Pitting and galvanic corrosion behavior of stainless steel with weld in wet-dry environment containing CI

Accelerated corrosion test of stainless steel with weld was carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior under the wetdry cyclic condition in the atmosphere containing Cl-. In the surface morphology, corrosion products were analyzed by metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the damage to stainless steel with weld in the atmosphere containing Cl- is due to localized corrosion, especially pitting and galvanic corrosion.Weld acts as the anode, whereas matrix acts as the cathode in the corrosion process. The pitting corrosion, including the nucleation and growth of a stable pit, is promoted by the presence of wet-dry cycles, especially during the drying stage. Pits centralizing in weld are found to be grouped together like colonies, with a number of smaller pits surrounding a larger pit. The composition of the corrosion products is Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Fe3O4, NiCrO4, etc.     

Pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel under low stress below yield strength

Pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel(316L SS)under various stress was studied by potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and Mott-Schottky(M-S)analysis in 3.5% NaCl solution.The results of polarization curves show that,with the increase of the stress,the pitting potentials and the passive current density markedly decrease firstly(180 MPa),and then increase greatly(200 MPa).The corresponding surface morphologies of the samples after the polarization test well correspond to the results.Mott-Schottky analysis proved the least Cl-adsorbed to the surface of passive film with more positive flat potential,indicating that a moderate stress could increase the pitting corrosion resistance of 316L SS in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Intergranular corrosion behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel(HNSS) sensitization treated at 650-950℃ was investigated by the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation(DL-EPR) method.The effects of the electrolytes,scan rate,sensitizing temperature on the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS were examined. The results show that the addition of NaCl is an effective way to improve the formation of the cracking of a passive film in chromium-depleted zones during the reactivation scan. Decreasing the scan rate exhibits an obvious effect on the breakdown of the passive film. A solution with 2 mol/L H2_SO_4+1 mol/L NaCl+0.01 mol/L KSCN is suitable to check the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS at a sensitizing temperature of 650-950℃ at a suitable scan rate of 1.667 mV/s. Chromium depletion of HNSS is attributed to the precipitation of Cr_2N which results in the susceptibility to IGC. The synergistic effect of Mo and N is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing the passive film to prevent the attack of IGC.     

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels(HNSS) were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution,respectively.The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum(XPS).HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel.With increasing the nitrogen content in steels,pitting potentials and critical ...     

氮含量和环境温度对316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

研究低温条件下腐蚀溶液温度以及钢中氮含量对316L奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,在1mol／L H2SO4＋0．5mol／L NaCl的腐蚀液中,对氮含量为0．0095％～0．5575％的316L奥氏体不锈钢进行阳极极化曲线及电化学阻抗测量。结果表明,提高氮含量,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性增强;腐蚀液温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性减弱。     

Effect of Temperature and Cl~- Concentration on Pitting of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

The electrochemical behaviors of 2205 duplex stainless steel in NaCl solution with different temperatures and concentrations were studied by gravimetric tests, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experinental results show that temperature and chloride concentration have a great influence on the pitting resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steels. They not only effect the corrosion rate of pitting, but also change the shape of the pits. When NaCl solution was in low concentration and temperature below the critical pitting temperature, pits were very small and scattered with hemisphere-like shape. On the contrary, the pits of 2205 duplex stainless steel were large and sometimes had a lacy cover when the NaCl concentration was higher and the temperature was 70℃.     

Film-induced stress enhancing stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel

A constant deflection device designed for use within a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the change in dislocation configuration ahead of a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking (SCO of type 310 austenitic stainless steel in a boiling MgCI2 solution, and the initiation process of stress corrosion microcrack. Results showed that corrosion process during SCC enhanced dislocation emission, multiplication and motion. Microcracks of SCC were initiated when the corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion reached critical state.A passive film formed during corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in the boiling MgCI2 solution generated a tensile stress. During SCC, the additive tensile stress generated at the metal/passive film interface helps enhance dislocation emission and motion.     

Effect of weld on design of steel moment-resisting connection reinforced with steel plates

The foreign experimental and FEM research of steel moment-resisting connection reinforced with steel plates are introduced. The effect of weld on the connection design is studied in two ways including weld detail and geometrical detail of steel plates contrast to the reference drawing of connection design in China. The research shows that the weld plays an important role in the design of connections. The welds connecting reinforced plates and beam/column flange and the plate geometry have direct influence on the performance of the connections reinforced with plates. The study is helpful to the application of design of steel moment-resisting connection with steel plates.     

Effect of weld on design of steel moment-resisting connection reinforced with steel plates

The foreign experimental and FEM research of steel moment-resisting connection reinforced with steel plates are introduced. The effect of weld on the connection design is studied in two ways including weld detail and geometrical detail of steel plates contrast to the reference drawing of connection design in China. The research shows that the weld plays an important role in the design of connections. The welds connecting reinforced plates and beam/ column flange and the plate geometry have direct influence on the performance of the connections reinforced with plates. The study is helpful to the application of design of steel moment-resisting connection with steel plates.     

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of the laser continuous heat treatment welded joints of 2205 duplex stainless steel

The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of the welded joints of 2205 duplex stainless steel with the laser continuous heat treatment were investigated. The secondary austenite formation is the outcome of thermodynamic equilibrium breach of the alloy during heat treatment and the result of the continuous heat treatment which has the most important effect on the weld material. The partitioning behaviors of chromium and molybdenum as well as the volume fraction of ferrite and austenite have a remarkable influence on the composition of the individual phase. Mechanical examination of the laser trated weld demonstrates that the tensile strength and yield strength increase with increasing the amount of the secondary austenite. It is shown that the ultimate tensile strength of the 6 kW laser-treated weld is higher about 20 MPa than no heat treatment weld and the ductility can be further improved without compromising strength. The results indicate that the welding alters the corrosion behavior because of different post heat treatment power and the broad active peak is not identified which is attributed to the dissolution of the secondary austenitic in the ferrite phase. It is indicated that pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) values of base metal and 6 kW weld are higher than that of other welds; base metal is 33.7, 6 kW weld 33.3, no treatment 32.4, 4 kW weld 32.8, 8 kW weld 32.5. The extent of corrosion resistance improvement after reheating treatment is mainly caused by the removal of nitrogen from ferritic regions, which occurred as a consequence of secondary austenite growth.     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950-1200℃,应变速率为0.1-10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明：在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为：ε=2.41×1016[sinh（0.012σs）]3.91exp （-436000/RT）。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

Relationship between the corrosion and Cr-Ni content of stainless steel in borax bath

The corrosion of stainless steel was experimentally investigated and analyzed to improve the service-life of the crucible and fixture clamps. Through the experiment, stainless steel was found to satisfy the crucible and fixture clamps materials. As the chromium element mass percentage of the stainless steel increased, the corrosion decreased rapidly at first and then slowly increased. With the corrosion time prolonging, the corrosion growth rate is generally a downward trend. With Chromium 20%, the corrosive were the least. With Nickel element mass percentage increased, the corrosion increased rapidly at first and then decreased rapidly, flatten at the last. It was special that the corrosion had little relationship with the Chromium and Nickel mass percentage when the Nickel percentage is more than 35%. The most remarkable corrosion is corresponding with the Nickel element 12%, the least corrosion with Nickel element 80%. So Nickel element 35% is the most optional.     

奥氏体不锈钢晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度的影响

晶间腐蚀是诱导奥氏体不锈钢产生破坏的主要原因,而晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度的影响不容忽视。通过在敏化温度和固溶处理温度对奥氏体不锈钢进行相应的热处理,利用草酸电解腐蚀法观察金相组织,并评定其晶粒度大小,通过极化曲线腐蚀实验,比较了奥氏体不锈钢晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度地影响。实验结果表明奥氏体不锈钢在不同热处理条件下,其晶粒大小随保温时间延长而增大。随着奥氏体不锈钢组织的晶粒粗大,其晶粒度越小,奥氏体晶粒的晶间腐蚀的速度减慢。     

Nonlinear behavior of concrete beams with hybrid FRP and stainless steel reinforcements

The full-range behavior of partially bonded, together with partially prestressed concrete beams containing fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons and stainless steel reinforcing bars was simulated using a simplified theoretical model. The model assumes that a section in the beam has a trilinear moment—curvature relationship characterized by three particular points, initial cracking of concrete, yielding of non-prestressed steel, and crushing of concrete or rupturing of prestressing tendons. Predictions from the model were compared with the limited available test data, and a reasonable agreement was obtained. A detailed parametric study of the behavior of the prestressed concrete beams with hybrid FRP and stainless steel reinforcements was conducted. It can be concluded that the deformability of the beam can be enhanced by increasing the ultimate compressive strain of concrete, unbonded length of tendon, percentage of compressive reinforcement and partial prestress ratio, and decreasing the effective prestress in tendons, and increasing in ultimate compressive strain of concrete is the most efficient one. The deformability of the beam is almost directly proportional to the concrete ultimate strain provided the failure mode is concrete crushing, even though the concrete ultimate strain has less influence on the load-carrying capacity. Foundation item: Project (50478502) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Effect of welding process on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar weld joints between low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel

To obtain high-quality dissimilar weld joints, the processes of metal inert gas (MIG) welding and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for duplex stainless steel (DSS) and low alloy steel were compared in this paper. The microstructure and corrosion morphology of dissimilar weld joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the chemical compositions in different zones were detected by en-ergy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); the mechanical properties were measured by microhardness test, tensile test, and impact test; the corro-sion behavior was evaluated by polarization curves. Obvious concentration gradients of Ni and Cr exist between the fusion boundary and the type II boundary, where the hardness is much higher. The impact toughness of weld metal by MIG welding is higher than that by TIG weld-ing. The corrosion current density of TIG weld metal is higher than that of MIG weld metal in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Galvanic corrosion happens between low alloy steel and weld metal, revealing the weakness of low alloy steel in industrial service. The quality of joints pro-duced by MIG welding is better than that by TIG welding in mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. MIG welding with the filler metal ER2009 is the suitable welding process for dissimilar metals jointing between UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel in practical application.     

不锈钢冶炼电炉渣结构性质及浸出行为研究

研究电弧炉（EAF）渣的结构性质及渣中重金属离子的浸出行为。结果表明,EAF渣呈碱性,渣中Fe、Cr和Ni等金属元素主要以金属颗粒、（Cr,Al）2O3和（Fe,Mn,Mg）（Cr,Al）2O4晶体形式存在,具有较高的回收价值;电炉渣中可浸出重金属离子含量未超出国家标准,但存在Cr（III）再氧化为Cr（VI）的可能;Cr（VI）浸出量随浸出时间延长而增加,且Cr（VI）在蒸馏水中的浸出能力较冰醋酸中强。因此,EAF渣应尽量避免堆放或填埋在低pH场所,以防止其中重金属离子浸出。     

Corrosion behavior and corrosion products of a low-alloy weathering steel in Qingdao and Wanning

A newly developed low-alloy weathering steel has been exposed in two coastal sites (Qingdao in the north,Wanning in the south) in China for one year.The samples in Wanning corroded far more seriously than those in Qingdao.The rust layer formed on the steel was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),N2 adsorption approach,polarization curves,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The rust formed in Qingdao contains more X-ray amorphous compounds and is more compact than that formed in Wanning.Cr and Cu are enriched in the rust layer near the steel matrix,and the phenome-non is more obvious in Qingdao than in Wanning.The rust layer formed in Qingdao suppresses the anodic and cathodic reaction more remarkably than that formed in Wanning does.The rust layer formed in Qingdao possesses a higher ability to block the per-meation of chloride ions than that formed in Wanning does.     

Thermal deformation behavior and microstructure of nuclear austenitic stainless steel

Gleeble-1500D thermal simulation tester was employed in the hot-compression investigation of as-cast nuclear 304 austenitic stainless steel under conditions: deformation temperature 950―1200℃; deformations 30% and 50%; deformation rates 0.01 and 0.1 s?1. The results show that the flow stress decreases with temperature rise under the same strain rate and deformation, that the flow stress increases with deformation under the same temperature and strain rate, and that the flow stress increases with strain rate...     

2520不锈钢的高温氧化行为研究

采用静态增重法测定2520不锈钢在高温条件下的氧化动力学,运用X射线衍射测定氧化物类型,运用扫描电镜（SEM）观察不同氧化时间形成的氧化膜的形貌,通过能谱分析（EDS）氧化膜的成分,研究2520不锈钢的高温氧化行为.实验结果表明,氧化物类型主要为Fe2O3,且氧化物类型随温度的升高而变化.在氧化初期,氧化物中富Fe,氧...     

不锈钢中磷和铬的联合测定

提出一种快速分析不锈钢中磷和铬的联合测定的方法,针对不锈钢中高铬含量的情况,采用王水和高氯酸溶解后,准确控制发烟时间可使磷和铬全部氧化完全。试样溶解后磷的测定采用酸性介质中用抗坏血酸为还原剂的铋磷钼蓝光度法,在波长660 nm处测定其吸光度,铬的测定采用高氯酸氧化亚铁容量法,实现了磷和铬的联合测定。通过研究与应用认为,此法对磷含量在0.005%～0.050%之间,铬含量在10%～35%的之间合金钢、不锈钢皆适用,试验结果满意。