BTT导弹基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制律设计

针对BTT导弹非线性动力学模型中的参数不确定性及系统存在未知外部干扰的问题,提出了一种基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制设计方法;将系统参数不确定性和未知外界干扰作为系统的复合干扰,采用扩张状态观测器估计系统的复合干扰,并实时补偿;利用Lyapunov方法证明系统的稳定性;该控制器算法简单、计算量小,更易于实际工程应用;仿真结果表明,设计的控制器对导弹控制系统受到的复合干扰具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性,满足导弹姿态快速机动和高稳定度的控制要求,性能指标明显优于滑模控制器。     

带有干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器滑模控制

针对高超声速飞行器非线性和易受干扰影响的特点,提出了带有扩张状态干扰观测器的连续滑模控制方法.在对飞行器非线性模型做线性化处理的基础上,设计了一种连续时间滑模控制器.该控制器在对不确定性和未知动态保持鲁棒性的基础上,消除了传统滑模中存在的抖振现象.对系统中存在的外加干扰,设计了扩张状态干扰观测器.将外加干扰作为系统的一个状态变量被估计出来,再将估计值用作滑模控制器的补偿量,进而达到消除外干扰的目的.在高超声速飞行器巡航飞行状态的基础上进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,所提出的方案能够满足控制要求.     

直流降压变换器的降阶扩张状态观测器与滑模控制设计与实现

本文针对直流降压变换器的负载电阻扰动和输入电压变化等系统不确定因素对输出电压的影响,提出了基于降阶扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法(SMC+RESO).首先设计降阶扩张状态观测器对系统状态,负载电阻扰动和输入电压变化进行估计,然后基于估计值利用滑模控制技术设计控制器,实现对直流降压变换器系统给定电压跟踪的快速性和准确性.值得注意的是,不同于文[1]所提出的基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法(SMC+ESO),本文所提出的方法采用降阶扩张状态观测器,实现简单,且无需电流传感器,减小了实际应用的成本.利用Lyapunov稳定性定理从理论上证明了所设计的控制器可以保证闭环系统的稳定性.仿真和实验结果表明,与已有的基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法相比,所提出的控制方法更好地改善了系统的跟踪性能和对干扰和不确定性的鲁棒性能,且减少了成本,但是牺牲了系统稳态性能.     

基于干扰观测器的非线性不确定系统自适应滑模控制

本文研究了一类基于非线性干扰观测器的多输入多输出非线性不确定系统的边界层自适应滑模控制方法并应用于近空间飞行器高精度姿态控制.考虑系统存在不确定性和外部干扰上界未知的情况,设计了基于干扰观测器的边界层自适应滑模控制器,以消除传统滑模控制中的"抖振"现象,使跟踪误差趋近于零.同时,利用李雅普洛夫方法严格证明了闭环系统的稳定性.最后将所研究的自适应滑模控制方法,应用于某近空间飞行器的姿态控制中,仿真结果表明在不确定性和外部干扰作用下能保证姿态控制的稳定性,对参数不确定具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于滑模状态观测器的电液位置伺服系统控制

在电液伺服系统优化设计的研究中,针对电液位置伺服系统的高阶非线性特性、系统参数不确定性以及系统状态信号测量困难的情况,提出一种基于滑模状态观测器的反演控制策略.策略采用滑模方法设计状态观测器,只需要位置传感器,不需要速度传感器和加速度传感器.对采用状态观测器之后的系统,设计反演控制器,针对系统中的不确定性,在反演控制的最后一步采用滑模控制设计,基于Lyapunov方法证明了系统中所有信号是一致最终有界的,闭环系统是稳定的.仿真结果表明,上述策略为电液伺服系统优化设计提供了参考.     

轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制研究

针对轮式移动机器人参数摄动和内外部扰动等问题,提出一种新型的基于自适应扩张状态观测器的滑模控制算法。采用自适应虚拟速度控制器估计系统未知参数,滑模控制器抑制参数摄动和内外部扰动,非线性扩张状态观测器观测系统扰动并减小控制输入的抖振,实现了轨迹跟踪误差的快速收敛。利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了控制算法的稳定收敛性。将所提算法与传统自适应反演滑模算法进行对比,对比结果表明了所提算法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Buck变换器的降阶扩张状态观测器与无抖振滑模控制

针对脉宽调制型Buck变换器的内外干扰和滑模控制的抖振等问题, 本文提出了一种基于降阶扩张状态观测器 和无抖振滑模的新型控制策略. 首先, 建立新型的跟踪误差状态空间模型, 将匹配和不匹配干扰定义为统一的匹配干扰; 然后, 设计降阶扩张状态观测器提高跟踪误差微分和系统干扰的估计速度, 并抵消负载和输入端的电压变化、系统参数 不确定性对控制系统的影响; 其次, 利用跟踪误差微分的估计值设计滑模控制器抑制干扰估计误差, 使得切换项近似为 零, 实现滑模技术的无抖振控制, 提高Buck变换器系统电压跟踪的快速性和准确性. 利用李雅普诺夫稳定判据从理论上 证明了所提控制器的闭环稳定性. 最后, 仿真结果表明所提方法通过抑制抖振和内外干扰有效改善Buck变换器的鲁棒 性和动态性能.     

Buck变换器的降阶扩张状态观测器与无抖振滑模控制（英文）

针对脉宽调制型Buck变换器的内外干扰和滑模控制的抖振等问题,本文提出了一种基于降阶扩张状态观测器和无抖振滑模的新型控制策略.首先,建立新型的跟踪误差状态空间模型,将匹配和不匹配干扰定义为统一的匹配干扰;然后,设计降阶扩张状态观测器提高跟踪误差微分和系统干扰的估计速度,并抵消负载和输入端的电压变化、系统参数不确定性对控制系统的影响;其次,利用跟踪误差微分的估计值设计滑模控制器抑制干扰估计误差,使得切换项近似为零,实现滑模技术的无抖振控制,提高Buck变换器系统电压跟踪的快速性和准确性.利用李雅普诺夫稳定判据从理论上证明了所提控制器的闭环稳定性.最后,仿真结果表明所提方法通过抑制抖振和内外干扰有效改善Buck变换器的鲁棒性和动态性能.     

基于扩张状态观测器的二质量系统非奇异快速终端滑模控制

针对含未知负载信息的二质量伺服系统,提出一种基于有限时间扩张状态观测器的非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法.首先,利用电机侧位置信息设计有限时间扩张状态观测器估计系统的扰动,并将估计值融入到控制器中作为前馈项对系统的未知扰动进行补偿;然后,引入一种新型的滑模趋近律,该趋近律能够避免传统滑模控制中存在的奇异性问题,据此设计非奇异快速终端滑模控制器,保证系统状态在有限时间内收敛到原点,并根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论分析闭环系统的稳定性;最后,通过仿真和实验验证所提出方法的优越性.结果表明,与传统的PID等控制相比较,所提出的基于扩张状态观测器的有限时间滑模控制方法能够提高系统的跟踪性能,并有效增强二质量伺服系统的抗扰动能力.     

基于扰动观测器的机械臂自适应反演滑模控制

机械臂的动力学模型通常包含一定的结构不确定性,并受到外界未知干扰的影响。针对现有模型的不确定性特点,提出了一种基于非线性扰动观测器的自适应反演滑模控制方法,解决机械臂的轨迹跟踪控制问题。对于外界干扰,利用非线性扰动观测器进行观测补偿,无需上界先验知识;对于结构不确定性,引入反演滑模控制,同时设计自适应律,保证闭环系统的稳定性并增强系统的动态适应性。仿真结果证明,所提出的方法可以有效克服系统不确定性,降低控制输入信号的抖振,最终实现期望轨迹的快速精确跟踪。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).