cool down the roadbed. For example, we adjust and control heat transfer by using different embankment configurations and fill materials. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway project demonstrates that a series of proactive roadbed-cooling methods can be used to lower the temperature of permafrost beneath the embankment and to stabilize the roadbed. These methods include solar radiation control using shading boards, heat convection control using ventilation ducts, thermosyphons, air-cooled embankments, and heat conduction control using "thermal semi-conductor" materials, as well as combinations of above mentioned three control measures. This road-bed-cooling approach provides not only a solution for engineering construction in sensitive permafrost areas but also a countermeasure against possible global warming.     

南祁连盆地冻土区天然气水合物形成机理研究

天然气水合物是继煤和石油之后的重要的、潜在的能源资源.介绍了天然气水合物在全球、我国陆域以及在南祁连盆地的分布.但是由于冻土区的气候环境、地质特征等复杂性,使得冻土区水合物的研究一时无法展开,文章详细分析了南祁连盆地的冻土区天然气水合物的形成条件、赋存环境,以及天然气水合物的形成与温度、压力、构造和沉积的关系,为我国其它冻土区天然气水合物的开发利用提供依据.     

青藏铁路主要冻土路基工程热稳定性及主要冻融灾害

在介绍青藏高原多年冻土退化背景及其工程影响的基础上,通过主要冻土路基现场监测和沿线调查,对青藏铁路冻土路基2002年以来的地温发展过程、热学稳定性及次生冻融灾害进行了分析。结果表明:青藏铁路自2006年通车后冻土路基整体稳定,列车运行速度达100km/h,达到设计要求,但不同结构路基的热学稳定性不同,采取“主动冷却”方法的路基稳定性显著优于传统普通填土路基。管道通风路基、遮阳棚路基及U型块石路基冷却下伏多年冻土的效果显著,块石基底路基左右侧对称性较差,而处于强烈退化冻土区和高温冻土区的普通路基热稳定性差,需结合路基所在区域局地气候因素予以调整或补强。以热融性、冻胀性及冻融性灾害为主的次生冻融灾害对路基稳定性存在潜在危害,主要表现为路基沉陷、掩埋、侧向热侵蚀等,其中目前最为严重的病害是以路桥过渡段沉降为代表的热融性灾害。     

冻土参数对斜坡段埋地管道应力影响的数值模拟

当冻土周围温度发生变化时,土体含水率会随之改变,而此时冻土的内摩擦角、内聚力和重度都会相 应地发生变化。对处在斜坡段的埋地管道,随着冻土的融化,土体产生沿斜坡方向向下的摩擦力,使管道受到额外 的拉应力。为了正确认识冻土参数对管道应力的影响,为确定科学有效的管道防害方法提供依据,针对发生冻融滑 坡时土体各参数对管道应力的影响进行了模拟计算及分析。结果表明,当发生冻融滑坡时,随着土体内聚力与冻土 重度的增加,管道所受应力变大;随着土体内摩擦角的增加,管道所受应力减小;冻土内摩擦角对管道应力的影响 大,冻土重度次之,冻土内聚力对管道应力的影响最小。     

大小兴安岭多年冻土分布特征及其灾害成因分析

在充分梳理相关资料的基础上,分连续多年冻土区、不连续多年冻土区、岛状多年冻土区3种类型分析了大小兴安岭多年冻土的分布特征;然后从气候、地貌、植被、地质、人为活动5个方面归纳出该区多年冻土的保存条件;最后结合实例对大小兴安岭多年冻土灾害的表现形式、形成原因以及防治对策进行了阐释和论述。     

大通河源区冻土地温模拟与分类特征分析

以大通河源区为研究区域,分析了植被对多年冻土分布的影响.以等效高程为基础,根据实测的多年冻土地温数据和植被调查数据,建立了不同植被类型条件下的冻土地温-等效高程关系模型.借助于TM遥感数据、DEM数据和GIS技术模拟了大通河源区植被覆盖区的多年冻土地温分布特征.以地温数据为基础,参照青藏高原多年冻土分带方案,对多年冻土的分类特征进行了研究.结果表明:大通河源区多年冻土年均地温为-8.66～1.72℃,多年冻土和季节冻土的面积比例分别为95%和5%,其中极稳定型、稳定型、亚稳定型、过渡型和不稳定型多年冻土各类型的面积比例依次为1%,12%,31%,35%和16%.     

青藏高等级公路通风管试验路基降温效果

在假定未来50a气温升高2.6℃和初始年平均气温为-4.0℃的前提下,应用有限体积法(FVM)对青藏高等级公路试验示范工程段普通路基、普通通风管路基和通风管-XPS复合路基温度场进行三维非线性分析.结果表明,普通路基下部冻土退化严重,第50年的最大融化深度为10.98m,冬季土体中有融化核存在.普通通风管路基和通风管-XPS复合路基在一定时期内可以降低下部多年冻土的温度,提高0℃等温线,且通风管-XPS复合路基的降温效果略优于普通通风管路基,但在气温不断升高和沥青路面吸热的双重影响下,这2种路基的坡脚处会出现融化核,且0℃等温线已经延伸到路基中心处,这将直接影响路基的稳定性.     

低温时期混凝土路面施工研究

本文分析了混凝土冻害发生的原因,深入探讨了混凝土冻害的影响因素,从原材料的选择、配合比、混凝土的浇筑、养生等方面提出了混凝土的防冻措施,以完善低温时期的混凝土路面施工工艺,避免冻土地区公路发生冻害。     

青藏直流联网工程±500kV输电线路的工程问题分析

青海至西藏±500kV直流联网工程为我国首次在青藏高原多年冻土区全线铺设的高等级输电线路,该工程建设完成将对西藏经济与社会的发展起到重要的保障和支撑作用。由于输电线路将跨越青藏高原多年冻土区,冻土特有的工程问题将对工程设计、施工和安全运营产生重要影响。为保证工程建设的顺利进行项目组就其中的冻土、冻土工程等问题进行了较为系统的研究,并进行沿线的冻土调查和现场的试验研究。研究结果表明：输电线路布设与青藏公路基本相同,其中高含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的59%,低含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的25%;输电线路的主要工程问题为冻胀融沉、冻拔问题,不良冻土现象、气候变暖、冻土退化等问题会对线路工程稳定性产生影响;笔者还就输电线路选线选位原则、冻土勘察方法与原则、冻土区工程施工方法的选择等关键问题开展了系统研究。研究成果将为即将开工的±500kV青藏直流联网工程塔基定点、设计和施工以及线路选择提供科学依据。     

红外热像仪性能参数检测系统校正方法研究

红外热像仪各项性能的检测离不开红外成像系统性能测试设备,测试系统的校正对于性能参数的检测和修正至关重要。针对红外热像仪性能参数检测系统的参数检测需求,进行了系统校正方法的研究。设计完成了校正系统,利用物理温差与辐射温差的关系,测量得到一系列的温度分布曲线。采用最小二乘方法对测试数据进行线性拟合,完成了测试系统校正系数的标定。实验结果表明,该方法解决了检测系统校正的技术问题。满足标定测试要求。对于红外热像仪性能参数检测系统的应用具有重要的实用价值和意义。     

多年冻土区粒径改良路基稳定性分析

路基稳定性是指路基受到车辆动态作用及各种自然力影响所出现的路面陷槽、翻浆冒泥和路基剪切滑动与挤起等情况的适应能力,包括热稳定性和强度稳定性。热稳定性是指路基的热状况对外界条件响应的敏感程度,是多年冻土区路基稳定性的核心。文中对国内外多年冻土区路基热稳定性研究进行了分析,并对热稳定性判断原则进行探讨。通过对现场粒径改良路基两个多冻融循环观测数据进行研究,分析了粒径改良路基的冻融循环地温变化规律及变形规律,得到了粒径改良路基具有抬升多年冻土上限的作用,并根据判断原则,认为粒径改良路基是一种稳定的新型路基结构形式。     

Pt膜温度传感器批量测试、分选系统硬件设计

介绍了一套以Pt膜温度传感器为研究对象,使用MSP430作为主控器件的温度传感器的测试、分选系统的硬件设计,该测试系统集温度传感器工作环境模拟、信号调理、数据采集和数据分析与管理于一体,具有多通道选择、定点测试和数据传输等功能。