开孔变截面微悬臂梁传感器的等效刚度和固有频率

研究新型开孔变截面微悬臂梁传感器的等效法向刚度及其对固有频率的影响.首先,考虑微梁纵截面孔洞结构引起的弯扭耦合效应,利用二次积分法获得在自由端集中载荷作用下悬臂梁的挠度,基于弹性材料的Hooke定律建立了微梁等效法向刚度分析的解析模型.然后,采用Rayleigh法获得了微梁的固有频率.最后,通过比对实验结果和有限元结果对解析模型进行了验证.研究表明:解析模型对于开孔变截面微梁刚度和频率的预测和标定具有较好的精度;微梁的等效刚度和固有频率与跨宽比负相关,却与内外宽度比正相关.有关结论可为新型变截面微纳机械传感器的设计提供理论依据和参考.     

新型低刚度减振轨道特性研究

为减小轨道交通对沿线的振动影响,提高轨道结构的减振性能,提出新型低刚度减振轨道设计方案.新型低刚度减振轨道与现有的减振轨道相比,具有更小的垂向刚度,从而降低轨道结构固有频率,提高减振性能.新型低刚度减振轨道的低刚度是由新型隔振器提供的,隔振器的弹性元件由金属橡胶元件和碟形弹簧元件构成,利用正负刚度并联的原理减小工作区间的刚度.通过ANSYS有限元软件对轨道结构和隔振器力学特性进行仿真分析,得到了不同轨道结构的结构特性和不同工况下隔振器的工作范围.结果表明,梯形轨枕结构具有较好的平均载荷的能力,证明设计的隔振器工作区间基本合理.可为低刚度减振轨道的进一步研究提供了科学依据.     

某TMA遥感器桁架支撑结构动态特性研究

空间遥感器中,支撑结构是保证光学元件结构位置精度及成像质量的关键.为了提高支撑结构的设计性能,确保结构的稳定性,利用CAE技术考核动态特性是遥感器研制过程中的一个重要环节.利用有限元平台,运用大质量法,建立了某TMA遥感器桁架支撑结构的动力学模型,进行了动态特性的仿真分析.依据动态特性仿真结果,发现了支撑结构中的薄弱环节,并进行了优化设计.仿真分析结果表明,优化后的遥感器桁架支撑结构固有频率明显提高,第一阶固有频率达到122.1Hz,保证了遥感器桁架支撑结构在外界动态载荷作用下的动力学响应.     

基于LabVIEW的光子计数图像采集系统

光子计数探测器在微弱目标成像领域应用广泛,图像采集系统是其关键部分。本文介绍了光子计数探测器的成像原理,分析了实现计数成像功能的软硬件需求,并设计了一套满足该需求的软硬件平台;依据该设计研制了基于NI数据采集硬件及其编程语言LabVIEW的图像采集系统;最后通过成像实验验证其性能。结果表明基于该图像采集系统的光子计数探测器的空间分辨率优于7lp/mm。     

基于OptiStruct的望远镜主框架拓扑优化设计

针对某航空望远镜主结构的重量过高的问题,提出了对航空相机望远镜主框架进行拓扑优化设计的方法.基于拓扑优化理论,在重力过载的工况下对望远镜主框架拓扑优化,以整个框架作为设计变量,以框架的体积分数和固有频率作为约束条件,选结构的柔度最小化为目标函数,建立拓扑优化模型.采用MSC.PATRAN/NASTRAN软件对航空望远镜拓扑优化结果进行仿真,分析结果表明,结构的重量减少了77%,结构静态刚度提高,动态刚度符合要求,温度变化环境下光学成像条件改善.     

紫外CMOS/可见光CCD相机信息融合技术研究

紫外CMOS/可见光CCD相机在海洋污染监测、大气臭氧探测方面具有十分重要的实用价值,相机研发的重点之一在于将相机内的紫外通道CMOS与可见光CCD通道的光电信息进行有效融合.对于获取高质量的图像信息具有十分重要的意义.通过对紫外CMOS/可见光CCD相机中3个通道探测器驱动时序与图像数据流程的合理设计,采用FPGA和Vefilog作为硬件和软件平台,实现了相机多通道信息融合的目的.通过外景成像实验,获得了细节清晰、层次丰富完整的紫外和可见光融合图像,验证了此技术在相机中应用的可行性.     

高重复定位稳定精度的副车架设计

为了保证车载光电跟踪设备载车平台的刚度和位置稳定性,设计了一种新的高重复定位稳定精度的副车架结构.副车架采用焊接成型,通过材料和型材的选取以及结构的设计,可以提高副车架的刚度,在上述基础上,采用三点支撑的方式,能够保证其拥有较高的重复定位稳定精度.建立数学模型,在三点支撑的状态下对模型进行变形和应力分析,检验副车架的刚度性能,对模型进行模态分析,验证结构设计可以避开激励的实际频率,避免整车共振现象的发生,最后通过设计实验来检验副车架的刚度性能及重复定位稳定精度.实验结果表明副车架的变形满足使用要求,证明副车架的设计合理.     

高性能GaN紫外探测器

GaN紫外探测器具有可见光盲、量子效率高、可在室温下工作、耐高温性和耐化学腐蚀性好、抗辐照能力强等优点，在宇宙飞船、火灾监测、紫外通信等领域有重要的应用价值。本探测器在材料生长方面，生长出高质量的本征GaN材料、N型和P型GaN材料以及AlGaN材料，在器件结构设计方面，采取模拟计算与实验相结合，对探测器器件结构参数进行了优化设计，并提出几种改进器件性能的新型器件结构。     

MEMS高g加速度传感器固有频率的优化及验证

由于设计的MEMS高g加速度传感器固有频率低,导致测试过程中出现谐振现象。本文分析了传感器的特殊结构参数对固有频率的影响,提出了一种优化固有频率的方法。该方法通过减小质量块质量和优化梁厚度与长度的比例来调整传感器的固有频率,并通过理论仿真验证了该结构的固有频率从330 kHz提高到550 kHz,然后利用动态测试系统对优化前后的高g加速度传感器分别在20 000gn和150 000gn作用下测试输出信号。实验表明该优化方法提高了该类传感器结构的固有频率,明显消除了测试中的谐振现象。     

基于ABAQUS的空间桁架有限元分析

空间桁架结构是一种格构化的梁式结构,广泛应用在各行各业,其刚度以及固有频率对于桁架结构设计及优化具有重要意义。本文基于ABAQUS这一有限元分析软件,针对特定的空间桁架结构进行了三维模型的建立、刚度分析以及模态分析,得到空间桁架在外部载荷作用下的应变和位移以及前五阶固有频率,对于后续优化改进以及类似桁架结构的分析具有重要指导意义。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).