燃用生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的燃烧及排放特性

为得到燃用生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的燃烧和排放特性,建立了燃烧模拟实验台,进行了一次风量及二次风量不同配比、不同位置及不同料层厚度等参数对燃烧和排放性能影响的实验,为生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的设计提供了可靠的依据。样机测试和实际应用表明,此形式生物质锅炉高效节能、洁净燃烧、大气污染物排放量低,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NO _x , CO and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research. The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel (diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads. The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads. However, it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency, resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NO _x emissions. CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%, respectively. The NO _x emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.     

Numerical studies of stepwise radial fuel shuffling in a traveling wave reactor

The concept of travelling wave reactor(TWR)applies the mechanism of self-sustaining and propagating nuclear fission travelling waves in fertile media of 238U and 232Th to achieve very high fuel utilization.Based on this concept,a stepwise radial fuel shuffling strategy was proposed and applied to a sodium-cooled fast reactor(SFR)loading metallic 238U fuel.The multi-group deterministic neutronic code ERANOS with JEFF3.1 data library was used as a basic tool to perform the neutronics and burnup calculations.The inward fuel shuffling calculations were first performed in a 1-D cylindrical case for parametric understanding,and then extended to a 2-D R-Z case.The shuffling calculations for the 1-D and 2-D SFR model yielded some interesting results.The asymptotic keff varied parabolically with the characteristic fluence,while the burnup increased linearly.The highest burnup achieved in 2-D case was 38%.The power peak shifted from the fuel outlet side(core centre)to the fuel inlet side(core periphery)in both 1-D and 2-D cases and the corresponding peaking factor decreased dramatically along with the characteristic fluence.The present research demonstrated that the proposed stepwise radial fuel shuffling in the sodium fast reactor achieved the characteristics of the traveling wave reactor.     

神经网络在船舶柴油机NOx排放特性预测中的应用

为了预测船舶柴油机N0x排放特性,从初始权值的选取及学习率动态优化对BP算法进行了改进,通过改进的均匀试验设计法,对少量具有代表性、易于测试的工况进行N0x排放测试,利用BP神经网络建立了船舶柴油机NOx排放特性预测模型并进行了计算,与实测的4种工况进行比较.结果表明,第1工况的N0x排放浓度相对误差为3.7%,N0x比排放的相对误差为4.3%,而其他各工况的N0x排放浓度相对误差在2.4%以内,NOx比排放相对误差在2.9%以内.因此,该模型预测精度较高,与试验结果吻合良好,能有效地预测船舶柴油机N0x排放特性.     

燃料十六烷值对小型柴油机排放特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,试验研究了燃料着火性对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下排放特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在稳态工况下,随着燃料十六烷值的增大,滞燃期缩短,HC、NOx排放降低,消光烟度增加;在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况,随着十六烷值的增大,烟度排放恶化,NOx排放降低。综合考虑消光烟度和NOx排放,存在一个最佳十六烷值。对于排气烟度,燃料十六烷值存在2个界限,当十六烷值小于50或大于60时,对消光烟度影响明显加剧。     

甲醇含量对二甲醚发动机性能和排放的影响

通过在纯二甲醚中掺混甲醇,研究燃料成分中甲醇含量的变化对二甲醚发动机性能和排放的影响。结果表明,随着甲醇含量的增加,二甲醚发动机的燃油消耗率增大、排气温度升高,HC、CO等气体排放增加, NO x 排放减少,发动机低负荷运行时影响更为显著;当甲醇含量高于3％时,二甲醚发动机 HC排放显著增大,从发动机性能和尾气排放方面综合考虑,车用二甲醚燃料成分中甲醇含量以不高于3％为宜。     

商业尺寸质子交换膜燃料电池性能实验研究

实验测试了不同电池操作温度和反应气加湿温度下,反应面积为256 cm2商用质子交换膜燃料电池的性能,通过对极化曲线的测量,重点分析了操作温度与加湿温度对不同厚度质子膜含水量及电池阴极水泛滥的影响.结果表明,质子膜含水量及阴极液态水移除主要取决于加湿温度和操作温度的最佳匹配.当操作温度低于加湿温度时,电池性能随操作温度升...     

过贫当量比下贫预混旋流燃烧室点火燃烧特性

为确保贫预混旋流燃烧室能在过贫当量比条件下具有良好的点火性能,基于不同的点火燃料比,对贫预混旋流燃烧室在过贫当量比为0.013~0.502条件下的点火燃烧特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:在点火燃料比为10%、15%和20%条件下,贫预混旋流燃烧室能够分别在当量比区间为0.063~0.251、0.042~0.377和0.050~0.502内成功点火,并通过实验结果拟合计算出最小点火当量比分别为0.063、0.039和0.011;而燃烧室在点火燃料比为5%条件下均点火失败;随着当量比的减小,由于空气流量的增加而导致燃烧室出口温升逐渐减小,燃烧室烟气排放中CH4和CO浓度增加,燃烧效率也随之降低;虽然燃烧室在高点火燃料比时能够在更贫的当量比条件下点火成功,但由于过多的空气流量而导致燃烧室燃烧效率降低和污染物排放增多.保持一定的点火燃料流量对贫预混旋流燃烧室在过贫当量比条件下高效快速启动十分有利.     

O2/CO2气氛下O2,CO对NO排放特性影响的实验研究

在气体煤粉携带炉试验系统上,对O2/CO2气氛和空气气氛下煤粉燃烧的NO排放特性进行了研究。实验结果显示,O2/CO2气氛下,烟气中NO沿程和最终浓度比常规煤粉燃烧低1/4~1/3,当O2浓度从21%增加到30%时,NO的最终排放浓度增加到原来的2倍。从理论上对O2/CO2气氛下NOx的生成和破坏机理进行了探讨,分析了O2,CO的浓度对NOx排放特性的影响规律。     

应用电控共轨喷油系统,降低柴油机有害物排放

燃油喷射系统对柴油机有害物的排放有着重要的影响.针对传统燃油喷射系统有害物排放污染环境的问题,分析了有害物生成的原因.根据现代柴油机对燃油喷射系统的要求,结合实例介绍和分析了电控共轨喷油系统的工作原理和工作过程,指出了其优点.在此基础上,提出了应用电控共轨喷油系统是降低柴油机有害物排放的有效措施.     

300MW燃煤锅炉炉内NOx生成与控制的试验研究

控制电力生产过程中NOx生成量的方法主要是分级燃烧.选择国内具有代表性的300 MW燃煤电站锅炉为对象,对锅炉不进行改造,在不同负荷条件下,利用分级燃烧原理,通过炉内优化分级燃烧试验,得出了降低炉内NOx生成的控制参数.额定负荷时,炉内NOx排放浓度在原有基础上降低了22.45%,有效地控制了NOx的排放.     

300 MW燃煤锅炉NOx 排放特性试验研究

以某电厂一台300 MW燃煤锅炉为研究对象,在改变锅炉运行负荷、烟气含氧量、配风方式和磨煤机组合方式等情况下,测定了锅炉尾部烟道NOx排放浓度,分析了锅炉燃烧调整对NOx排放的影响。结果表明:在额定负荷下,NOx排放浓度倒塔配风时最低,正塔配风时最高,且均等配风和倒塔配风的NOx排放浓度与烟气含氧量存在一个最佳点;合理调整磨煤机组合方式可有效降低NOx排放;通过锅炉燃烧调整,在保证机组的安全性和经济性不受较大影响的情况下,大幅度降低NOx排放浓度是可行的。     

燃尽风率变化对电站锅炉NOx排放特性影响的数值模拟

燃尽风率是决定燃尽风技术降低NOx排放量的关键因素.对一300 MW机组四角切圆锅炉炉内煤粉燃烧过程进行了不同燃尽风率条件下的数值模拟.分析研究了燃尽风率对炉内温度、O2、CO浓度分布、 NOx排放特性和飞灰含碳的影响规律.分析结果表明:随着燃尽风率的增加,炉内温度水平会降低,在煤粉燃烧区域氧浓度降低,CO浓度升高,炉内NOx浓度明显下降,炉膛出口NOx排放量线性降低;在燃尽风率为5.5%到8.5%之间时,燃尽风率增大飞灰含碳量降低,当燃尽风率增大到8.5%以上时会引起飞灰含碳量的升高.     

双苯乙烯取代噻咯的合成及聚集态诱导发光

聚集态诱导发光(AIE)材料由于克服了有机发光材料常见的聚集态荧光猝灭现象,提高了固体发光效率而引起了研究者的重视,而噻咯（Silole）是具有AIE性质的环状多烯化合物中最具代表性的一种.实验合成了一种双苯基乙烯取代的含硅杂环化合物1,１二甲基3,4二苯基2,5二苯基乙烯Silole,并利用核磁共振表征了其结构,表明为目标产物.紫外可见分光光度法测试结果表明吸收峰在380 nm处.光致发光测试显示发射峰在420 nm处,并通过改变良溶剂和不良溶剂的比例,测试了目标产物的聚集态诱导发光性质.所选用良溶剂/不良溶剂组分别为二氯甲烷/甲醇（甲苯、水）、四氢呋喃/甲醇（甲苯、水）.结果表明,该化合物在良溶剂中发光微弱,但在聚集态下具有良好的荧光性能,显示出明显的聚集态诱导发光性质.     

双苯乙烯取代噻咯的合成及聚集态诱导发光

聚集态诱导(AIE)发光材料由于克服了有机发光材料常见的聚集态荧光猝灭现象,提高了固体发光效率而引起了研究者的重视,而噻咯（Silole）是具有AIE性质的环状多烯化合物中最具代表性的一种。实验合成了一种双苯基乙烯取代的含硅杂环化合物1,1-二甲基-3,4-二苯基-2,5-二苯基乙烯Silole,并利用核磁共振表征了其结构,表明为目标产物。紫外可见分光光度法测试结果表明吸收峰在380nm处。光致发光测试显示发射峰在420nm处,并通过改变良溶剂和不良溶剂的比例,测试了Silole的聚集态诱导发光性质。所选用良溶剂/不良溶剂组分别为二氯甲烷/甲醇（甲苯、水）、四氢呋喃/甲醇（甲苯、水）。结果表明,该化合物在溶液中发光微弱,但在聚集态下具有良好的荧光性能,显示出明显的聚集态诱导发光性质。     

一种车用燃油加热器燃烧器的流场数值分析

由数值计算分析知：切向进气孔所产生的旋流对锥盖内表面形成冲刷,并影响一级燃烧室内部三层进气孔的进气,其旋流影响贯穿整个燃烧室.一级燃烧室的第一层进气孔所进气流在其燃烧室轴心碰撞翻转,形成锥盖内腔绕轴线分布的轴向涡流,从而加强了锥盖内表面的冲刷卷吸流动.而在一级燃烧室锥形缩口处,因进气分流孔的分流作用,使二级燃烧室的前端形成若干小旋涡,这些小旋涡与锥形缩口处的大旋涡并存,使燃烧室边缘区域的混合得到了强化.锥盖形燃烧器能减少流动死区,有利于油气的充分混合燃烧,从而减少积炭的生成.计算结果与样机试验数据基本吻合.     

Experimental investigation of effects of bio-additives on fuel economy of the gasoline engine

The matter extracted from palm oil was considered as gasoline additive. The effect of various percentages (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) of the bio-additives on fuel economy of SI engine respectively running on prime gasoline, gasoline with known components, ethanol gasoline, and methanol gasoline under typical urban operation condition 2000 r/min was investigated. The results showed that the bio-additives can remarkably improve the fuel economy of SI engine while operating on all kinds of fuel. The optimal ratio of bio-additive to gasoline depends on the fuel used and on the different engine operating conditions. Besides, the experiments of constant volume combustion bomb, analysis of in cylinder processes, the synchrotron radiation and high-temperature friction were conducted to probe into the mechanism of the bio-additive impact on fuel economy. It indicated that the bio-additives can increase the maximum cylinder combustion pressure, improve exhaust emissions and largely reduce the frication coefficient. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50376045)     

LPG双燃料发动机排放性能试验及仿真

为了评价电喷发动机燃用LPG的排放性能,对LPG和93#汽油的常规排放物进行发动机台架试验.试验结果表明：发动机常用工况下,燃用LPG产生的CO、HC和NO均低于燃用93#汽油的排放.为了研究发动机工作参数对排放的影响,应用发动机工作过程软件GT-POWER和化学动力学软件CHEMKIN建立LPG双燃料发动机计算模型,在此基础上对其排放性能进行变参数仿真.仿真结果表明：随着压缩比的升高,NO的排放显著升高;随着空燃比的升高,NO的排放先升高再降低.     

固体与液体燃料化学火用的估计

化学火用是研究先进热力循环中遇到的一个基本参数．由于火用是在可逆循环中定义的,故无法通过实验的方法来测定,必须通过理论分析来计算．鉴于目前文献所推荐的公式比较粗糙,公式的结构也不甚合理．本文利用热力学理论,较严密地导出了一个估计固体和液体燃料化学火用的公式,对于研究先进热力循环有一定帮助     

Study on effect of heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components on in-cylinder NOx emission formation in internal combustion engine

The components of combustion chamber (cylinder head-cylinder liner-piston assembly-oil film) were taken as a coupled body.Based on the three-dimensional heat transfer numerical simulation of the coupled body,a coupled three-dimensional calculation model for in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was built with domain decomposition and boundary coupled method,which implements the coupled three-dimensional simulation of in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components.The model was applied in the influence investigation of the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among combustion chamber components on the generation of in-cylinder emissions:NOx.The results showed that the heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components directly influences the formation of in-cylinder NOx.The main area being influenced was the accessory area on the wall,while the influence on the generation of NOx in the central area couold be omitted.