Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of TB2 Alloy under Different Die Designs by Finite Element Method

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了不同模具结构设计对TB2合金(Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al)等通道弯角挤压过程的影响。与传统模具几何设计特点相比,新型等通道弯角挤压模具设计的内转角半径要大于外转角半径且均与模具内壁相切。针对模具不同内转角半径和外转角半径对等通道弯角挤压过程的影响,分析了TB2合金等通道弯角挤压过程的变形行为和应变均匀性。结果表明,随着内转角半径分别从1 mm升高至3,5,7和9 mm,TB2合金等通道弯角挤压后的应变均匀性更好和挤压载荷明显增大,较小的外转角半径能够使TB2合金挤压后获得较好的应变均匀性。综合内转角半径和外转角半径的有限元分析结果,当外转角半径为4 mm,内转角半径为5 mm时,TB2合金经等通道弯角挤压后具有最为理想的应变均匀性分布。     

基于不同模具结构设计的TB2合金等通道弯角挤压有限元分析（英文）

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了不同模具结构设计对TB2合金(Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al)等通道弯角挤压过程的影响。与传统模具几何设计特点相比,新型等通道弯角挤压模具设计的内转角半径要大于外转角半径且均与模具内壁相切。针对模具不同内转角半径和外转角半径对等通道弯角挤压过程的影响,分析了TB2合金等通道弯角挤压过程的变形行为和应变均匀性。结果表明,随着内转角半径分别从1 mm升高至3,5,7和9 mm,TB2合金等通道弯角挤压后的应变均匀性更好和挤压载荷明显增大,较小的外转角半径能够使TB2合金挤压后获得较好的应变均匀性。综合内转角半径和外转角半径的有限元分析结果,当外转角半径为4 mm,内转角半径为5 mm时,TB2合金经等通道弯角挤压后具有最为理想的应变均匀性分布。     

ECAE法制备铜铝双金属复合棒材数值模拟与试验研究

利用Deform-3D有限元软件对铜铝双金属复合棒材室温4道次B_C路径ECAE变形过程进行模拟，研究了金属流动、挤压载荷、等效应变以及平均应力的分布及变化规律；并在自行设计的模具上进行了试验验证，成功制备出铜铝双金属复合棒材，对变形材料进行了物理网格试验及组织性能测试。结果表明，ECAE工艺下铜铝双金属复合棒材内部存在剧烈剪切变形区，复合坯料由不稳定变形逐渐过渡为均匀协调变形，材料内部处于理想的三向压应力状态，静水压力较高，界面处金属结合紧密。4道次ECAE挤压后，铜铝双金属复合坯料整体变形相对均匀，平均累积等效应变量为4.49。随着挤压道次的增加，载荷峰值不断增加，同时复合坯料内部显微硬度不断升高，但包覆层增幅大于芯部材料。     

等径角挤压有限元模拟模具应力分析

本文利用非线性有限元软件MSC.M arc模拟了等径角挤压(Equal Channel Angu lar Extru-sion,ECAE)过程中模具的应力分布。结果表明:模具拐角处承受的应力较大;摩擦力对等径角挤压过程中模具应力有显著影响。     

纯钨闭塞式双通道等径角挤压数值模拟及实验研究

采用数值模拟的方法分析单道次纯钨闭塞式双通道等径角挤压工艺的变形特点,并对比等径角挤压工艺和双通道等径角挤压工艺经过Bc路径4道次变形后的应变积累和分布特点。同时,为验证有限元模拟的准确性,开展了物理实验。结果表明,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压变形过程可分为初始阶段、镦粗成形阶段、剪切变形阶段和最终成形阶段。3种工艺经4道次变形后均发生较大的应变积累,但是由于闭式模膛对试样头部的镦粗作用,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压经过4道次变形后等效应变量最大,且等效应变分布最均匀。通过对模具应力的分析,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压和双通道等径角挤压工艺可以有效解决等径角挤压工艺冲头偏载问题,且试样经闭塞式双通道等径角挤压变形后具有较大的静水压力,提高了纯钨塑性,有利于进行多道次变形。闭塞式双通道等径角挤压工艺变形后的试样可分为4个区域:剪切变形区、伸长变形区、头部小变形区和尾部未变形区。     

数值模拟内圆角半径对AZ31镁合金等径角挤压过程的影响

通过Gleeble-1500D热模拟机获得AZ31镁合金的应力-应变曲线,采用DEFORM-3D软件对其等径角挤压过程进行了模拟,并分析了不同内圆角半径对挤压过程的应力和应变影响。结果表明,随着内圆角半径的增大,试样表面变得光滑,在内圆角处所受平均应力减小,试样的平均等效应变随之增大,中间稳定变形区域减小。     

模具外角对等通道转角挤压纯铝变形过程的影响

模具外角对等通道转角挤压(ECAE)变形过程影响较大,文章利用有限元软件(MSC.Marc)模拟研究了模具外角对ECAE过程中等效应变、变形机理的影响。模拟结果表明,模具外角Ψ>0°～30°的范围内,等效应变的分布较为均匀;当模具外角Ψ>30°时,等效应变的分布越来越不均匀;当模具外角Ψ=0°～90°范围内逐渐增大时,试样的变形机理由单一剪切变形逐渐变为剪切变形与弯曲变形相结合的复合变形行为。为了验证模拟结果,对大尺寸纯铝进行了等通道转角挤压实验(模具内角Ф=90°,模具外角Ψ=30°),纯铝实验应变值的分布与大小和模拟应变值的分布与大小近似吻合。由光学显微组织可知,经ECAE挤压一次后,变形试样组织较为均匀,晶粒得到一定程度细化。     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶GCr15钢研究

研究了GCr15钢等通道转角挤压(ECAE)的原理与技术实施手段。通过设计ECAE模具的几何结构,研究了剪切应变累积效应的计算方法。通过对GCr15钢单道次ECAE加工后光学微观组织的观察,讨论了模具几何结构条件(转角与背转角大小)对GCr15钢微观组织变化的影响。结果表明:GCr15钢的ECAE变形组织形态较好地符合理论预测结果;多道次ECAE加工显著改善了GCr15钢的微观组织;通过ECAE工艺,也能够制备出大尺寸致密的细晶材料。     

纯钼粉末多孔烧结材料ECAP的数值模拟及实验

采用DEFORM-3D软件对纯钼粉末多孔烧结材料等径角挤压过程进行单道次三维有限元模拟和实验研究,获得变形过程中试样的应力、应变、致密行为等相关场量变化规律.模拟结果表明:等径角挤压工艺对粉末材料具有强烈的致密效果,整个变形过程可分为3个阶段,即初始变形、过渡变形及稳定变形;试样纵横截面上,等效应变均存在不均匀分布现象,靠近模具内角和上表面处试样所获应变较大,相对密度也较高.试样不同部位所处应力状态及应变速率分布状态的不一致是导致其应变分布不均匀的根本原因.单道次挤压实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性,证明了所建立有限元模型的可靠性.     

7075铝合金室温等通道转角拉伸模拟与试验

采用有限元软件Deform-3D对7075铝合金室温等通道转角拉伸过程进行了数值模拟，分析了室温条件下金属流动、最大主应力、等效应力以及等效应变的分布规律，揭示了材料的变形机理。利用等通道转角拉伸试验，验证了7075铝合金变形模拟结果的准确性。结果表明：模具出、入口的金属流动速度差使试样在大变形区出现缩颈，试样横截面的断面收缩率为17.97%;内、外模角区域的剪切力分布不均引起横截面呈椭圆形；在金属流动速度差和剪切力分布不均的共同作用下，大变形区出现明显弯曲。变形开始阶段，内、外模角区域的应力状态复杂，同时转角区域所产生的拉应力最大，导致试样在难变形区与大变形区交界处最容易产生裂纹并发生断裂，同时在大变形区靠近内模角的表面容易产生损伤。变形过程中，试样的等效应力和等效应变分布呈现不均匀现象，其横截面表面处的等效应变高于内部的数值，其大变形区等效应变不均匀度系数为0.85,优于同参数的等通道转角挤压的1.46。等通道转角拉伸试验后，试样无明显的飞边与毛刺，横截面的断面收缩率为17.49%,与模拟的结果相吻合。     

Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional(3D)geometric models with different corner angles(90°and 120°)and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed.Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMT M-3D software,such as stress—strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium,temperatures of die and billet,and friction coefficient.Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed.The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is im...     

The effect of material properties and tooling design on deformation and fracture during equal channel angular extrusion

The effects of material constitutive behavior, tooling design, and friction conditions on metal flow, stress fields, and the tendency for tensile fracture during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) were established using a finite element modeling (FEM) technique. Three different material behaviors, typical of those encountered during cold and hot working, were investigated; these comprised (i) strain hardening, (ii) rigid, perfectly plastic, and (iii) flow softening types of behavior. The tooling geometries consisted of a so-called “simple” design with no moving channel members and a “complex” design with a sliding bottom floor. The FEM results indicated that the most uniform flow was obtained during ECAE of a strain-hardening material having a low strain-rate sensitivity in tooling with a sharp inner corner (“front leg”) radius. The ECAE of materials with other constitutive behaviors or in tooling with a radiused front leg showed some degree of flow nonuniformity, even away from the head and tail of the extrusion. Tooling design and material properties were also predicted to have an important influence on the tensile stresses and hence tensile damage developed during ECAE. The FEM results were validated using visioplasticity and fracture observations for AISI 4340 steel and a near-gamma titanium aluminide alloy.     

New Methods for Severe Plastic Deformation Processing

Several new concepts for possible methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) of bulk quantities of materials are presented. The first of these are variations of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) in which the conventional fixed die is replaced by rotating tools, for the inner die corner, the outer die corner, or both corners. Other methods share some characteristics of ECAE in that they use shearing strains to deform the material; these are reversed shear spinning and transverse rolling. Deformation sequences for a cylindrical or annular workpiece that deform the workpiece while eventually restoring the initial workpiece geometry can be performed by numerous processes. These techniques can be used to accumulate high strains by repeated deformation cycles. These methods offer possible alternatives to ECAE and high-pressure torsion, with potential benefits that include different and larger workpiece geometries, simplified tooling design, lower tooling loads, ease of lubrication, automated or reduced part handling, and, in some cases, potentially continuous operation. It is hoped that these suggestions will prompt new examination of alternative methods for SPD. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

300MW汽轮机组T形三通的结构应力分析

分析了300MW汽轮机组主蒸汽管道T形异径三通的内外壁转角半径与三通应力水平的关系，并将应力分析结果与实验结果作了对照。发现三通肩部内壁转角处的应力水平并不随过渡圆角半径的增大而降低，这一结论为进一步改进三通的结构设计提供了理论依据。     

Equal channel angular extrusion of NiTi shape memory alloy tube

As a new attempt, equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) tube was investigated by means of process experiment, finite element method (FEM) and microscopy. NiTi SMA tube with the steel core in it was inserted into the steel can during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. Based on rigid-viscoplastic FEM, multiple coupled boundary conditions and multiple constitutive models were used for finite element simulation of ECAE of NiTi SMA tube, where the effective stress field, the effective strain field and the velocity field were obtained. Finite element simulation results are in good accordance with the experimental ones. Finite element simulation results reveal that the velocity field shows the minimum value in the corner of NiTi SMA tube, where severe shear deformation occurs. Microstructural observation results reveal that severe plastic deformation leads to a certain grain orientation as well as occurrence of substructures in the grain interior and dynamic recovery occurs during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. ECAE of NiTi SMA tube provides a new approach to manufacturing ultrafine-grained NiTi SMA tube.     

往复挤压变形ZK60镁合金应变分布的有限元数值模拟

利用有限元法研究ZK60镁合金在多道次往复挤压过程中的应变分布。为优化往复挤压工艺,研究摩擦条件和模具结构尺寸对ZK60合金总等效塑性应变分布的影响。结果表明：ZK60合金试样经往复挤压后内应变分布不均匀。试样两个端部的应变量低于试样中间部位的应变量。工艺参数对应变分布的影响很大。试样和模具间的摩擦不利于试样内应变量的均匀分布,因而应尽量降低摩擦。为了提高应变量的均匀分布,应该使用较大的过渡圆角半径和较低的挤压角度。     

纯铝粉末多孔材料等通道转角挤压数值模拟及实验

采用体积可压缩刚粘塑性有限元法,对纯铝粉末多孔烧结材料的等通道转角挤压过程进行数值模拟,获得了挤压过程试件内部变形场、静水应力场及相对密度场的分布。研究结果表明,等通道转角挤压对粉末多孔材料具有强烈的致密效果。分析认为,挤压过程所提供的高静水压力状态和大剪切变形,是孔隙得以有效焊合的关键。对纯铝粉末烧结材料进行的实验结果表明,试样经过一次挤压后,主要变形区组织剪切变形特征明显,内部的孔隙基本闭合,组织明显细化,材料的力学性能显著提高。     

面向应变均匀性和成形力的等径道角挤压模具结构参数优化

面向等径道角挤压成形应变均匀性和成形力,以3003铝合金为研究对象,采用有限元法分析不同模具外角、内角、内角半径挤压变形的等效应变均匀性和挤压成形力。研究结果表明:外角ψ对等效应变均匀性影响显著,而内角φ主要对挤压成形力影响较大,内角半径r对二者影响不明显。因此采用合理的模具结构参数,既可以提高应变均匀性,又能降低挤压成形力。基于正交试验分析得到了模具结构参数为:ψ=40°,φ=105°,r=1.5 mm,这为研究试样宏观塑性变形与细化晶粒微观组织演变规律、模具结构设计参数提供理论依据。