基于复合混沌模型的高级加密标准图像加密算法

为提高图像加密算法的安全性能,提出了一种基于复合混沌系统的改进的高级加密标准加密算法。该算法将Logistic混沌序列与Chebyshev混沌序列相结合,产生2种新的混沌映射。一种复合混沌矩阵作为高级加密标准的轮密匙,进行像素置乱;另一种复合混沌矩阵组成S盒,进行位置置乱。另外,对图像像素点进行位移及列混合操作,进一步达到位置置乱的目的,实现动态变换密钥的高级加密标准图像的加密。实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的密钥敏感性、良好的置乱效果及高效性。     

一个切换Lorenz混沌系统在图像加密中的应用

目的将一种新型的切换Lorenz混沌系统引入到图像加密系统中,以提高图像加密的效果。方法图像加密系统采取"置乱-扩散-置乱-扩散"的过程,首先结合密钥K,将切换Lorenz混沌系统结合四阶龙格-库塔方程对明文图像进行离散,并通过Arnold映射对明文图像矩阵进行置乱;通过"异或"位运算对图像进行扩散处理;再通过Logistic映射对图像进行置乱;最后通过"循环移位"运算对图像进行扩散处理。结果经过仿真实验对图像加密性能进行测试,密文图像的相关指标参数NPCR和UACI的测试值分别约为99.60和33.4,都很接近于它们的理论值,信息熵的测试结果约为7.997,也非常接近于理论值8。结论表明引入新型切换Lorenz混沌系统的图像加密系统具有较强的鲁棒性、可靠的安全性,可以有效地提高加密系统的各种抗攻击能力。     

基于超混沌的三层量子图像加密算法研究

具有高效运算能力的量子计算机的提出使得基于经典计算机的图像加密算法安全性大大降低,如何将图像转移到量子计算机表示并进行加密传输是一个难点。针对这一问题,设计了基于NEQR模型的3层量子图像加密算法。首先,利用希尔伯特(Hilbert)矩阵实现量子块级置乱;然后,利用超Lorenz混沌系统生成的随机序列,打乱量子像素中的位顺序,实现位级置乱;最后,利用量子随机图像对原始量子图像进行CNOT操作并进行位本身CNOT操作,实现位级扩散,得到最后的加密图像。实验结果表明,加密图像的相关系数较低,加密算法的密钥空间大,加密图像的像素改变率、归一化平均变化强度和熵值接近理论值,具有良好的安全性和可行性。     

基于改进的替换-扩散结构和变量控制参数的图像加密算法

提出一种基于改进的替换-扩散结构和变量控制参数的图像加密算法。首先使用传统的Arnold变换进行图像位置置乱,再利用Logistic映射产生混沌序列改变图像的灰度值,从而构造出一个位置置乱和像素值改变相结合的图像加密算法。最后使用Matlab进行实验仿真,结果表明该算法能够取得很好的加密效果,且具有算法简单,密钥空间大,密钥敏感性强等特点。基本满足图像加密的有效性和安全性要求。     

混沌神经元耦合置乱神经元的图像加密算法研究

目的为了使当前加密系统具有更强的密钥敏感性以及更大的密钥空间,以提高抗各种攻击性能。方法提出一种新型的基于置乱神经元耦合混沌神经元的图像加密算法。加密系统的置乱和扩散由2个不同的3层神经构成,分别是置乱神经元层和混沌神经元层,混沌密钥生成模块则通过相应的权值和偏置来对这2层结构进行控制。在混沌神经元层扩散过程中,3个混沌系统用来生成权值矩阵和偏置矩阵,通过非线性标准化、按位异或操作来进行非线性组合,并通过Tent映射来进行激活,以获得扩散信息。在置乱神经元层置乱过程中,利用混沌密钥生成模块获取置乱矩阵,对扩散信息进行线性置乱处理,再通过二维Cat混沌映射对信息进行非线性置乱处理,并与当前加密算法进行对比。结果与当前加密算法相比,文中算法安全性更高,平均熵值为7.9991,且该加密算法的密钥空间大,为2160×1060,密钥敏感性强,错误与正确密钥之间的密文差异率为99.765%。结论设计的加密算法高度安全,可有效抗击各种攻击。     

基于量子Logistic映射的图像加密算法研究

目的提出将量子Logistic混沌映射与三维Arnold混沌映射相结合的图像加密算法,以提高图像加密的复杂度。方法首先利用量子Logistic混沌映射生成置乱用的伪随机序列与明文进行整体置乱,再利用三维Arnold混沌映射生成一个整数序列,与置乱后的密文进行扩散运算。结果通过仿真实验,加密图像的相关性系数接近于0,密钥敏感性的NPCR和UACI的测试值分别约等于99.60和33.4,信息熵的测试结果约等于7.999,都非常接近于理论值。结论加密算法充分体现了量子混沌映射高复杂度的非线性力学特性。通过仿真实验测试可知,加密算法具有密钥空间大、敏感性强、安全性好的特点。     

基于新型多环多翼超混沌系统的图像加密算法

目的 为提高图像加密算法的安全性,提出一种新型多环多翼超混沌系统的图像加密算法.方法 对超Lorenz混沌系统进行分形变换,得到多环多翼超混沌系统,设计一种基于该混沌系统的查表运算扩散算法.算法采用典型的置乱-扩散模式,借助Logistic混沌系统对明文图像进行无重复索引置乱,将新型多环多翼超混沌系统产生的密钥序列结合明文信息,对一次扩散图像的每个像素值进行正逆向扩散,得到最终的加密图像.结果 置乱图像的平均不动点比为0.003％,密文直方图分布均匀,相邻像素相关性几乎为零,信息熵达到了7.999,且NPCR,UACI和BACI的值分别为99.61％,33.46％和26.7％,与同类加密算法相比,该算法加密效果更优.结论 算法具有较强的密钥敏感性,能有效抵抗剪切、噪声等攻击,所提出的图像加密算法具有较高的安全性.     

基于无序分割投影策略与重力模型的图像加密算法

目的解决当前图像算法因其像素置乱和扩散操作与明文无关,导致其抗明文攻击能力较弱,且其置乱过程存在周期性,使其安全性不佳等问题。方法提出基于无序分割投影策略与重力模型的图像加密算法。首先对输入明文进行无序分割,获取重叠子块,并构建每个子块的位置坐标计算模型,输出图像子块的位置;根据明文像素量计算Kent映射的初值,通过迭代Kent映射获取随机序列组;定义位置置乱机制,对重叠子块进行混淆;再引入分割投影策略,互换每个置乱子块中的像素位置,再对其重组,输出置乱密文;通过设计像素质量变化函数替换重力模型的固定质量,改进重力模型,对置乱密文完成像素加密。结果实验结果显示与当前图像加密技术相比,文中算法具有更高的安全性,输出密文中的相邻两像素间的关联度最低,具有更强的抗明文攻击与剪切攻击性能。结论所提加密算法能够较好地用于图像信息安全传输,具有较好的应用价值。     

基于混沌与Arnold变换的小波域数字水印

本文提出了一种基于混沌加密和Arnold置乱的数字水印算法,将含有版权标志信息的二值图像作为水印,用双混沌序列对其进行加密,用改进的Arnold变换对其进行置乱。在小波信号的低频处嵌入水印,提高了水印的鲁棒性。实验证明该算法是十分有效的。     

一种图像的置乱度及其破密攻击

提出了一种基于自关联度的图像置乱程度的评价方法.实验结果显示,该方法能有效地反映图像的置乱程度,并且基于此度量的破密算法在运用于Arnold变换和Fibonacci-Q变换的加密图时取得了理想的破密结果.     

A model of Beijing drivers' scrambling behaviors

A major, but unstudied, cause of crashes in China is drivers that “scramble” to gain the right of way in violation of traffic regulations. The motivation of this study is to explore the features of drivers’ scrambling behaviors and the attitudes and driving skills that influence them. In this study, we established a scrambling behavior scale, and developed a driving attitude scale and a driving skill scale using factor analysis of an Internet survey of 486 drivers in Beijing. A structural equation model of scrambling behavior toward cars and pedestrians/cyclists was developed with attitudes and skills as predictors of behavior. Skills and attitudes of approval toward violations of traffic rules did not predict scrambling behaviors, while the motivation for safety and attitudes against violating traffic rules led to reduced scrambling behaviors. The current work highlights this peculiar aspect of Chinese roads and suggests methods to reduce the behavior.     

Loss of ammonia during electron-transfer dissociation of deuterated peptides as an inherent gauge of gas-phase hydrogen scrambling

The application of electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) to obtain single-residue resolution in hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) experiments has recently been demonstrated. For such measurements, it is critical to ensure that the level of gas-phase hydrogen scrambling is negligible. Here we utilize the abundant loss of ammonia upon ETD of peptide ions as a universal reporter of positional randomization of the exchangeable hydrogens (hydrogen scrambling) during HX-ETD experiments. We show that the loss of ammonia from peptide ions proceeds without depletion of deuterium when employing optimized mild electrospray ion source settings for the HX-ETD analysis of a selectively labeled model peptide and peptides derived from fully labeled β(2)-microglobulin. Hydrogen scrambling, as induced by excessive vibrational excitation of peptide ions during harsh declustering conditions, is easily detected by a depletion of deuterium when deuterated ammonia is lost from peptides during ETD. This straightforward method requires no modifications to the experimental workflow and has the great advantage that the occurrence of hydrogen scrambling can be directly detected in the actual peptides analyzed in the HX-ETD experiment.     

Guaranteed scrambling

The bit-error rate (BER) of a storage or transmission channel may be data-dependent. This can lead to certain pathological input sequences, for which the reliability of the system is below specifications. Guided scrambling is a well-known technique to randomize the input to a channel while minimizing a certain objective function. In this paper, we take the average predicted BER as the objective function. We show that for a certain scrambling code C, for any input sequence m there exists a scrambling codeword c/spl isin/C such that the predicted BER of the (modulo-2) sum of m and c is not more than that for random input data. We present examples of scrambling codes for two-dimensional optical storage and indicate a way of combining them with error-correcting codes.     

A simple test to detect hydrogen/deuterium scrambling during gas-phase peptide fragmentation

Amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled with mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool to study protein dynamics. Addition of a proteolysis step between the exchange reaction and mass analysis can be used to localize the positions of deuterium and improve overall resolution. The resolution can be further enhanced by the fragmentation of digested peptides in the gas phase if scrambling of exchangeable hydrogens and deuteriums on the peptides does not occur. Although some laboratories reported successful localization of deuteriums by gas-phase fragmentations, others described total scrambling. Here we propose a simple method to detect the presence or absence of scrambling using a commercially available small peptide, neurotensin (9-13; RPYIL). All exchangeable hydrogens on this pentapeptide are first deuterated by dissolving it in deuterium oxide. The deuterated peptide is loaded onto a reversed-phase column, and then washed with copious amounts of cold acidic aqueous buffer. This washing exchanges all deuteriums on both the terminals and the side chains back to hydrogens. Now only three deuteriums are attached on the pentapeptide, one on each of the amide nitrogens of Y, I, and L. After the partially deuterated peptide is eluted from the column with 95% acidic acetonitrile, collision-induced dissociation (CID) generates a series of b ions, which are analyzed by mass spectrometer. In the absence of scrambling, no deuterium should be observed in the b 2 ion, as neither R nor P have amide hydrogens. On the other hand, in the event of scrambling, b 2 should carry about half of the deuteriums of the parent pentapeptide. In theory, complete scrambling should distribute deuteriums equally among all of the exchangeable hydrogens. The b 2 portion of neurotensin (9-13) has 6 exchangeable hydrogens, whereas the +1 charge state of neurotensin (9-13) has 12 exchangeable hydrogens. We demonstrated that CID caused complete scrambling of hydrogens and deuteriums with an LCQ (a ion trap machine).     

Development of a peptide probe for the occurrence of hydrogen (1H/2H) scrambling upon gas-phase fragmentation

Hydrogen (1H/2H) exchange combined with mass spectrometry (HX-MS) has become a valuable method for the analysis of protein structural dynamics. Currently, localization of the incorporated deuterons is made by enzymatic cleavage of the labeled proteins, and single-residue resolution is typically only achieved for a few residues. Determination of site-specific deuterium levels by gas-phase fragmentation would greatly increase the applicability of the HX-MS method. It is, however, mandatory for this gas-phase approach that hydrogen (1H/2H) scrambling in the gaseous peptide is negligible. Thus, it is important to have a simple reference system where the onset of scrambling processes is readily detected. Here we describe a simple well-characterized set of peptides with a unique regioselective labeling that ensures an inherent high sensitivity for the detection of scrambling. This selective labeling is achieved by utilizing differences in the intrinsic exchange rates between various amino acid residues. We demonstrate that our peptides can be infused directly into an electrospray ion source by means of a cooled glass syringe, while maintaining their selective labeling in solution. We further show that the selective labeling is completely erased upon low-energy collisional activation in a tandem mass spectrometry experiment as a result of extensive hydrogen (1H/2H) scrambling.     

帧同步扰码器的并行化技术

在高速传输系统中ＳＤＨ中，需要用到并行扰码技术，耐用提出了一种扩展矩阵的方法，使传统的矩阵法可以用来实现任意路数的并行扰码器。本文还提出了一种新的实现并行优码的方法－延时因子法，由此实现了ＳＤＨ八路并行扰码器。     

Gas-phase fragmentation of peptides by MALDI in-source decay with limited amide hydrogen (1H/2H) scrambling

To achieve a fundamental understanding of the function of proteins and protein complexes at the molecular level, it is crucial to obtain a detailed knowledge about their dynamic and structural properties. The kinetics of backbone amide hydrogen exchange is intimately linked to the structural dynamics of the protein, and in recent years, the monitoring of the isotopic exchange of these hydrogens by mass spectrometry has become a recognized method. At present, the resolution of this method is, however, limited and single-residue resolution is typically only obtained for a few residues in a protein. It would therefore be desirable if gas-phase fragmentation could be used to localize incorporated deuterons as this would ultimately lead to single-residue resolution. A central obstacle for this approach is, however, the occurrence of intramolecular migration of amide hydrogens upon activation of the gaseous protein (i.e., hydrogen scrambling). Here we investigate the occurrence of scrambling in selectively labeled peptides upon fragmentation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay (MALDI ISD). We have utilized peptides with a unique regioselective deuterium incorporation that allows us to accurately determine the extent of scrambling upon fragmentation. Our results show that the level of scrambling upon MALDI ISD is so low that the solution deuteration pattern is readily apparent in the gas-phase fragment ions. These results suggest that MALDI ISD may prove useful for hydrogen exchange studies of purified peptides and small proteins.     

ASRS sizing for recreating automotive assembly sequences

Since a mixed model assembly line's efficiency depends on the sequence of jobs moving down the line, manufacturers spend considerable effort optimizing the sequence of jobs entering the plant. In automotive assembly plants however, repair loops and parallel stations scramble the sequence before it reaches the final assembly stage. Many automotive assembly plants use an automatic storage and retrieval system to revamp the scrambled sequence before final assembly. One plant even goes so far as to reconstruct the original sequence by completely undoing the sequence scrambling. We derive a relationship between the sequence scrambling information, the variety of model-colour configurations, and the size of the automatic storage and retrieval system needed to reconstruct the initial sequence. We enunciate this new ASRS sizing problem actually facing industry, show how to model it, present a solution approach, and demonstrate the approach on actual sequence scrambling data from an automotive assembly plant.