PS／P（BA－BOA）核壳乳液的研究

以丁氧基甲基丙烯酰胺（ＢＯＡ）为活性单体，采用种子乳液聚合法制备了ＰＳ／Ｐ（ＢＡ－ＢＯＡ）核壳型复合乳液，用透射电子显微镜观察了乳液粒子的微观形态，探讨了聚合方式等对微观结构的影响，对乳液的稳定性以及乳液膜的力学性能进行了测试，考察了聚合方式对乳液性能的影响。     

Al2O3/6-6-3青铜复合材料的制备及性能

采用粉末冶金法制备出Al₂O₃/青铜复合材料, 研究了烧结温度、Al₂O₃颗粒尺寸、含量及表面状态对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明, 采用二次压制与烧结工艺制备的复合材料的组织致密,Al₂O₃颗粒分布均匀, 综合性能优于6-6-3青铜材料。Al₂O₃颗粒的化学包覆处理可以使复合材料的性能进一步提高。      

Microstructure and fracture toughness of nickel particle toughened alumina matrix composites

Al₂O₃-Ni composite materials have been made by a hot pressing technique. Two composite microstructures, i.e. a dispersive distribution of nickel particles and a network distribution of nickel particles in an alumina matrix, have been produced. The fracture toughness of the composite materials has been measured by a double cantilever beam method. Both composites are tougher than the virgin alumina matrix. The fracture toughness of the composite with a network microstructure is much higher and has a more desirable R-curve behaviour than the composite with a microstructure of dispersed particles. For the particulate dispersion microstructure, the main limitation to toughening is the lack of plastic deformation of the ductile nickel due to the pull out of nickel particles, indicating weak bonding at the Al₂O₃/Ni interface. For the network microstructure composite, the gauge length of the ductile phase is much larger, allowing the ductile nickel to stretch to failure between the crack faces. A large extent of nickel plastic deformation has been observed, and the weak bonding at the Al₂O₃/Ni interface can promote partial debonding and contribute further to toughening.     

Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of a particulate reinforced steel for structural applications

Abstract

Low density, high modulus, and potentially improved wear resistance are the major benefits of a ferrous composite material. A BS S.156 (4%NiCrMo)gear steel reinforced with 15 vol.-% titanium diboride particles has been demonstrated for possible high performance structural applications. This composite has been produced by a powder metallurgy/mechanical milling processing route, to give a homogeneous distribution of fine reinforcement particles. The composite tensile strength was 90% of the matrix in the fully heat treated condition, with ductility of up to 6%. However, martensite formation and hence the hardenability was found to be suppressed in the composite. A fatigue study indicated that the titanium diboride particles did not appear to contribute to crack initiation in the composite.     

Characterization of SiO2/Ag composite particles synthesized by in situ reduction and its application in electrically conductive adhesives

In the study, SiO₂/Ag composite particles with silver coating onto the surface of silica have been successfully prepared via a novel and facile approach (Oxidation–Reduction Method). In this approach, the SiO₂ particles were first modified with 3-ammoniatriethoxysilane (APTES) and glyoxalic acid (GA) through two-step reaction, the aldehyde group (CHO) were anchored onto the surfaces of silica spheres via electrostatic attraction, these [Ag(TEA)₂]⁺ ions in the solution were then reduced by the CHO and coated onto the surface of silica to obtain SiO₂/Ag composite particles. The effects of the reaction conditions on silver content and synthetic mechanism had also been discussed. The structure, morphology and optical properties of the SiO₂/Ag composite particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The results showed the surface of SiO₂ was surrounded by pure silver nanoparticles, and the silver nanoparticles had face-centered-cubic structure, the SiO₂/Ag composite particles with core–shell morphology and special optical properties. And the small content SiO₂/Ag composite particles applied in electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) improved the electrical bulk resistivity and tensile shear strength.     

Preparation and characterization of glass composite using metal particles coated with semiconductive SnO2 fine particles obtained via sol—gel method

SnO₂—glass composites are promising materials for nitrogen-fireable thick film resistor systems. However, the SnO₂—glass composite has many undesirable properties which should be improved for industrial application, such as a high electrical resistivity and a large negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance. This work was undertaken to make a survey of the methods for improvement in the electrical properties of the SnO₂—glass composites. The effect of the addition of Cu particles, with a large positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance, on the electrical properties of SnO₂—glass composites has been investigated. Cu particles have been coated with semiconductive SnO₂ fine particles by hydrolysing tin and antimony ethoxides then firing. The coated particles have been applied as conductive components in the glass composite. Using SnO₂-coated Cu particles, Cu and SnO₂ particles are homogeneously dispersed in a glass matrix, and the electrical properties of the glass composites largely depend on the volume fraction of Cu in the glass composite. The volume fraction of Cu in the glass composite is determined by a Cu/SnO₂ volume ratio in the coated particles. From the experimental evidence, it is thought feasible to produce the glass composite having well-controlled electrical properties by the suitable selection of the Cu/SnO₂ ratio in the coated particles. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite films for electrooxidation of methanol

Polyaniline (PANI)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) composite films were fabricated by electropolymerization of aniline containing well-dissolved MWNTs. The films can be used as catalyst supports for electro-oxidation of methanol. Cyclic voltammogram and Chronoamperogram results show that platinum particles deposited on PANI/MWNT composite films exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation than that deposited on pure PANI films. The porous structure and electrical conductivity of PANI films has been significantly changed by introduction of MWNTs, higher surface areas of PANI/MWNT composites has been achieved therefore. It favors for platinum particles to be highly dispersed on the PANI/MWNT composite films and the better electrocatalytic activity of Pt/PANI/MWNT electrode is induced consequently.     

Thermal conductivity of graphite flakes–SiC particles/metal composites

A new family of high thermal conductivity composites, produced through infiltration of a metallic alloy into preforms of mixtures of graphite flakes and either ceramic or carbon materials (in the form of particles or short fibers), has been recently developed. Composites microstructure roughly consists of alternating layers of flakes and metal-particles composite. The present work focuses on graphite flakes–SiC particles/Al–12 wt%Si composites. The effects that the relative amounts of the components, as well as the average diameter of SiC particles (varied over the range 13–170 μm), have on the thermal conductivity are investigated. The experimental results are analyzed by means of two model microstructures: (i) alternating layers of flakes and metal-particle composite, and, (ii) oriented discs (graphite flakes) randomly distributed in a metal-particle composite matrix. Fitting experimental data by means of these model microstructures leads to reasonable values of the thermal conductivity of graphite flakes along the transversal and longitudinal directions.     

高性能锂离子电池SiO/C/G复合负极材料研究

以一氧化硅、蔗糖及天然石墨为原料, 通过高能球磨和热解工艺制备了电化学性能优异的SiO/C/G复合负极材料。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的物相和形貌进行了表征。所制备的复合材料中, 纳米SiO颗粒(＜50 nm＝被无定形碳粘结并均匀分散在石墨鳞片上。电化学性能测试表明, 该复合材料100次循环后, 可逆容量高达1108.9 mAh/g, 容量保持率为103.8%。优异的电化学性能主要归因于纳米SiO颗粒在无定形碳基体中的均匀分布、无定形碳基体的缓冲作用和石墨相对复合材料导电性能的改善。     

磷钨酸/磺化聚芳醚酮砜复合型高温燃料电池用质子交换膜

为了满足高温质子交换膜燃料电池使用要求,采用溶液铺膜法制备了磺化聚芳醚酮砜(SPAEEKS)与磷钨酸(HPA)复合型质子交换膜。红外光谱证明磷钨酸中的桥氧原子和端氧原子与磺酸基团形成了强烈的相互作用。扫描电镜照片显示磷钨酸粒子能够均匀地分散在聚合物的基体中。磷钨酸的引入提高了复合膜的热稳定性 ,含有 30wt%HPA、SPAEEKS磺化度为0.8的复合膜(HPA30/SPAEEKS-0.8)的玻璃化转变温度达到236℃,质量损失5%时的热分解温度达到了299℃。在相同测试条件下,HPA30/ SPAEEKS-1. 0在80℃时质子传导率高于Nafion 117,而且在120℃ 达到了0.098S/cm。结果表明,HPA30/SPAEEKS-1. 0 有望在高温质子交换膜燃料电池中得到应用。     

Structure and properties of boron/aluminium composites

The influence of heat treatment on the structure and strength of boron/aluminium composites has been studied. Matrix material around a fibre is assumed to be hardened by dispersed particles of boron-containing compounds, presumably magnesium borides. Such a material is expected to have higher yield strength and greater brittleness compared to the original matrix material. A fibre and its surrounding zone is a prospective site of microcracking under loading. These zones grow as heat treatment proceeds. When neighbouring zones become linked to each other, the size of a possible brittle microcrack is doubled and a fall in the composite strength follows. A corresponding microstructural model of the composite failure is constructed.

Without having direct observation of magnesium borides, the model of composite behaviour is supported by (i) dependence of the composite strength on the size of the influence zone; (ii) dependence of the strength on the effective time, the latter being determined by the activation energy of magnesium diffusion in aluminium; (iii) observation of failure surfaces of composites subjected to various heat treatments; and (iv) a correlation of changes of matrix state detected by changes in X-ray diffraction patterns with a hypothetical picture of the development of the influence zones.     

A study of apatite formation on natural nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite in simulated body fluid

This study is focused on the ability of apatite formation on the surface of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/chitosan (CH) composite in simulated body fluid (SBF) in vitro. At first, natural nano-HA was prepared according to a wet-balling method and the composite was prepared by combining the natural nano-hydroxyapatite and chitosan, and then in vitro biomineralization test of natural nano-HA/CH composite was carried out in standard SBF. Subsequently, the quantity of the weight of the particles formed on the composite surface in SBF was measured by analytical balance, and the morphology change on the surface of the composite was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Lastly, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) was used to investigate the chemical components of the particles formed on the natural nano-HA/CH composite surface in SBF. The result of quantity assessment shows that the weight of the composite increased with the increase of soaking time. The SEM image shows that the particles were gradually formed on natural nano-HA/CH composite surface, and the FTIR spectrum of the particles on composite surface confirms that these particles were carbonate apatite. This study indicates that the nano-HA/CH composite has a good ability for apatite formation in SBF, which predicts the bone-inducing ability of natural nano-HA/CH composite in vivo.     

The diamond-tungsten carbide polycrystalline composite material

The sintering of a diamond composite from diamond and tungsten powders of submicron and nanosizes at high pressure and temperature has been discussed. It has been shown that as a result of the diamond and tungsten interaction tungsten carbide particles, which are chemically bonded to diamond particles, form in spaces between them. Over the whole volume of the composite the structure has been observed, where tungsten carbide and diamond grains are regularly placed and are uniform in size. An addition of a coarse diamond component to the composite has been found to contribute to an increase of the composite wear resistance. The optimal sintering parameters and formulation of this composite have been defined.     

Comparison of magnetic-nanometer titanium dioxide/ferriferous oxide (TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>) composite photocatalyst prepared by acid–sol and homogeneous precipitation methods

Novel magnetic-nanometer titanium dioxide/ferriferous oxide (TiO₂/Fe₃O₄) composite photocatalyst was prepared using acid–sol and homogenous precipitation methods. The photocatalyst particle was made of a Fe₃O₄ core covered with nanocrystal anatase TiO₂, without a high-temperature heat-treatment step. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis measurements, and ultraviolet spectrum. The results suggested that titania was mainly presented as anatase and Fe₃O₄ did not appear on the surface of the composite particles when the molar ratio of TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ increased to 20:1 in the acid–sol method, but 5:1 in the homogeneous precipitin method. The size of the crystal was ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 nm prepared by both methods. In the catalytic test, the composite particles, which were prepared by acid–sol, had higher catalytic activity than that prepared by homogenous precipitation method due to the size difference of the composite particles.     

A study of apatite formation on natural nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan composite in simulated body fluid

This study is focused on the ability of apatite formation on the surface of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/chitosan (CH) composite in simulated body fluid (SBF) in vitro. At first, natural nano-HA was prepared according to a wet-balling method and the composite was prepared by combining the natural nano-hydroxyapatite and chitosan, and then in vitro biomineralization test of natural nano-HA/CH composite was carried out in standard SBF. Subsequently, the quantity of the weight of the particles formed on the composite surface in SBF was measured by analytical balance, and the morphology change on the surface of the composite was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Lastly, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) was used to investigate the chemical components of the particles formed on the natural nano-HA/CH composite surface in SBF. The result of quantity assessment shows that the weight of the composite increased with the increase of soaking time. The SEM image shows that the particles were gradually formed on natural nano-HA/CH composite surface, and the FTIR spectrum of the particles on composite surface confirms that these particles were carbonate apatite. This study indicates that the nano-HA/CH composite has a good ability for apatite formation in SBF, which predicts the bone-inducing ability of natural nano-HA/CH composite in vivo.     

Effect of SiC particles on fatigue crack propagation in SiC/Al composites

Fatigue crack propagation has been studied in two SiC particulate-reinforced aluminium-matrix composites with differing matrix alloys and composite heat treatments. Results indicate that the fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR) of aged SiC/LY12 Al composites decreases with increasing volume fraction (V_f) of SiC particles; for composites containing 15 volume % SiC particles in an LY12 Al matrix the FCPR is independent of heat treatment (ageing or annealing). Annealed SiC/5083 Al composite has a higher FCPR than annealed SiC/LY12 AI. The influence of SiC particles on crack path is briefly discussed.     

Solventless-mixing layering using a high shear mixer for preparing drug pellets: A feasibility study using acetaminophen

Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of mechanical-mixing layering using a high shear mixer, which can produce drug pellets by simply mixing drug crystals and inactive seed particles without the need for solvents or binders. Acetaminophen crystals and microcrystalline cellulose spheres were mechanically mixed using various impeller speeds and the resulting composite particles were characterized. Acetaminophen particles were separated from the spheres using a low impeller speed and deposited on the surface of the spheres at a higher impeller speed. The diameter of the acetaminophen crystals in the composite particles decreased as the impeller speed increased, due to increased collision impact between the spheres. The correlation between drug content and drug particle diameter in the composites indicates that acetaminophen particles were layered on the cellulose spheres due to their pulverization during the mixing treatment. We examined additional mixing treatments to enhance drug loading: after mechanically mixing acetaminophen crystals and cellulose spheres, fresh acetaminophen crystals were added and mechanically mixed with the composite particles. Additional mixing increased the loading of acetaminophen particles without lowering the layering efficiency. In conclusion, mechanical-mixing layering can be accomplished using a high shear mixer.     

三基色镍基自敏复合涂层的制备及其性能研究

检测耐腐蚀涂层在腐蚀环境下的完整性, 对预测涂层工作寿命至关重要。通过电化学沉积法成功地将三基色无机荧光颗粒: BaMgAl₁₁O₁₇: Eu²⁺(蓝粉), Y₂O₃: Eu³⁺(红粉), CeMgAl₁₁O₁₉: Tb³⁺(绿粉)与金属镍复合, 在瓦特光亮镀镍浴中沉积出具有三基色指示功能的镍基自敏复合涂层。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、表面轮廓仪、维氏硬度计、荧光发射光谱和电化学测试手段分别对涂层组织形貌结构、润湿性、沉积率、硬度、发光性能及自敏性能进行了检测, 结果表明, 阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)可以有效提高三基色荧光粒子沉积率。三种荧光粒子与金属镍之间表现出不同的润湿性和匹配性, 使得其在镍基复合涂层中具有不同的作用: Y₂O₃: Eu³⁺荧光粒子改变了涂层结晶取向, 且使晶粒细化, BaMgAl₁₁O₁₇: Eu²⁺使涂层组织呈现节瘤状, Y₂O₃: Eu³⁺和CeMgAl₁₁O₁₉: Tb³⁺粒子明显提高了涂层硬度。三基色荧光粒子在腐蚀前后表现出不同的发光特性, 可以有效指示出涂层工作周期内的完整性, 起到良好的自敏检测作用。     

Dry sliding wear behaviour of fly ash particles reinforced AA 2024 composites

AA 2024 alloy has been melted and cast in a permanent cast iron mould in the form of 18 mm ?? fingers. The synthesis of AA2024 alloy ? 5wt.% fly ash composite was made by stir cast technique. A uniform distribution of fly ash particles in the matrix phase was obtained. Good bonding between the matrix and reinforcement was also achieved. Dry sliding wear behavior of the alloy and the composite has been investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester. The investigation was carried out at a fixed sliding velocity of 2.0 m/s, track diameter of 60 mm and load ranging from 0.5 kgf to 1.5 kgf (4.9?C14.7 N). SEM studies were carried out to assess the wear behavior of the alloy and the composite. The composite showed better wear resistance than the base alloy for the lower loads. However, for the higher loads and longer sliding distances, the wear in the composite was extensive due to the existence of fractured and dislodged fly ash particles in the alloy matrix.     

明胶-铁氧化物纳米复合微粒的制备和性能

用微乳液法制备了明胶包裹的复合氧化铁纳米量级超细微粒。XRD,TEM,SEM和IR测试表明:微粒为明胶包裹球形超细微粒。微球的粒径为1.5 μm~3 μm,而微粒的粒径为20 nm。每个复合微球中约有35个~90个氧化铁粒子。该复合微粒的比饱和磁化强度σ_s=62Am2/kg,矫顽力Hc=187 Oe,剩磁r=10.18Am2/kg,具有硬磁体的性质。将其用于制备磁流变液,在低的磁场强度下有较大的MR效应,沉降稳定性优于用羰基铁粉制成的磁流变液。