回顾总结60年历程认识农田水利发展规律

新中国成立60年来,我国农田水利事业取得了巨大成就。以灌溉为例：1949年时全国农田灌溉面积只有2-4亿亩（1600万hm^2）,占耕地面积的16．3％;到目前,已达到8．77亿亩（5846．67万hm^2）,占耕地面积的48％。在发展灌溉的同时,还使易涝农田得到治理,盐碱地得到改良。农田水利基础设施的增强．大大提高了农业抗御自然灾害能力。     

Geostatistically based management of arsenic contaminated ground water in shallow wells of Bangladesh

This paper investigates the effectiveness of geostatistical approaches, specifically ordinary kriging, for regional management of arsenic contaminated shallow ground water in Bangladesh. The arsenic database for reference comprised the nation-wide survey (of 3534 drinking wells) completed in 1999 by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in collaboration with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) of Bangladesh. A Monte Carlo (MC) framework was devised for selection of randomly-sampled networks of wells from this reference database. Each randomly sampled network was assumed an equi-probable exploratory field campaign designed commensurably with the requirements of rapidity and cost-effectiveness in a rural setting. In general, the kriging method was found to underestimate the arsenic concentration at non-sampled locations. This underestimation exceeded the safe limits at the Holocene region of Southcentral Bangladesh. The probability of successful prediction of safe wells for this region was found to be 72% (WHO safe limit – 10 ppb) and 78% (Bangladesh safe limit – 50 ppb). For the Pleistocene Northwestern region of Bangladesh, the safe well prediction probability was in the ranges of 90%–97%. The relatively more contaminated Holocene region in Southcentral Bangladesh, on other hand, was found more amenable to accurate geostatistical prediction of unsafe wells. Findings from this study exemplify that, while mainstream geostatistical approaches (e.g., ordinary kriging) may not provide the most accurate prediction of mean arsenic concentration at non-sampled locations, they can delineate an approximate strategy for management of arsenic contaminated shallow ground water if applied carefully. The kriging methodology is applied to a test case in Bangladesh; the approach, however, is general and is expected to have application in rural settings for other developing countries where arsenic contamination of ground water is also widespread (e.g., parts of India, Vietnam, Taiwan and Mexico).     

Influence of groundwater composition on subsurface iron and arsenic removal

Subsurface arsenic and iron removal (SAR/SIR) is a novel technology to remove arsenic, iron and other groundwater components by using the subsoil. This research project investigated the influence of the groundwater composition on subsurface treatment. In anoxic sand column experiments, with synthetic groundwater and virgin sand, it was found that several dissolved substances in groundwater compete for adsorption sites with arsenic and iron. The presence of 0.01 mmol L(-1) phosphate, 0.2 mmol L(-1) silicate, and 1 mmol L(-1) nitrate greatly reduced the efficiency of SAR, illustrating the vulnerability of this technology in diverse geochemical settings. SIR was not as sensitive to other inorganic groundwater compounds, though iron retardation was limited by 1.2 mmol L(-1) calcium and 0.06 mmol L(-1) manganese.     

吸附法去除饮用水中砷的研究进展

介绍砷的分布以及饮用水中砷超标的危害,综述当前国内外用不同吸附方法去除饮用水中砷的研究进展,分析其吸附性能和特点。结果表明,在归纳的6种吸附除砷方法中,复合材料与改性材料除砷效率高,处理费用低,目前最具有市场应用前景;活性材料的吸附效果受pH值控制;含铁矿物材料在除砷过程中易导致二次污染;纳米材料除砷效率最高,应是今后的主要发展方向。     

Use of low-cost materials in the removal of arsenic from aqueous solution

The arsenic-removing capacity of some low-cost materials was tested by passing aqueous arsenic solutions (16 and 57 ppb) of pH 7 through materials packed in plastic buckets. It was found that the initial concentration of arsenic solutions and their retention time in adsorbents greatly affected the removal of arsenic from the aqueous solution. Maximum arsenic removal was observed when the packed materials were exposed to 16 ppb of arsenic solution. With 57 ppb of arsenic solution, arsenic removal was reduced on that of 16 ppb; however, the reduced arsenic concentration was close to the recommendations of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines.     

Behaviour of arsenic species in batch activated sludge process: biotransformation and removal.

The behaviour of As(III), As(V), MMA(v) and DMA(v) in batch activated sludge process were investigated. Experiments were carried out by using aerobic and anoxic reactors with an initial As concentration of 100 microjg I(-1). Under aerobic condition, As(III) was oxidized to As(V) within 9 hours, some part of MMA(v) was methylated to DMA(v) and some other part was demethylated to As(III), which in turn was immediately oxidized to As(V). Under anoxic condition, As(V) was reduced to As(III) within the same time-course. No significant transformation occurred during experiments conducted with DMA(v). It was found that all reactions were biologically mediated. The overall As removal was low (< 20%) during the experiments. Although a relationship seems to exist between the sludge concentration and As removal, it is concluded, under the conditions of our study, that the activated sludge process cannot remove arsenicals efficiently. However, it can control their transformations well. Thus, if associated with an appropriate technology, the activated sludge can be used for As pre-oxidation to treat As contaminated wastewaters. Finally, care must be taken on possible presence of MMA(v) in the influent of any wastewater treatment plant as it can be easily oxidized by the activated sludge.     

农村水利工作的探讨与发展

通过对农村水利面临的形势和存在的问题的分析,对农村水利工作提出了新要求和发展方向,并论述了应采取的主要措施。     

砂滤池对颤蚓的拦截和去除效果研究

中试条件下研究了砂滤池对颤蚓的拦截效果,并考察了滤速、过滤周期和反冲洗强度等对颤蚓拦截和去除效果的影响。结果表明:砂滤池对颤蚓的拦截效果与颤蚓体长和滤料粒径有关,颤蚓体长越大、滤料粒径越小,则拦截效果越好;滤速是颤蚓迁移的主要动力,滤速的提高会增大颤蚓泄漏风险;过滤周期的延长将促进颤蚓的迁移,适当缩短过滤周期有利于水厂颤蚓泄漏风险控制;反冲洗可以实现颤蚓从净水工艺中的彻底去除,反冲洗强度越大,颤蚓的去除效果越好。从试验结果来看,为有效控制颤蚓泄漏风险,滤池滤速和过滤周期宜分别控制在11.1 m/h和12 h以下,反冲洗强度则控制在25 L/(s.m2)左右,此时颤蚓去除率为97.7%。     

农村水电开发利用中的问题与思考

针对山区农村水力资源的特点,水力资源开发的积极意义,水力资源开发利用方式等内容,提出小水电开发利用过程中应解决的一些问题,并就如何实现小水电可持续发展,提出了见解。     

非洲水电发展和农村电气化研究

非洲不但有十分丰富的太阳能、风能、天然气压煤等矿物能源，而且还有十分丰富的水力资源，但这些丰富的可再生能源并未得到有效利用。分析研究非洲的水电状况和农村电气化发展，讨论非洲电力近年来的电力改革、私营化对农村电气化的影响以及非洲农村地区小水电发展的前景。图1幅，表6个。     

农村水能开发智能控制与管理技术

借鉴加拿大水能开发智能控制与管理技术，从设计的理念上进行创新，通过信号转化、滤波抗干扰处理，利用可靠的双CPU结构，开发一套适用于我国农村水能开发的智能控制设备与管理系统；结合我国当前加强开展农村工作的重点，研究我国目前最大的可再生能源（小水电）的智能控制与管理模式，解决广大农村及偏远地区的用电需求，缓解电力供需矛盾，优化能源结构，改善农村生产生活条件，促进当地经济社会发展。图1幅。     

四川农村水电建设成就与开发前景

解决“三农”问题，农村水电发挥着先导性、基础性、战略性作用。我省地电系统要为四川经济跨越式发展提供强大的电能保障，必须把发展作为“第一要务”，努力抓好体制改革、电源开发、发供配套、小水电代燃料、送电到乡和农村电气化县建设。     

农村水电可持续发展及管理对策

农村水电具有一定的开发优势，但在开发中存在着水能资源管理缺位、部门职责不清、缺乏统一规划和统一调度管理等问题。针对这些问题,从编制流域综合规划、建立和完善水能资源许可制度、加强政府监管力度、实行统一调度、协调水电开发与生态保护的关系等方面提出了管理对策。     

砂石滤层准则的研究与进展

鉴于反滤层是防止土石坝渗透破坏的有效措施，设置反滤层的依据是被保护料的性质和滤层准则。本文着重叙述了滤层准则研究、应用4个发展阶段的特点和一些代表性滤层准则以及鉴别是否是宽级配、自滤、内部稳定料和土料调整方法。     

农村水电站的技术改造和技术发展趋势

分析我国现有农村水电站的发展现状和实际运行中存在的问题,并根据中小型水电站机组设计和运行中存在的问题,提出技术改造应注意的问题,展望农村水电技术发展趋势。     

以创新求发展开创水电及农村电气化工作新局面

按照水利部党组的要求，认真贯彻党的路线、方针、政策和部党组新的 工作思路，不断推进水利系统水电及农村电气化工作，农村水电初级电气化县建设成效显著，农网“两改－同价”进展顺利，水电企业改革取得实质性进展。“十五”期间要以中小水电及农村电气化建设为主题，以改革和创新为动力，抓住机遇，促进可持续发展，开创水电及农村电气化工作新局面。     

农村绿色水电开发面临的机遇和效益

文章通过对国际国内水能资源形势进行分析,结合水力资源的特点以及辽宁省某流域水电开发后的效益分析,阐明针对目前的国内外水能资源开发形势,提出辽宁省要抓住机遇,积极开发绿色水电。     

农村水电开发中的生态和环境问题及其对策

我国农村水电发展取得了显著的成绩,但也对生态和环境产生了一定的负面影响.为促进农村水电建设和生态与环境的协调发展,提出要在农村水电的规划设计、新技术与材料的研究应用、工程施工中重视环境因素,实现农村水电开发和生态与环境保护的有机结合。     

加强农村水能资源开发和管理促进经济社会可持续发展

这次会议是继2001年全国农村水电暨“十五”水电农村电气化县建设会议之后召开的又一次重要会议。主要任务是：认真贯彻党的十七大、十七届三中全会和中央一系列重要会议精神．深入贯彻落实科学发展观，总结工作，交流经验，分析形势，理清思路，部署当前和今后一个时期的农村水电工作，努力开创农村水电工作新局面。     

北京市农村雨水利用现状与发展

北京是一个水资源非常紧缺的城市,雨水利用工程可以有效地缓解农村生态用水和生产用水。在对北京市农村雨水利用现状进行调研的基础上,对北京市农村雨水利用工程现状做了介绍,统计了现有雨水利用工程建设的规模、分布、运行情况及蓄水能力等;指出了目前北京市农村雨水利用工程存在的主要问题,并提出了发展建议。