基于量子人工鱼群和模糊核聚类算法的网络入侵检测模型研究

针对基于传统模糊C均值聚类的网络入侵检测模型存在分类效果不佳,且容易出现局部极值的问题,提出了一种基于量子人工鱼群的半监督模糊核聚类算法。该算法使用少量的标记数据和大量未知标记数据生成网络入侵检的分类,并通过核距离的方式构建了模糊C均值聚类算法的新目标函数,此外,结合了量子人工鱼群算法来解决模糊核聚类算法的全局最优解问题,适用于并行执行架构。在KDD Cup 99网络入侵检测数据上的仿真实验结果表明,相比于基于FCM和PSO-FCM的入侵检测模型,以及基于此提出的算法入侵检测模型具有更好的检测率。     

IWO-Kohonen聚类算法在IDS中的应用

针对Kohonen神经网络模型网络入侵聚类正确率较低的问题,将入侵杂草优化(IWO)算法与Kohonen神经网络相结合,提出IWO-Kohonen聚类算法。利用IWO算法优化Kohonen神经网络的初始权值,训练Kohonen神经网络模型得到最优值。使用IWO算法增强算法的搜索能力,提高聚类正确率,并加快算法的收敛速度。实验结果表明,该算法与模糊聚类算法和广义神经网络聚类算法相比,分类正确率较高;与蚂蚁聚类算法和模糊C均值聚类算法相比,网络入侵检测率较高,误报率较低。     

网络入侵检测中的自动决定聚类数算法

针对模糊C均值算法(fuzzy C-means algorithm,简称FCM)在入侵检测中需要预先指定聚类数的问题,提出了一种自动决定聚类数算法(fuzzy C-means and support vector machine algorithm,简称F-CMSVM).它首先用模糊C均值算法把目标数据集分为两类,然后使用带有模糊成员函数的支持向量机(support vector machihe,简称SVM)算法对结果进行评估以确定目标数据集是否可分,再迭代计算,最终得到聚类结果.支持向量机算法引入模糊C均值算法得出的隶属矩阵作为模糊成员函数,使得不同的输入样本可以得到不同的惩罚值,从而得到最优的分类超平面.该算法既不需要对训练数据集进行标记,也不需要指定聚类数,因此是一种真正的无监督算法.在对KDD CUP 1999数据集的仿真实验结果表明,该算法不仅能够得到最佳聚类数,而且对入侵有较好的检测效果.     

基于模糊聚类的网络入侵检测

聚类分析是一种有效的异常入侵检测方法,本文提出基于模糊C-均值聚类的网络入侵检测算法。用KDD Cup1999数据集的仿真试验结果表明算法的可行性、有效性和扩展性,并有效提高了聚类检测的检测率,降低了误报率。     

基于模糊聚类的网络入侵检测

聚类分析是一种有效的异常入侵检测方法,本文提出基于模糊C-均值聚类的网络入侵检测算法。用KDD Cup 1999数据集的仿真试验结果表明算法的可行性、有效性和扩展性,并有效提高了聚类检测的检测率,降低了误报率。     

基于聚类与决策树的综合入侵检测算法研究

入侵检测是一种通过实时监测目标系统来发现入侵攻击行为的安全技术,传统的入侵检测系统在有效性、适应性和可扩展性方面都存在着不足。为了使模糊聚类算法获得的聚类结果为全局最优解,改进了传统的模糊C-均值算法,并且在每个聚类的数据集上建立一棵属于该聚类的C4.5决策树,构造了一种新的综合检测算法来确定是否存在入侵。通过实验结果分析,该检测算法降低了误报率,提高了入侵检测的检测性能以及可靠性。     

基于CS算法优化的模糊C均值聚类入侵检测

针对模糊C均值聚类算法受初始聚类中心影响过大以及易于陷入局部极值的问题,采用具有Levy flight模式且具有很强全局搜索能力的布谷鸟搜索算法,对模糊C均值聚类算法初始聚类中心进行优化,并把优化后的模糊C均值聚类算法应用于网络入侵检测。实验结果显示,经过优化后的模糊C均值聚类算法具有较好的运行速度和聚类效果,对入侵行为的检测效果良好。     

基于FCM-C4.5的双过滤入侵检测机制

针对现有入侵检测技术误报率高、未知攻击检测难,而单一检测技术难以检测复杂的网络攻击等问题,提出一种基于FCM-C4.5的双过滤入侵检测机制。检测机制分两层对数据进行过滤,第一层采用模糊C均值聚类算法FCM(fuzzy C-means algorithm)初步过滤掉明显的正常数据,从而减少了第二层过滤的数据量;第二层运用决策树C4.5算法进行细过滤,从而获得效率与精度的提高。通过KDD CUP 99数据集的实验表明,该检测机制既能检测到已知攻击又能检测到未知攻击,且具有较高检测率和较低误报率。     

基于模糊C均值聚类的网络入侵检测算法

入侵检测已成为网络安全的第二层重要防御线。分析了对新型未知的攻击的入侵检测,提出基于模糊C均值聚类的网络入侵检测算法。用KDD-99数据集的仿真实验结果表明算法的可行性、有效性和可扩展性,并有效提高了聚类检测的检测率,降低了误检率。     

基于人工免疫网络和模糊C-均值聚类的入侵检测方法

针对入侵检测方法中模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法对初始值敏感和要求输入聚类数目的缺点,把人工免疫网络算法用于FCM聚类算法,提出了一种基于人工免疫网络和模糊C-均值的入侵检测方法.通过KDD_CUP1999数据集仿真试验,与FCM算法相比,该算法提高了检测率,降低了误警率.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测网络中的入侵行为.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).