Coordinated Nonlinear Speed Control Approach for SI Engine With Alternator

In the paper, the speed control problem for spark-ignition (SI) engine with alternator is investigated. The problem is addressed from the engine side and the alternator side, respectively, and two coordinated control schemes are proposed for two different operating modes. From the engine side, the torque produced by the alternator is treated as the external disturbance, and a state feedback controller with the magnetic torque feedforward is designed for regulating the engine speed. And from the alternator side, the engine torque ripple is considered as the external disturbance of the alternator rotational dynamics. A disturbance rejection method is proposed to achieve the L ₂-gain performance for the speed servo error. Finally, to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approaches, some simulation results will be shown     

A new computer-aided approach to the analysis of CuK converter byusing the alternator equations

A novel approach to the computation of the transient and steady-state response of power electronic switching converters is presented. The solution exhibits precision and reflects the continuous character of the converter waveforms. The key to the approach is the extraction of the switching elements (transistors, or transistor and diode, operated as synchronous switches) in a time-varying two-port called an alternator. The remaining part of the converter is linear and time-invariant; it can be described, in the complex frequency domain, by a system of modified nodal equations. The constitutive equations of the alternator are added, providing a global model of the cyclically switching circuit in the s-domain. The converter is analyzed using the Laplace transform. The modified nodal equations of the converter are solved, and the inverse Laplace transform of their solutions is found. The time-domain solutions together with boundary conditions for cyclical operation of the converter are used for the computer-aided calculation of the transient and steady-state response. The method is applied to a coupled-inductor Cuk converter operating in a continuous conduction mode in which the transient state is due to a step-in-line input voltage     

基于CAN总线的车用爪极交流发电机综合实验平台的研究

文章在介绍CAN现场总线特点的基础上，着重介绍了自行开发的面向车用爪极交流发电机实验测试与控制网络系统的组成与工作原理，并就混合励磁发电机性能测试与控制方法进行了探讨。该系统利用计算机作平台，并采用多传感器的数据融合技术，将方差、模糊理论、专家知识引入车用发电机测试领域，快速有效地建立发电机产品的性能评估与质量保证体系。     

Development of a linear alternator-engine for hybrid electricvehicle applications

This paper examines the design and operation of a generation system that utilizes a linear crankless internal combustion engine in conjunction with a linear alternator. This system directly utilizes the linear motion of the piston to drive the alternator rather than first converting to rotary motion. The result is a more compact, reliable, and efficient unit as the system has only one moving part, making the system ideal for use in series hybrid electric vehicles. This paper describes the overall system design as well as the subsystems including the engine and alternator. A dynamic simulation is then presented which utilizes the model developed to determine the output characteristics of the system. The prototype system was successfully tested, and experimental results are also included     

Automotive power generation and control

This paper describes some new developments in the application of power electronics to automotive power generation and control. A new load-matching technique is introduced that uses a simple switched-mode rectifier to achieve dramatic increases in peak and average power output from a conventional Lundell alternator, along with substantial improvements in efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate these capability improvements. Additional performance and functionality improvements of particular value for high-voltage (e.g., 42 V) alternators are also demonstrated. Tight load-dump transient suppression can be achieved using this new architecture. It is also shown that the alternator system can be used to implement jump charging (the charging of the high-voltage system battery from a low-voltage source). Dual-output extensions of the technique (e.g., 42/14 V) are also introduced. The new technology preserves the simplicity and low cost of conventional alternator designs, and can be implemented within the existing manufacturing infrastructure.     

进口电动轮功率控制分析

电动轮汽车（以下简称”电动轮”）的设计结构决定了其电气控制方式必须使用功率控制来实现发电机输出功率与发动机输出功率问的匹配。作为控制对象的发电机输出功率的非线性及三次谐波励磁的特殊性加大了功率控制难度。在控制环节中适当加入补偿环节是解决系统稳定性的关键。     

Implementation of a Highly Reliable Hybrid Electric Scooter Drive

In contrast to hybrid electric cars (HECs), the issues concerning cost, volume, and reliability are even more rigorous when developing hybrid electric scooters (HESs). Therefore, the drive topology and control strategy used in HEC cannot be applied to HES directly. This paper presents a single-stage bidirectional dc/ac converter based on a general full-bridge inverter. The converter is designed for a low-voltage brushless dc motor/alternator (BLDCM/A) used in HESs, in which the additional bulky inductor and power switches are eliminated in the proposed design. In order to increase the reliability of the commutation process, a cost-effective sensorless control scheme for the motor and alternator commutation is developed. The commutation signals are extracted directly from the average terminal voltages, in which the motor neutral voltage, multistage analog Alters, analog-to-digital converters, and the complex digital phase-shift (delay) circuits are eliminated. In addition, instead of using the complex flux- weakening control technique, the winding-changeover technique is exploited to extend the range of the operating speed. With attractive features, such as low cost and ease of implementation, the proposed approach is particularly suitable for electric bikes, electric scooters, HESs, etc. Theoretical analysis and several experiments are conducted to justify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

浅谈柴油发电机组发电机部分的保护

对于工作电压小于或等于600V的柴油发电机组,其发电机部分必须具备短路和过我保护措施。但是许多普通的保护设备难以起到满意的效果。文章讨论了北美标准中有关发电机保护的要求,各种保护设备的性能,并推荐一些优化发电机保护的方法。     

Electric drive subsystem for a low-storage requirement hybridelectric vehicle

Integrating an electric machine drive system into the powertrain of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) represents a challenging exercise in packaging complex electromechanical and power electronic subsystems. The Ford combined alternator starter (FCAS) and its attendant power and control electronics are physically partitioned because power electronics has not yet evolved to the stage in which fully packaged drives can be realized. A similar situation exists for the control and sensor subsystems necessary for a fully functional high-performance drive. Hardware partitioning requires that more attention be given to installation issues and to mitigating system interactions. The FCAS system consists of an integrated starter/alternator (S/A), an S/A module (SAM), and a vehicle electrical infrastructure that can support the power and energy levels demanded. Our field experience with the FCAS system is presented along with test results obtained from vehicle operation     

Switched reluctance generators and their control

This paper discusses how the switched reluctance generator (SRG) converts energy as directed by a controller. Beginning with a review of the electromechanics of generation, the paper identifies the implications of the energy conversion process on how the SRG is controlled. The structure of the SRG controller for speed-control and power-control applications is discussed. Practical implementation details for commutation of the SRG are reviewed. Concepts are illustrated with a 6-kW SRG designed to serve as a starter/alternator in automotive applications     

Hybrid electric transit bus pollutes less, conserves fuel

This true low-floor bus prototype has the performance of a conventional diesel-powered vehicle with hardly any fumes. The authors discuss the design of this series hybrid bus, and in particular the propulsion system. Four independent AC drives, one integrated into each driven wheel, are used. They are powered by a battery assisted auxiliary power unit consisting of a downsized heat engine coupled to an alternator. The authors describe the tests carried out on this bus     

Generator Operation of a Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator at Extended Speeds

Switched reluctance (SR) drive systems are a candidate technology for electric vehicle applications, particularly where a high degree of component integration is required within a thermally demanding environment-typical of engine-mounted power-assist solutions. This paper discusses the design, prototype realization, and test validation of an SR machine for a mild-hybrid power-assist starter/alternator application that has performance requirements of both high starting torque and a wide speed range at full power. While a number of papers on SR machine design for automotive starter/alternator applications have been published, a comprehensive case study discussing the design and application issues has not been published. This paper focuses on the impact of the performance requirements and volumetric and environmental constraints on the machine design. It is shown that a higher number of stator and rotor poles is more appropriate for the utilization of the available active volume. While various operation and fault scenarios have been presented for SR drive systems, this paper also discusses test observations that suggest the potential for the transient self-excitation of the SR generator via residual magnetization of the machine rotor-a fault scenario that has only been briefly reported on.     

Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in Train-Lighting Brushless Alternators With Static Eccentricity

Frequent breakdowns due to broken shafts in three-phase inductor-type brushless alternators that are used in railway coaches for supplying loads like lights and fans and for charging the coach battery have been reported by the Indian Railways. These failures, besides other mechanical reasons, can be attributed to unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) due to rotor eccentricity. Accurate calculation of the UMP has always proved difficult due to the inability of machine models to cope with air-gap variations. Hence, analytical closed-form expressions are developed in this paper for the calculation of the UMP and for axial flux, considering various rotor positions. The rotor skew and conical motions of the rotor are also taken into account. A 2-D finite-element method is also proposed for the analysis, for the sake of comparison of results. Furthermore, this paper describes a simple method for detecting even a slight rotor asymmetry on the basis of the generated voltage harmonic pattern, which, on further analysis, illustrates how rotor eccentricity can be identified in the alternator for condition-monitoring techniques.     

Transoceanic radio communication

The paper defines the state of the art of today which is the result of developments during the war. Transatlantic radio communication is at present maintained by five first class stations, two in America and three in Europe. These stations operate at wave lengths between 12,500 and 17,000 meters. The range of wave lengths suited for such traffic is rather limited, the desirable wave length being included between the limits of 10,000 to 20,000 meters. New developments indicate three methods for increasing the radio traffic without interference between the different messages. These methods are increase of the transmitting speed, closer spacing of wave lengths and directive reception. If these technical possibilities are intelligently used, the author predicts that radio communication will be equal to all demands that will be placed upon it. The second part of the paper describes the radio transmitting system for the development of which the author is responsible. This system is represented by the naval radio station, New Brunswick, N. J. and comprises new means for generating modulating, and radiating the continuous wave energy. The generator is the high-frequency alternator with which the author's name has become associated. The modulating system is the "magnetic amplifier" which is described in a paper by the author before the Institute of Radio Engineers. The "multiple antenna" system of radiation is described in this paper for the first time. The general theory and figures for the increased radiation efficiency are given. The author also predicts that the multiple antenna will make possible directive radiation on a large scale.     

Consumer applications of power semiconductors

Power semiconductors--transistors, thyristors, and rectifiers --all have found widespread application in the three major consumer markets --automotive, entertainment, appliance. These devices have been developed to provide low-cost solutions to existing needs. In the mid-1950's, the germanium power transistor, as used in hybrid auto radio sets, was the sole power semiconductor represented in a consumer application. It was soon joined by rectifiers designed for power supply use in line operated television sets. Near the turn of the decade, the development of press-fit alternator rectifiers created a completely new consumer use. Today these devices in only slightly modified form are used for the original application as well as a host of allied uses. Recently, power thyristors expressly designed for appliance controls have opened up entirely new concepts in this market area. Upwards of 200 million [1] power semiconductors are used in consumer applications each year. As technology progresses, indications are that this market will more than double in the next few years as TRIAC [2], [3] and QUADRAC open new appliance markets, as high-voltage power transistors phase into television, and as alternator regulators switch to large area integrated circuitry. Whether the market is automotive, appliance, or entertainment, and whether the application is audio, phase control, or switching, the penetration of power semiconductors into consumer use has followed a history of applying advanced device technology directly to a market opportunity. The successes have always been the result of providing lower costs, a better way, or in adding value to the consumer product. This paper will discuss the features of consumer power devices and their applications that make them different from their predecessors.     

车用LIN控制交流发电机稳压器TC80310

TC80310是飞思卡尔半导体公司推出的一款汽车专用单片式交流发电机稳压器集成电路（IC）.与其以往稳压器产品相比,保留了负载响应控制（LRC）功能,特别地集成了本地互联网络（LIN）.使汽车引擎控制单元（ECU）可以通过LIN调节励磁电流和LRC速率等参数,控制发电机的输出电压.独特的自启动工作模式可以使电机作为启动发电一体机,并应用在汽车启停系统上.     

一种单片式CMOS汽车电子调节器

基于BiCMOS工艺下研制一种单片式多功能集成电路汽车电子电压调节器。采用具有温度补偿特性的基准电压源代替稳压二极管来提供交流发电机输出取样电压。调节器设计成单片CMOS集成方式,减小了调节器的体积,使其可以和交流发电机制作在一起,提升了调节器的稳定性,提高了整车供电质量,有效延长了汽车电子设备的使用寿命。Spice仿真结果表明,该芯片完全达到所要求的技术指标。     

A Direct-Flux-Vector-Controlled Induction Generator With Space-Vector Modulation for Integrated Starter Alternator

A direct-flux-vector-controlled scheme of induction generator has been proposed in this paper for future 42-V automobile application. The fundamental relationship between the rotating speed of the stator flux vector and torque is analyzed. A simple structure with only one proportional-integral (PI) controller is shown to implement the torque and flux controls adequately. By controlling the electromagnetic torque of the induction machine, the required dc-bus voltage can be well regulated within the 42-V PowerNet specifications. Fixed switching frequency and low torque ripple are obtained with space-vector modulation technique. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme provides a practical solution for an integrated starter alternator other than the widely applied field-oriented- control scheme.     

A Seamless Mode Transfer Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller For Thermoelectric Generator Applications

A boost-cascaded-with-buck converter-based power conditioning system employing a seamless mode transfer maximum power point tracking controller is proposed to maximize energy production of a thermoelectric generator while balancing a vehicle battery, alternator output power, and vehicle load. When a vehicle battery is fully charged, the proposed controller switches to a power matching mode seamlessly by a dual loop control system, which detects the input and output voltages and currents of the boost-cascaded-with-buck converter, and adjusts the commands accordingly. Both voltage and current loops are designed in a frequency domain using small signal models to ensure stable operation. A mode selection and voltage and current commands are determined by a digital signal processor-based controller. The experimental results with a dynamic source and load steps are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.      

Wind of change [gas turbine based CHP]

Innovations in gas turbine technology are promising to transform the business case for small CHP schemes. The author reports on one UK company's perspective of this new market. The company is Southampton-based Bowman Power Systems which has a number of pre-production machines in the 40 to 80 kWe range and is planning the commercial release of its 80 kWe system for the third quarter of 2000. Bowmen has concentrated its development efforts on the electrical components, i.e. the alternator and the power conditioner, relying on a bought in turbine supplied by US-based Elliott Energy Systems. Cogeneration is central to Bowman's marketing approach. The importance of cogeneration is reflected in a distinctive feature of the Bowman design, whereby the heat output can be varied by altering the degree of pre-heating of the delivery air