基于贝叶斯理论的水文多模型预报

水文预报对于防洪、抗旱以及水资源调度等具有重要意义。水文预报通常依靠水文模型来完成,由于受到不同流域特点、产汇流机制等的限制,每个水文模型都具有各自的特点及适用区域。单一模型具有非常大的水文预报不确定性,为了解决单一模型局限性的问题,多模型水文预报常作为降低水文预报不确定性有效方法之一。选用三种常见的水文模型:时变增益水文模型、新安江模型和萨克拉门托模型,在珠江飞来峡流域进行分布式建模,采用相同的输入与初始场,三个模型独立进行模拟,然后对比三个模型的结果,并进行贝叶斯多模型加权平均和简单平均得到多模型平均结果,研究结果表明,贝叶斯模型处理后的结果要比单个模型模拟结果和简单平均处理后的结果准确率高。     

淮河梅山水库流域洪水模拟不确定性分析

由于自然水文过程的复杂性和人类认识水平的局限性,应用水文模型进行模拟和预报时不可避免地存在着诸如降水输入、模型结构和参数的不确定性,由此导致洪水模拟和预报结果的不确定性。基于三水源新安江水文模型,分析贝叶斯预报系统(BFS)-水文不确定性处理器(HUP)在淮河梅山水库入库洪水模拟不确定性分析中适用性。通过对入库洪水模拟结果的不确定性量化,实现梅山水库入库洪水概率预报。结果表明,与确定性洪水预报相比,基于不确定性分析的洪水概率预报在提供均值预报的同时还能给出更为丰富的不确定性信息(如90%预报置信区间)。     

贝叶斯概率水文预报研究进展与展望

水文预报不可避免地存在着输入、水文模型参数和结构等不确定性,导致预报结果也具有不确定性。因此,定量估计水文预报的不确定性,实现概率水文预报,不仅可得到比确定性预报更高的精度,而且还能为决策者提供更丰富的预报信息。本文根据不确定性来源的不同,从输入资料、模型结构、模型参数和综合不确定性等方面,详细综述了贝叶斯水文概率预报的研究进展,归纳了精度评定指标和效果检验方法,并展望了贝叶斯概率水文预报未来的研究重点和方向:(1)科学有效地解释、沟通和传播水文预报不确定性信息和概率水文预报产品;(2)建立水文集合概率预报框架,估计并降低水文预报的总不确定性;(3)开展考虑预报变量时空相关性的贝叶斯概率水文预报研究;(4)深入推动概率水文预报信息在风险决策中的应用。     

径流贝叶斯概率预报在水库发电优化调度中的应用

为了充分考虑降雨、径流预报的不确定性和降低水库发电调度模型的复杂性,采用贝叶斯概率水文预报系统(BFS)耦合降雨预报的不确定性和径流预报模型本身的不确定性来定量描述径流预报的不确定性,发布径流确定性预报、概率预报和概率预报期望值;结合随机动态规划(SDP)模型和贝叶斯随机动态规划(BSDP)模型来制定发电调度图;以浑江桓仁水库流域为背景,采用美国国家天气局的全球预报系统(GFS)发布的10d降雨预报信息作为预报模型输入,模拟桓仁水库的发电调度过程。模拟结果表明基于径流贝叶斯概率预报的水库发电调度能有效提高水库的发电效益和保证率。     

基于多卫星降雨产品和多降雨径流模型的西江流域径流集合模拟

由于水文模拟不确定性的存在,单一模型获得的径流模拟结果难以满足水文精度要求。集合模拟则是减少不确定性,提高模拟精度的有效方法。现有研究多考虑水文模型的结构不确定性,将不同水文模型的径流模拟结果综合起来。但模型输入的不确定性也是水文模拟不确定性的重要来源。因此,基于贝叶斯加权平均(BMA)方法,考虑模型结构和输入的不确定性,设置了3种集合方案,对2种卫星降雨产品(TRMM、CMORPH)输入到3种水文模型(DDRM模型、新安江模型、GR4J模型)得到的径流序列进行集合,对各集合方案的模拟精度和不确定性进行分析。结果发现,不同卫星降雨产品输入到分布式水文模型中所得到的不同模拟序列具有较好的互补性,采用BMA方法对其进行集合模拟可以有效提高模拟精度,减小径流模拟不确定性。     

基于AM-MCMC算法的贝叶斯概率洪水预报模型

本文在贝叶斯预报系统的框架下,利用BP网络能描述非线性映射的特性建立了基于BP网络的先验密度和似然函数的模型,并采用基于自适应采样算法(Adaptive Metropolis algorithm,简称AM)的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模拟方法(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,简称MCMC)求解流量的后验密度,最后给出流量的概率预报。实例表明,基于AM-MCMC的BP贝叶斯概率水文预报的精度高,且能给出预报的方差,使得防洪决策可以考虑预报的不确定性。     

基于多模型控制技术的湟水流域水沙预报模型研究

传统的水文预报方法和水文模型往往是基于一个参数固定或慢时变得系统过程，预报结果精度差，难于作为预报方案推广。本文将多模型技术引入预报方案，利用现代水文预报方法开发了一套适合湟水流域的水沙预报模型。通过1990年～2000年，共11a资料对其进行模拟及预报，预报结果表明：此模型效果良好，可以作为预报方案推广。     

贝叶斯概率洪水预报模型及其比较应用研究

贝叶斯概率预报系统(BFS)为开发各种概率水文预报模型提供了方法性的框架,选择合理的先验密度和似然函数是其关键问题。利用Copula函数推导了流量先验分布及似然函数的解析表达式,通过数值方法求解后验分布,构建了Copula-BFS模型。以三峡水库汛期入库流量概率预报为例,对所提Copula-BFS模型进行检验,并与水文不确定性处理器(HUP)和基于BP神经网络的贝叶斯洪水概率预报模型(BP-BFS)进行比较。结果表明:Copula-BFS模型后验均值预报可以提高预报精度且略优于现有的模型,具有性质更加优良的预报置信区间。本文所提Copula-BFS模型不需要进行线性-正态假设,适用范围更广,应用更加灵活,为洪水概率预报研究提供一条新途径。     

水文预报不确定性对水库防洪调度的影响分析

定量分析预报的不确定性,已成为防洪预报调度风险分析中的关键问题。本文基于Copula函数,提出了可以描述水文预报不确定性随时间演化特性的CUE(Copula-based Uncertainty Evolution Model)模型,并通过该模型模拟了水文预报不确定性序列;基于Monte-Carlo方法和模拟序列,计算了预报不确定性对水库防洪预报调度的影响。结果表明,CUE模型能够很好地模拟水文预报不确定性,采用预报预泄法,对三峡水库进行防洪调度,不会增加防洪风险率。     

通过流量放大减小水文模拟与预报不确定性的应用研究

应用TOPMODEL模型,采用普适似然不确定估计(GLUE)方法,以属于半干旱地区的东湾流域为例,探讨径流系数在水文模拟与预报中的影响作用。通过其影响来提高径流系数较低地区的模拟精度,减小水文模拟与预报的不确定性。研究发现,模拟精度随着径流系数增大而提高,并在径流系数为0.5附近达到峰值后逐渐降低。基于此通过流量放大的改进方法进行东湾流域的水文模拟,改进后的结果有较大改善。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。