基于低秩稀疏分解与协作表示的图像分类算法

目前,大部分图像分类算法为了获取较高的性能均需要充分的训练学习过程,然而在实际应用中,往往存在训练样本不足及过拟合等问题。为了避免上述问题出现,在朴素贝叶斯最近邻分类算法的原理框架下,基于非负稀疏编码、低秩稀疏分解以及协作表示提出一种非参数学习的图像分类算法。首先,基于非负稀疏编码和最大值汇聚操作表示图像信息,并构建具有低秩性质的同类训练图像集的局部特征矩阵;其次,采用低秩稀疏分解结合别类标签信息构建两类视觉词典以充分利用同类图像的相关性和差异性;最后基于协作表示表征测试图像并进行分类决策,实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

基于RGB-D融合特征的图像分类

当前经典的图像分类算法大多是基于RGB图像或灰度图像,并没有很好地利用物体或场景的深度信息,针对这个问题,提出了一种基于RGB-D融合特征的图像分类方法。首先,分别提取RGB图像dense SIFT局部特征与深度图Gist全局特征,然后将得到的两种图像特征进行特征融合;其次,使用改进K-means算法对融合特征建立视觉词典,克服了传统K-means算法过度依赖初始点选择的问题,并在图像表示阶段引入LLC稀疏编码对融合特征与其对应的视觉词典进行稀疏编码;最后,利用线性SVM进行图像分类。实验结果表明,所提出的算法能有效地提高图像分类的精度。     

基于弹性网和直方图相交的非负局部稀疏编码

针对稀疏编码模型在字典基的选择时忽略了群效应,且欧氏距离不能有效度量特征与字典基之间距离的问题,提出基于弹性网和直方图相交的非负局部稀疏编码方法（EH-NLSC）。首先,在优化函数中引入弹性网模型,消除字典基选择数目的限制,能够选择多组相关特征而排除冗余特征,提高了编码的判别性和有效性。然后,在局部性约束中引入直方图相交,重新定义特征与字典基之间的距离,确保相似的特征可以共享其局部的基。最后采用多类线性支持向量机进行分类。在4个公共数据集上的实验结果表明,与局部线性约束的编码算法（LLC）和基于非负弹性网的稀疏编码算法（NENSC）相比,EH-NLSC的分类准确率分别平均提升了10个百分点和9个百分点,充分体现了其在图像表示和分类中的有效性。     

基于多视觉词典的显著性加权图像检索方法

针对视觉词典在图像表示与检索方面的应用需求,本文提出了一种基于多视觉词典与显著性加权相结合的图像检索方法,实现了图像多特征的显著性稀疏表示。该方法首先划分图像为小块,提取图像块的多种底层特征,然后将其作为输入向量,通过非负稀疏编码分别学习图像块多种特征对应的视觉词典,将得到的图 像块稀疏向量经过显著性汇总方法引入空间信息并作显著性加权处理,形成整幅图像的稀疏表示,最后采用提出的SDD距离计算方式进行图像检索。在Corel和Caltech通用图像集上进行仿真实验,与单一视觉词典的方法对比,结果表明本文方法能够有效提高图像检索的准确率。     

哈希编码结合空间金字塔的图像分类

目的 稀疏编码是当前广泛使用的一种图像表示方法,针对稀疏编码及其改进算法计算过程复杂、费时等问题,提出一种哈希编码结合空间金字塔的图像分类算法。方法 首先,提取图像的局部特征点,构成局部特征点描述集。其次,学习自编码哈希函数,将局部特征点表示为二进制哈希编码。然后,在二进制哈希编码的基础上进行K均值聚类生成二进制视觉词典。最后,结合空间金字塔模型,将图像表示为空间金字塔直方图向量,并应用于图像分类。结果 在常用的Caltech-101和Scene-15数据集上进行实验验证,并和目前与稀疏编码相关的算法进行实验对比。与稀疏编码相关的算法相比,本文算法词典学习时间缩短了50%,在线编码速度提高了1.3～12.4倍,分类正确率提高了1%～5%。结论 提出了一种哈希编码结合空间金字塔的图像分类算法,利用哈希编码代替稀疏编码对局部特征点进行编码,并结合空间金字塔模型用于图像分类。实验结果表明,本文算法词典学习时间更短、编码速度更快,适用于在线词典学习和应用。     

基于语义短语的空间金字塔词袋模型图像分类方法

针对空间金字塔词袋模型缺少对局部特征之间语义分布关系的表达,提出了一种基于语义短语的空间金字塔词袋模型图像表示方法.首先,将局部特征映射为具有一定语义信息的视觉单词,通过统计局部特征邻域范围内其他相关特征点的语义分布情况来构造语义短语.其次,将语义短语采用稀疏编码进行量化生成语义词典,图像则表示成基于语义词典的空间金字塔式稀疏统计直方图向量.最后,将图像表示向量代入分类器中进行训练和测试.实验结果表明,本文方法能够较大幅度地提高图像分类的准确率.     

结合空间上下文的局部约束线性特征编码

针对传统特征编码方法聚焦于在特征空间进行编码,忽略了图像内容的空间信息,导致图像表达不准确、分类精度较低的问题,提出一种在特征空间中以图像空间上下文信息为导向的局部特征编码方法.首先基于最近邻原则为每个局部特征点选择字典中心作为向量基;然后采用探测局部特征的相邻特征点方法建立图像空间上下文约束,并将其用于特征相似性判别;再根据预设阈值来更新向量基,将其用于重构特征;最后将图像的稀疏向量用于分类器进行图像分类.实验结果表明,与同类方法相比,该方法能显著地提高分类精度,更利于图像分类.     

融合局部性和非负性的Laplacian稀疏编码的图像分类*

稀疏编码在编码过程中忽略特征之间的局部关系,使编码不稳定,并且优化问题中的减法运算可能会导致特征之间相互抵消.针对上述2个问题,文中提出融合局部性和非负性的Laplacian稀疏编码的图像分类方法.引入局部特征附近的基约束编码,利用非负矩阵分解将非负性加到Laplacian稀疏编码中,利用空间金字塔划分和最大值融合表示最终的图像,并采用多类线性SVM分类图像.本文方法保留特征之间的局部信息,避免特征之间相互抵消,保留更多的特征,从而改善编码的不稳定性.在4个公共数据集上的实验表明,相比其它现有算法,本文方法分类准确率更高.     

基于局部特征的非负稀疏编码神经网络模型

在非负稀疏编码(NNSC)的基础上,考虑特征基向量的稀疏度约束和特征基的局部性,提出一种基于局部特征的NNSC神经网络模型。该模型利用梯度和倍增因子相结合的优化算法实现特征系数的学习;利用倍增算法实现特征基的学习。对掌纹图像进行特征提取测试,结果表明,与传统NNSC模型和局部非负矩阵分解(LNMF)方法相比,该模型能有效提取图像的局部特征,收敛速度较快,可模拟初级视觉系统处理自然界信息的稀疏编码策略。     

基于高阶结构约束的稀疏人脸识别算法

为了挖掘人脸稀疏表示的高阶结构信息,从而获得更精确的人脸分类判别信息,提出一种新的基于高阶结构约束的稀疏表示的人脸识别算法。在提取人脸图像的Gabor特征后,选取适当的训练样本构建稀疏线性编码模型,利用样本特征间的高阶结构信息约束和最优化求解测试样本的稀疏系数,将稀疏系数作为最终特征对人脸进行识别,实验结果表明,与结构约束稀疏表示和非结构约束稀疏表示的方法比较,人脸的高阶结构稀疏表示能显著提高人脸的识别准确率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).