淬、回火温度对含铈H13钢组织及硬度的影响

不同含量稀土Ce的H13钢在不同温度淬火30 min后空冷，不同温度二次回火2 h后空冷，进行组织观察和硬度测试。研究表明，淬火温度达到1040℃,基体组织和晶界处的碳化物减少，板条马氏体更清晰，回火温度在580℃时，显微组织为回火马氏体+回火托氏体，回火温度超过600℃,碳化物聚集长大，故最佳热处理工艺为1040℃淬火+580℃二次回火；稀土Ce含量为0.026%时，试验钢的晶粒最为细小，组织最为均匀，硬度最高，淬火硬度为650.6 HV30,回火硬度为391.4 HV30。     

回火温度与45钢亚温淬火强韧化的关系

采用金相观察、硬度测试、冲击和拉伸等试验,研究了回火温度与45钢亚温淬火强韧化的关系,并对相关影响因素进行了讨论。结果表明,亚温淬火温度高于770℃,其淬火态硬度不低于840℃常规淬火硬度。回火温度对亚温淬火硬度的影响表现在低于400℃回火时,其回火组织的硬度高于840℃常规淬火、回火的硬度;但高温回火时,其回火硬度的变化与之相反。在200～600℃整个回火温度区间,亚温淬火回火强度均低于840℃常规淬火、回火强度,但回火韧性与其相反。回火温度为400℃时,亚温淬火、回火强度出现极值。残留铁素体对回火硬度及韧性的改善大于对回火强度的改善。     

在线淬火后回火工艺对塑料模具钢组织和性能影响

研究不同回火工艺参数对在线淬火生产的3Cr2Mn Ni Mo塑料模具钢板组织性能及硬度的影响。利用光学显微镜及硬度仪分析了试样的显微组织及硬度。结果表明:试样在线淬火后回火温度越高,硬度越低;600℃回火1 h到2 h时,硬度下降比较快,回火2 h到8 h时,硬度下降呈线性趋势。回火时间在2 h内时,回火时间对硬度的影响程度要大;采用在线淬火方式冷却钢板硬度可以达到约为46~48 HRC时,应采用630℃回火4 h可以得到28~36 HRC的回火硬度;采用在线淬火冷却钢板硬度达到约为43~46 HRC时,应采用610℃回火4 h可以得到28~36 HRC的回火硬度。     

热处理对ZGCr17Ni2马氏体不锈钢组织及硬度影响

通过不同固溶温度与不同回火温度处理,研究了ZGCr17Ni2马氏体不锈钢组织及硬度的变化。结果表明,淬火温度提高,马氏体过饱和度增加,残余奥氏体含量增加,在1 040℃下淬火时组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体+碳化物+莱氏体,淬火硬度达到最大值57,继续提高淬火温度,马氏体粗化,硬度下降;回火温度在530℃以下时,回火硬度呈"马鞍状"变化,当回火温度达到600℃时回火组织转变为回火索氏体+残余奥氏体+碳化物+莱氏体+马氏体,回火硬度(HRC)降低至41。     

不同热处理条件下25CrMo4钢组织及硬度研究

采用光学电镜及硬度测试方法,研究回火温度、淬火温度对25CrMo4钢组织及硬度的影响规律。结果表明,当淬火温度在850~950℃时,温度变化对25CrMo4钢组织和硬度影响不大;当回火温度为600~700℃时,回火温度对试验钢的硬度影响较大,回火温度应控制在620~660℃之间。     

热处理对34CrNiMo6钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同的淬火回火工艺对34CrNiMo6钢显微组织、硬度和韧性的影响。结果表明:淬火温度低于800℃时,随着淬火温度升高,34CrNiMo6钢的硬度逐渐升高;当淬火温度高于800℃时,随着淬火温度升高,硬度略微降低。冲击功随淬火温度升高持续降低。随着回火温度升高,34CrNiMo6钢的硬度降低,冲击功升高。经70℃淬火+620℃回火后,34CrNiMo6钢的组织为回火索氏体+铁素体,硬度和冲击功分别为35.2 HRC和111.0 J,钢的强韧性配合较佳。     

国产75Cr1锯片钢热处理工艺研究

对国产75Cr1锯片钢进行800、840、860℃油淬再进行420、440、460℃回火处理试验。利用光学显微镜观察不同淬火温度下脱碳层形貌及淬火回火后的组织,分别用万能材料试验机、洛氏硬度仪测试材料的拉伸性能和硬度。结果表明,随淬火温度的增加脱碳层深度增加;经不同温度淬火+460℃回火,组织主要为回火屈氏体及部分颗粒状回火索氏体,但800℃时,组织还出现了一定量的非回火马氏体组织,硬度较低,在840℃淬火硬度最高。试验钢经840℃淬火后,随回火温度的增加,组织依次由回火马氏体转变到回火马氏体+回火屈氏体,再到回火索氏体,强度和硬度逐渐降低,塑性相应提高。国产75Cr1钢最佳热处理工艺为840℃(保温10 min)油淬+440℃(保温60 min)回火。     

水浴淬火对45钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用不同淬火方式对45钢淬火,之后进行不同温度的回火处理试验,研究其组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,820℃完全淬火后,随回火温度的升高,试样中马氏体不断分解,经450℃回火组织为回火托氏体,550℃回火获得回火索氏体组织;820℃水浴淬火由于冷速较慢,组织中存在少量的铁素体;亚温水浴淬回火组织中存在典型未溶的块状铁素体。45钢770℃亚温控时水浴淬回火后的韧性远高于820℃淬火组,但由于有大量铁素体存在,使其硬度和强度均比820℃淬火组低。450℃回火状态下,820℃控时水浴淬火的试样强硬度相比820℃完全淬火的试样的强硬度稍低,但韧性高,综合考虑,该工艺的试样综合力学性能最优。     

高碳高硅纳米贝氏体钢回火后的组织与力学性能

高碳高硅钢经300和340℃等温淬火后获得了纳米贝氏体组织,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、显微硬度仪和拉伸及冲击试验等研究了其经200～600℃回火处理后的显微组织和力学性能.结果 表明,在相同回火条件下,与340℃等温淬火试样相比,300℃等温淬火试样的强度、硬度和冲击韧性较高,塑性较低.纳米贝氏体组织在300℃以下具有良好的回火稳定性,450℃回火时薄膜状残留奥氏体开始分解,贝氏体铁素体板条开始合并粗化.低于450℃回火,试验钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度略有增高,伸长率和硬度变化不大.500℃回火,强度开始明显降低,塑性和冲击韧性最低,硬度升到最高而出现二次硬化.300℃回火后试验钢的冲击韧性最高,两种等温淬火试样均在300℃回火时得到最佳的综合力学性能.     

Crl2铸铁淬火+回火工艺的研究

研究了当Crl2铸铁的铸态组织有珠光体时,热处理工艺对其组织和性能的影响.通过试验,得出了在1 050℃淬火时,淬火硬度值最高;回火温度升高,显微组织也发生变化,硬度提高,耐磨性较好.在作为磨球使用时,最佳处理工艺为1 050℃淬火+400～500℃回火.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。