掺CeO2的B4C／Al复合材料性能的研究

以稀土氧化物CeO2作为添加剂,原位生成CeB6颗粒作为第二相,增强B4C陶瓷预制体,然后以无压浸渗法制得B4C-CeB6／Al复合材料。本文首先研究了B4C-CeB6预制体的相组成和组织形貌,然后对BC-CeB6／Al复合材料的力争性能、相组成、组织形貌以及断裂机制进行了分析。结果表明：B4C-CeB6／Al复合材料的抗弯强度达到了410．16MPa,断裂韧性也有了显著改善,达到了6．95MPa·m^1/2,比常规热压烧结单一碳化硼陶瓷性能有明显提高,这主要是由于原位生成CeB6颗粒增强了B4C陶瓷的强度：同时黏结金属相起到增韧的作用．     

ZrB2颗粒增韧B4C陶瓷的原位合成

采用机械混合法无压烧结原位合成ZrB2/B4C陶瓷复合材料,研究了ZrB2含量对复相陶瓷主要性能的影响,分析了复相陶瓷的增韧机理.结果表明,当ZrB2的体积分数为16%时,相对密度最大约为94%,维氏硬度为39.5 GPa,抗折强度为320 MPa,断裂韧性为3.10 MPa·m1/2.由B4C基体和ZrB2颗粒热膨胀系数不匹配引起的裂纹偏转是ZrB2/B4C复相陶瓷增韧的主要原因.     

B4C/TiC/Mo陶瓷复合材料的力学性能和微观结构

采用热压法制备了B4C/TiC/Mo陶瓷复合材料,分析了烧结工艺和TiC含量对B4C/TiC/Mo陶瓷复合材料力学性能和显微结构的影响.当烧结参数为1900℃,45min,35MPa时,85.3%(质量分数,下同)B4C/10%TiC/4.7%Mo陶瓷复合材料的抗弯强度、韧性、硬度和相对密度分别为705MPa,3.82MPa·m1/2,20.6GPa,98.2%.添加的TiC在烧结过程中与B4C发生化学反应生成了TiB2,利用生成的TiB2与添加的Mo协同增韧补强B4C/TiC/Mo陶瓷复合材料.     

B4C／Al2O3／TiC复合陶瓷的力学性能和微观结构

利用热压烧结工艺成功制备了B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷.探讨了TiC含量对B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷力学性能和显微结构的影响,并研究了B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷的增韧机制.结果表明,在烧结过程中B4C与TiC发生原位反应,生成了TiB2.发生原位反应有效的降低了B4C/Al2O3复合陶瓷的致密化烧结温度;B4C/Al2O3复合陶瓷烧结温度为2150℃,B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷的烧结温度为1900℃.而且,原位反应提高了B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷相对密度和力学性能.裂纹偏转和裂纹钉扎是B4C/Al2O3/TiC复合材料主要增韧机制.     

稀土氧化物La2O3/Y2O3增韧补强ZTA陶瓷材料及其耐磨性能研究

针对单一相ZrO_2增韧Al_2O_3(ZTA)陶瓷在提高韧性的同时不能合理兼顾其耐磨性能,利用稀土氧化物能促进复合陶瓷材料热压烧结的工艺特点,将La_2O_3/Y_2O_3添加到ZTA陶瓷材料中,XRD衍射图谱表明:La_2O_3/Y_2O_3的添加可以有效阻碍ZrO_2不稳态晶型相变,促进介稳态t-ZrO_2的形成。当添加量为4%(质量分数)时,烧结后晶粒分布最为均匀,致密程度高,其维氏硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别比相应未添加稀土氧化物的ZTA材料提高了8%、21%、33%,且La_2O_3与Al_2O_3会发生原位反应生成片状LaAl_(11)O_(18),这种片晶不仅可以阻碍Al_2O_3、ZrO_2颗粒长大,还可通过晶粒拔出等增韧机制提高材料韧性。摩擦磨损试验结果表明:稀土氧化物的添加能提高ZTA陶瓷材料的耐磨性能,添加量为4%时其磨损率最低。     

添加TiB2对Ti-B-C复相陶瓷性能的影响

在1800℃,35MPa的条件下热压烧结B4C/Ti(摩尔比1:3),得到了TiB2/TiC陶瓷材料.材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为454MPa和8.4MPa·m1/2.当材料中添加不同含量的TiB2时,发现显微结构中有棒晶出现,经X射线分析为TiB2.添加5%(体积比)TiB2时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别高达540MPa和10.8MPa·m1/2;而添加20%TiB2时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性下降到357MPa和8.19MPa·m1/2.经扫描电镜观察,添加5%TiB2的材料中棒晶数量明显,长度在10～40μm,气孔较少;而20%TiB2材料中的棒晶发育不充分,数量较少,并且存在大量的气孔.这说明一定数量的添加剂可以促进棒晶的生长和发育.原位形成的棒晶,使材料起到了自增韧的效果,大幅度提高了复合材料的力学性能。     

六硼化硅(SiB6)添加剂对B4C陶瓷致密化与力学性能的影响

采用热压烧结(2000℃保温1h)制备了添加2wt%和5wt%SiB6的B4C陶瓷,研究了SiB6不同添加量对B4C陶瓷致密化和力学性能的影响.结果表明: SiB6能有效地促进B4C的烧结,并有助于提高材料的力学性能. SiB6的添加量为2wt%时,B4C陶瓷的块体密度为2.515g/cm3,是理论密度的99.5%,抗折强度和硬度分别达到426.6MPa和31.2GPa. SiB6添加量增加为5wt%时,材料的密度为2.500g/cm3,强度和硬度分别下降为387MPa和29.7GPa.不同添加量对B4C陶瓷的断裂韧性的影响不明显,添加2wt%和5wt%SiB6的B4C陶瓷的K1C分别为3.20和3.28MPa·m1/2.文中还对烧结样品的物相和影响力学性能的原因进行了讨论.     

原位反应烧结Zr2Al4C5化合物增韧ZrB2-SiC复相陶瓷的制备工艺及力学性能

ZrB2-SiC复相陶瓷在超高温领域具有重要的应用前景,但韧性低限制了其应用.本工作通过原位反应烧结制备出Zr2 Al4 C5化合物增韧ZrB2-SiC复相陶瓷,研究了Zr/Al物质的量比和烧结工艺对复相陶瓷的烧结性能、显微结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着Zr/Al物质的量比的减小,原位反应合成的Zr2 Al4 C5化合物逐渐增多;随着烧结温度的升高,Zr2 Al4 C5化合物逐渐反应合成;随着烧结压力的增加和保温时间的延长,复相陶瓷主要相成分为ZrB2、SiC和Zr2 Al4 C5,开气孔率呈现下降的趋势,断裂韧性呈现先增加后降低的趋势.采用Zr/Al物质的量比2:6、烧结温度1800℃、烧结压力20 MPa、保温时间3 min,通过SPS原位反应烧结制备的Zr2 Al4 C5化合物增韧ZrB2-SiC复相陶瓷,其断裂韧性可达(5.26±0.37)MPa·m1/2;韧化机理主要包括裂纹偏折、裂纹桥接、裂纹分叉以及层状Zr2Al4C5晶粒拔出等能量耗散机制.     

Al2O3/ZrO2/ZrSiO4复合材料的研究

在Al2O3颗粒补强锆英石陶瓷的研究基础上,探讨了Al2O3与ZrO2共同对锆英石陶瓷的协同补强增韧行为.制备的锆英石基复合材料的室温抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别可达383.31MPa、4.39 MPa·m12.采用XRD分析了复合材料的相组成,采用SEM观察复合材料的断面形貌.结果显示:ZrSiO4为主要晶相,另外还有少量Al2O3和ZrO2存在;第二种增强体ZrO2的最佳引入量为20％(质量分数);确定复合材料的强韧化是由Al2O3和ZrO2颗粒引起的裂纹偏转、微裂纹增韧与ZrO2颗粒引起的相变增韧共同作用而实现的,断裂方式主要为穿晶断裂.     

SiC晶须和Ti(C,N)颗粒协同增韧Al2O3陶瓷刀具的研究

采用热压工艺烧结制备了SiCW-Ti(C,N)-Al2O3(Y2O3)陶瓷刀具复合材料.研究了不同烧结温度(1600～1750℃)下,材料的致密度和力学性能(断裂韧性KIC,维氏硬度HV和抗弯强度σf)随晶须含量(10%～40%)的变化关系;探讨了SiC晶须和Ti(C,N)颗粒对Al2O3基体的协同增韧机理.同时与SiCW-Al2O3陶瓷及Ti(C,N)-Al2O3陶瓷作对比研究.结果表明:SiCW-Ti(C,N)-Al2O3(Y2O3)陶瓷材料在1750℃,晶须含量为20%时获得最佳的综合力学性能:KIC=7.11 MPa.m1/2,HV=21.16GPa,σf=820MPa;明显高于SiCW含量为20%的SiCW-Al2O3陶瓷和不加晶须的Ti(C,N)-Al2O3陶瓷.第三相Ti(C,N)颗粒的加入与晶须一起产生明显的迭加增韧效果,而且对SiCW的各种增韧机制起到了促进作用.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...