缺陷岩样的变形局部化及剪切面的反射与折射

平面应变岩样在单方向施加栽荷条件下,采用拉格朗日元法(FLAC)模拟了端面约束对具有初始随机材料缺陷的岩样破坏过程及应力-应变曲线的影响.对于粗糙端面试样,可在试样中部观测到剪切带;靠近试样两端面的弹性区域的形状类似三角形,其高度随着轴向应变的增加而降低,直到达到常数.对于光滑端面情形,未观测到剪切带的停滞及折射现象,而反射现象较常见.对于粗糙端面试样,剪切带不能贯穿试样的两端面;很少观测到反射现象;可见到剪切带的停滞现象;剪切带的折射现象较常见;通常,一条较长的剪切带可以贯通试样;剪切带发生折射之后,其倾角有所降低.粗糙端面时的应力峰值比光滑端面时高.端面约束不同时的峰后刚度及应力峰值所对应的轴向应变没有明确的规律.不同端面条件下,试样中部剪切带花样既有一定的类似性(由于微弱的端面约束与相同的初始随机材料缺陷分布),又有不同的一面(端面约束的不同及两端面附近的剪切带传播至试样中部).     

平面应变含缺陷岩样变形破坏全过程数值模拟

采用拉格朗日元法(FLAC)研究了左边界有缺陷的压缩岩样剪切带的启动及演变规律，峰后本构关系采用线性应变软化模型．计算结果表明，在应力一时步曲线峰值之前，剪切带首先出现在缺陷附近，直到贯通试样右边界；在剪切带传播过程中，塑性区沿切向及法线向外扩展；剪切带内部单元的剪切应变率一时步曲线经历了稳定、线性上升和非线性上升3个阶段．然而，剪切应变增量随时步持续增加．剪切带倾角接近于Arthur倾角，表明数值计算结果是可信的。     

剪胀对岩样全部变形特征的影响

采用FLAC内嵌语言FISH编制了计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数，研究了剪切扩容对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响。在峰值强度之前及之后，岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。分析表明，增加剪胀角使岩样由单一向共轭剪切破坏转变，并使接近Arthur倾角的剪切带倾角增加。剪切带宽度随剪胀角增加，可由基于梯度塑性理论且考虑剪胀后的剪切带宽度公式进行解释。剪胀角增加导致峰值强度及对应的轴向、侧向及体积应变增加。在峰后，由于剪胀引起剪切带条数及宽度增加，因而，轴向应力-轴向及侧向应变曲线软化段都变平缓。剪胀角较高时，岩样可获得更大的侧向变形量及泊松比，甚至是负的体积应变；岩样失稳破坏的前兆更加明显。     

孔隙压力对岩样全部变形特征的影响

目的 研究了孔隙压力对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响．方法 利用FLAC内嵌语言编制的FISH函数计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比．在峰前及峰后，岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型．结果 随着孔隙压力的增加，岩样的破坏区域越来越广泛；剪切带倾角都接近于Arthur倾角；峰值强度及所对应的轴向、体积应变及侧向应变的大小均降低．当孔隙压力较低时，峰后应力-轴向应变曲线及应力-侧向应变曲线软化段斜率基本保持不变，根据单轴压缩条件下的解析解，这是由于岩样的破坏模式不随孔隙压力的增加而改变．结论当孔隙压力较高时，大量的单元发生破坏将消耗较多的能量，这使应力-轴向应变及侧向应变曲线软化段变平缓；岩样在轴向应变较低时就可获得较高的侧向变形量及泊松比，甚至负的体积应变．岩样失稳破坏的前兆的明显程度不随孔隙压力的改变而改变．     

初始内聚力及摩擦角对岩样全部变形特征的影响

目的研究初始内聚力及摩擦角对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响.方法采用FLAC内嵌语言FISH编制了计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数.在峰值强度之前及之后,岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型.结果随着初始内聚力及摩擦角的增加,破坏模式由复杂向简单剪切破坏转变;发生破坏的单元数目降低;剪切带倾角增加;轴向应力的峰值强度及所对应的轴向、侧向应变的绝对值降低,岩样可以达到的最小体积增加.峰后的轴向应力-轴向应变曲线、轴向应力-侧向应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、泊松比-轴向应变曲线及体积应变-轴向应变曲线的斜率几乎不受初始内聚力及摩擦角的影响.但是,当初始内聚力及摩擦角最小时,5种峰后曲线略显平缓,这是由于发生破坏的单元数目最多及剪切带的倾角最低.结论剪切带倾角更接近Arthur倾角,说明了数值结果是可信的.岩样失稳破坏的前兆不随着初始内聚力及摩擦角的降低或增加而改变.     

岩石材料局部化渐进剪切破坏特性及模型分析

为研究岩石材料局部化渐进剪切破坏过程和机制,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机,对典型岩样进行三轴压缩试验,分析了岩石全应力应变过程,重点探讨应力软化、残余应力稳定2个峰后阶段,研究了岩石的破坏形式及机理.结果表明,应力在峰后阶段呈现渐进式跌落,并逐渐趋于稳定而达到残余强度.同时,基于局部化剪切带的形成过程,依据岩石应变软化机制,构建能模拟岩石渐进剪切破坏的力学模型.最后,对所建立的模型进行试验验证,模型计算与试验结果吻合较好,证明了该模型的合理性.     

双轴压缩试验中砂土剪切带形成的离散元模拟分析

采用离散单元法软件PFC2D模拟了大量砂土试样双轴试验,分析了砂土剪切带形成机理及发展过程,并通过研究试样剪切带内外应力-应变关系及孔隙比、平均接触数及配位数等参数的变化情况,研究了带内外宏微观性质的差异。研究表明:砂土剪切带的形成过程即为试样内部应变局部化过程,也为试样内部平均转动率(averaged pure rotation rate, APR)的局部化;剪切带开始形成点也为试样剪缩、剪胀分界点;剪切带内外各宏微观参数变化规律上存在明显的差异,主要表现为近剪切带位置土体及带内土表现为应变软化现象,而距带中心较远土体应力应变关系曲线出现‘回滞圈’现象;带内变形量明显大于带外,且带内较带外松散。     

不同围压下松软煤体力学特性与能量演化规律

为揭示滇东矿区松软煤体在加载破坏过程中的力学特性和能量演化规律，基于MTS815.03岩石力学实验系统对原煤试样进行不同围压条件下的三轴压缩实验。结果表明：煤样的峰值应力、弹性模量与围压存在指数函数关系；峰值应变、泊松比随围压呈线性增加；围压效应使煤样的破坏从延塑性向脆性转变，破坏模式由局部剪切形态向整体劈裂形态发展；围压对煤样变形破坏过程中能量演化影响显著。随着围压的增大，极限弹性能与峰值总能量均呈近似线性增加，积聚的极限弹性能对煤样的破坏起重要作用，宏观表现为高围压条件下煤样破坏较低围压剧烈。     

南京粉砂三轴压缩过程中的三维孔隙结构演化特征

砂土三轴剪切过程中细观孔隙结构演化与其宏观力学性质之间存在着紧密联系。基于南京大学自主研发的微型三轴仪,对南京粉砂试样进行了三轴剪切试验,利用显微CT扫描,获得了加载过程中试样的三维孔隙结构演化特征。结果表明:试样表现出应变软化-硬化型的应力-应变关系曲线;端部摩擦阻碍试样体积膨胀,发生鼓形区状破坏;试样整体体孔隙率从初始的46.3%减小到40.9%,后增大到43.0%附近,且试样破坏区孔隙率显著增大;统计区状破坏区表征单元体孔隙参数,发现破坏前孔隙被压密消失,孔隙数量减少32.4%,平均孔隙半径减小48.8%,导致孔隙半径分布趋于集中,破坏后破坏区域内出现大量大半径的孔隙;颗粒间错动导致颗粒棱角破碎,使孔隙形状趋于规则。     

节理倾角对单节理岩样变形破坏影响的数值模拟

采用FLAC模拟了节理倾角对各向异性岩样峰值强度、力学行为及剪切带图案的影响。节理由实体单元模拟。对于节理之外的岩石,采用莫尔库仑与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,峰后本构关系选择线性应变软化模型;对于节理,采用理想弹塑性的莫尔库仑准则。结果表明,无节理密实岩石的峰值强度最高。节理岩样的剪切应变或集中在节理上,或集中在新剪切带上,峰值强度随节理倾角而改变。新剪切带启动于节理的端部,然后沿其固有方向传播。当节理倾角适中时,节理岩样的峰值强度较低,岩样的行为受控于节理。当节理倾角较高或较低时,可观测到应变软化行为。若节理倾角较低,新剪切带的长度随节理倾角的降低而增加,这导致了陡峭的峰后应力-应变曲线。若节理倾角较高,由于节理倾角对新剪切带的厚度和倾角几乎没有影响,因此,峰后斜率不依赖于节理倾角。     

Shear stress distribution and characteristics of deformation for shear band-elastic body system at pre-peak and post-peak

The distributed shear stress and the displacement across shear band, the evolution of plastic zones, and the load-carrying capacity of rock specimen were investigated in plane strain direct shear test according to Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua （FLAC）. And then the shear displacement distribution in normal direction of system composed of localized shear band and elastic rock was analyzed based on gradient-dependent plasticity. The adopted failure criterion was a composite of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, that is, the relation between tension cut-off and postpeak constitutive of rock was linear strain-softening. Numerical results show that shear stress field approximately undergoes three different stages. At first, shear stress is only concentrated in the middle of top and base of specimen. Next, shear stress in the middle of specimen tends to increase, owing to superposition of shear stresses. Interestingly, two peaks of shear stress appear far from the loading ends of specimen, and the peaks approach with the increase in timestep until elements at the center of specimen yield. Finally, relatively lower shear stress level is reached in large part of specimen except in the regions near the two ends. As flow stress decreases, the analytical shear displacement distribution in shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity becomes steeps outside the band, it is linear and its slope tends to decrease. These theoretical results qualitatively agree with that of the present numerical predicted results. Main advantage of the analytical solution over the numerical results according to FLAC is that it is continuous, smooth and non-linear （except at elastic stage）.     

Unified analytical stress- strain curve for quasibrittle geomaterial in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression

Considering strain localization in the form of a narrow band initiated just at peak stress, three analytical expressions for stress - strain curves of quasibrittle geomaterial （such as rock and concrete） in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression were presented, respectively. The three derived stress - strain curves were generalized as a unified formula. Beyond the onset of strain localization, a linear strain-softening constitutive relation for localized band was assigned. The size of the band was controlled by internal or characteristic length according to gradient-dependent plasticity. Elastic strain within the entire specimen was assumed to be uniform and decreased with the increase of plastic strain in localized band. Total strain of the specimen was decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. Plastic strain of the specimen was the average value of plastic strains in localized band over the entire specimen. For different heights, the predicted softening branches of the relative stress- strain curves in uniaxial compression are consistent with the previously experimental results for normal concrete specimens. The present expressions for the post-peak stress - deformation curves in uniaxial tension and direct shear agree with the previously numerical results based on gradient-dependent plasticity.     

不同受力状态下岩石破坏过程次声信号特征

采用室内试验方法,分别开展了岩石在压缩、剪切和拉伸状态下的破坏试验,利用高灵敏度的次声信号采集设备同步采集岩石破坏过程中的次声信号,对不同受力状态下岩石次声信号的特征差异进行了研究。结果表明:在压缩状态下,岩石次声信号发射主要在弹性和塑性变形阶段,次声信号的峰值频率在7 Hz左右,在岩石临近破坏前,次声信号振幅和频率范围均有所增加;在剪切状态下,次声信号主要集中在峰值后应力逐步下降的阶段,信号功率分布集中程度较压缩试件略低,峰值频率在8 Hz左右;在拉伸状态下,试件加载初始阶段便有次声信号发生,次声信号频率通常存在高、低两个中心,其中低频与压缩试件接近,高频则高出3 Hz,拉伸试件内部裂隙的萌生和发展较压缩和剪切状态下更为迅速、有序,随着试件内部裂隙的发展,次声信号频率逐渐升高。以上特征的发现为不同受力状态下次声信号的识别以及岩体灾变预测提供了依据。     

剪压区和剪跨比对混凝土板受剪承载力的影响

为探究受拉纵筋屈服的情况下,混凝土板内支座控制截面的相对剪压区高度和板的剪跨比对其受剪承载力的影响,完成了4个混凝土板试件的受剪试验.试件由板、板端伸臂构件、板下柱以及底梁构成,试验借助板端伸臂构件在板端施加力偶,在预估斜裂缝起始位置的外侧施加竖向荷载,在竖向荷载和板端力偶共同作用下使板顶纵筋在斜裂缝与其相交处接近屈服...     

Instability criterion for the system composed of elastic beam and strain-softening pillar based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A mechanical model is proposed for the system of elastic beam and strain-softening pillar where strain localization is initiated at peak shear stress. To obtain the plastic deformation of the pillar due to the shear slips of multiple shear bands, the pillar is divided into several narrow slices where compressive deformation is treated as uniformity. In the light of the compatibility condition of deformation, the total compressive displacement of the pillar is equal to the displacement of the beam in the middle span. An instability criterion is derived analytically based on the energy principle using a known size of localization band according to gradientdependent plasticity. The main advantage of the present model is that the effects of the constitutive parameters of rock and the geometrical size of structure are reflected in the criterion. The condition that the derivative of distributed load with respect to the deflection of the beam in the middle span is less than zero is not only equivalent to, but also even more concise in form than the instability criterion. To study the influences of constitutive parameters and geometrical size on stability, some examples are presented.     

基于破坏类型的本溪灰岩本构关系研究

根据单轴和三轴条件下本溪灰岩的压缩试验和峰后循环加载试验,总结本溪灰岩的强度、变形随围压的变化规律,研究不同围压下本溪灰岩的破坏过程和重复加载过程,分析不同应力条件下本溪灰岩破坏的方式.结果表明:本溪灰岩在应力刚过峰值且未完全进入残余强度阶段,其弹性模量与峰前相同,此阶段进行循环加载时,新的峰值应力低于卸载点应力;在残余强度阶段,残余强度不再随重复加载发生明显变化;采用比较峰值时的环向弹性应变值与环向应变值的方法来判别本溪灰岩的破坏类型是可行的;不同围压下,本溪灰岩的破坏方式有张性破坏和剪切破坏2种类型,这2种破坏方式下本构模型的控制参数是不同的.分别选取了环向应变和剪切应变作为控制参数建立了本构模型,该模型很好地描述了本溪灰岩峰后阶段的应力脆性跌落现象及应力与应变的关系.