外照射个人剂量监测的测量不确定度评定

外照射个人剂量监测数据可作为放射性工作人员受到的职业照射剂量证明,具有法律效力,因此监测数据的准确可靠尤为重要。中核核电运行管理有限公司个人剂量监测中心于2017年先后取得中国计量认证(CMA)认证和放射卫生技术服务机构资质认证双资质,除了中心内部质量保证措施外,还定期参加年度全国放射卫生技术机构检测能力考核。文章基于2019年考核实验结果(合格)进行了数据分析以及测量不确定度评定,各实验组测量结果的相对扩展不确定度均在10%以内,中心外照射监测系统性能良好,确保了监测数据的准确性和可靠性。     

环境水中氚测量不确定度评定

介绍了环境水中氚的测量不确定度评定方法.在测量之前对水样品进行蒸馏,再进行电解浓集,采用液闪测量.测量不确定度的评定中,主要考虑计数率、本底、修正因子、蒸馏和电解浓集过程不确定度分量.结果表明:对于低水平氚的测量,不确定度的主要来源为测量计数;对于高水平氚的测量,不确定度的主要来源为浓集因子.     

分光光度法测量水中磷酸盐含量的不确定度评定

针对核电厂常用的分光光度法测量水中磷酸盐的方法,详细描述其实验过程各步骤引入的不确定度分量,并对测量不确定度进行评定,最终得出测量报告与扩展不确定度。结果表明,影响核电厂磷酸盐测量不确定度的主要来源为标准曲线线性拟合以及配制磷酸盐工作标准系列溶液的过程,其次来自样品稀释过程。该研究为提高分光光度法测量水中磷酸盐的分析准确度提供了理论支撑与依据。     

氡析出率快速测量的不确定度评定

氡析出率测量受外界环境因素影响较大,为科学合理地评定氡析出率快速测量结果的准确性。结合不确定度原理,建立氡析出率快速测量方法的理论分析模型,分析其不确定度来源,评定其不确定度。结果表明,快速测量方法在氡析出率0.39-2.62 Bq·m~(-2)·s~(-1)的标准装置上,105 min快速测量的结果其相对合成标准不确定度在12%以内。研究结果为氡析出率快速测量方法的置信程度评定提出了新的评价方法。     

核测井伽马能谱探测器的测量不确定度评定

对核测井伽马能谱探测器的测量不确定度进行评定,建立了数学模型,找出构成测量不确定度的要素和分量组成,分析得出探测器的能量分辨率为8.958%,相对合成标准不确定度为1.065%,k=1。按照评定结果判断,探测器可以保证伽马能谱测井仪的正常使用。     

水中~(90)Sr测量的不确定度评定

依据水中锶-90放射化学分析方法(GB 6766-1986),分析了水中~(90)Sr计算公式中的有关参数和分析过程中的影响因素,确定了水中~(90)Sr测量的不确定度分量,并对这些分量进行评定。给出水中~(90)Sr分析不确定度主要是由样品测量计数和仪器探测效率引入的,可以通过适度地增加测量时间来减小样品计数不确定度,但测量时间不宜超过24 h。     

水中氚活度浓度测量不确定度评定

为验证和提高测量可靠性,利用数学模型,对校准曲线法测量水中氚活度浓度的不确定度进行评定.分析测量过程中的不确定度来源,计算了样品净计数率、探测效率和移取水样的体积等因素的不确定度,最后计算出扩展不确定度.结果表明,对于低活度水平的样品,样品计数不确定度是水中氚活度浓度测量的主要不确定度来源.平行双样中的测量结果为(5....     

CPR1000核电站堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量不确定度评定

中国百万千瓦级先进压水堆(CPR1000)核电站反应堆通过堆芯冷却监测系统(CCMS)测量堆芯出口冷却剂的过冷度。本文分析了堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量过程中的各种误差来源,对饱和状态下堆芯出口冷却剂温度测量的不确定度进行评定,得到不确定度区间边界随一回路压力变化的曲线,给出了用于判断堆芯冷却状态的堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量的误差ε曲线的确定方法,该方法已在CPR1000核电站中得到实际应用。     

核电厂放射性气溶胶监测仪不确定度评定

论文介绍了新标准对核电厂中应用的放射性气溶胶监测仪不确定度的量化要求,简述了对放射性气溶胶监测仪测量放射性气溶胶活度浓度及其测量不确定度的计算方法。重点分析了放射性气溶胶监测仪总测量不确定度的引入因素。最后,根据统计涨落、放射源标定、相对固有误差、取样流量测量、信号处理和信号输出等主要影响量以及试验偏差引入的不确定度数据进行计算,给出了放射性气溶胶监测仪总的测量不确定度值。     

水中氚放射性活度分析的不确定度评定

首先给出核分析不确定度评定的步骤为:不确定度来源分析,分析不确定度涉及哪些参数;给出参数的数值;相关参数的不确定度;标准合成不确定度;报告结果及其不确定度。然后以电解浓缩-液体闪烁法分析水中氚活度为例,分别计算电解浓缩倍数、测量水样的重量、净计数率、标准氚水活度、标准氚水净计数率的标准不确定度,进行合成,得出水中氚活度的不确定度。     

压水堆核电厂采用富集硼的优势与可行性分析

压水堆核电厂通常采用天然硼进行反应性的化学补偿控制,研究表明采用富集硼替代天然硼,可以优化一回路水化学,降低一回路结构材料腐蚀风险和堆芯沉积风险,降低职业照射剂量。本文分析压水堆核电厂采用富集硼的优势与可行性,介绍国内外核电厂富集硼的应用情况。最后对我国华龙一号堆型和在役压水堆核电厂富集硼的应用提出建议。     

水成沉积物释光测年研究进展与展望

石英光释光(OSL)测年方法对于蕴藏着丰富区域气候环境变迁、古洪水、古地震及构造信息的冲积、洪积、湖积等水成沉积物组成的沉积地层,面临许多难题.水成沉积物矿物颗粒在搬运和沉积过程中,先前积存的释光信号能否被晒退,晒退是否均匀?残留水平如何?如何准确测定这些沉积物的天然释光信号强度的等效剂量(De)?环境剂量率怎样才能准确测定等问题,是几十年来国内外释光测年研究者普遍关注的问题.本文通过对水成沉积物研究成果的梳理、存在问题及研究现状分析,探讨了光释光测年方法在水成沉积物方面的应用前景.     

Simulations of thermally transferred OSL signals in quartz: Accuracy and precision of the protocols for equivalent dose evaluation

Thermally-transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) signals in sedimentary quartz have been the subject of several recent studies, due to the potential shown by these signals to increase the range of luminescence dating by an order of magnitude. Based on these signals, a single aliquot protocol termed the ReSAR protocol has been developed and tested experimentally. This paper presents extensive numerical simulations of this ReSAR protocol. The purpose of the simulations is to investigate several aspects of the ReSAR protocol which are believed to cause difficulties during application of the protocol. Furthermore, several modified versions of the ReSAR protocol are simulated, and their relative accuracy and precision are compared. The simulations are carried out using a recently published kinetic model for quartz, consisting of 11 energy levels. One hundred random variants of the natural samples were generated by keeping the transition probabilities between energy levels fixed, while allowing simultaneous random variations of the concentrations of the 11 energy levels. The relative intrinsic accuracy and precision of the protocols are simulated by calculating the equivalent dose (ED) within the model, for a given natural burial dose of the sample. The complete sequence of steps undertaken in several versions of the dating protocols is simulated. The relative intrinsic precision of these techniques is estimated by fitting Gaussian probability functions to the resulting simulated distribution of ED values. New simulations are presented for commonly used OSL sensitivity tests, consisting of successive cycles of sample irradiation with the same dose, followed by measurements of the sensitivity corrected L/T signals. We investigate several experimental factors which may be affecting both the intrinsic precision and intrinsic accuracy of the ReSAR protocol. The results of the simulation show that the four different published versions of the ReSAR protocol can reproduce accurately the natural doses in the range 0-400 Gy with approximately the same intrinsic precision and accuracy of ∼1-5%. However, these protocols underestimate doses above 400 Gy; possible sources of this underestimation are investigated. Two possible explanations are suggested for the modeled underestimations, possible thermal instability of the TT-OSL traps, and the presence of thermally unstable medium OSL components in the model.     

Investigation of OSL signals from very deep traps in unfired and fired quartz samples

This paper presents an attempt to isolate experimentally optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals which may originate from very deep traps (VDT) in quartz samples. As VDT we consider those traps which are responsible for TL glow peaks with a peak maximum temperature above a TL readout temperature of 500 °C. The basic experimental procedure used to isolate OSL signals from VDT is heating the quartz samples to 500 °C immediately before measuring the OSL signal. The study was carried out on eight quartz samples of very different origins; it is found that all eight samples exhibit OSL signals from VDT, and for a wide region of OSL stimulation temperatures. The OSL signal from VDT depends strongly on the type of quartz sample studied and on whether the sample was fired at high temperatures or not. The behavior of the OSL signal from VDT as a function of the stimulation temperature is found to be very different in fired and unfired samples. The thermal activation energy E for the OSL signals from VDT is obtained in both fired and unfired samples. The OSL signal from VDT in quartz samples fired at 800 °C for 1 h is very high, and the OSL curves consist of three well-defined components and a fourth slow component which is rather poorly resolved. The dose response of these components is obtained using a computerized deconvolution procedure for the dose region 0.5-300 Gy. The results are of importance for dating of ancient fired ceramics, since OSL signals from VDT could potentially extend appreciably the equivalent dose region toward both lower and higher values.     

不同类型事故受照人员生物剂量估算和辐射影响评价

结合近年来发生的数起不同类型的辐射事故,对指导临床救治的生物剂量估算过程进行报道,特别针对辐射生物剂量学的难点问题,如迁延照射、大剂量照射及快速剂量估算等瓶颈问题,采取不同手段和方法给予解决,并对辐射远后效应做出评价。     

包镉热释光剂量计测量热中子剂量的研究

在环境辐射监测中,不同材料的热释光探测器(TLD)已被广泛应用,但其中大多数(如CaSO_4、Al_2O_3、Mg_2SiO_4、BeO等)因对热中子不灵敏而不能测量热中子剂量。用包镉热释光剂量计可测量热中子,其特点是:(1)任何能测量X、γ辐射的TLD原则上都可应用;(2)剂量计对单位热中子剂量当量的响应标定不需要反应堆热中子源,可用~(60)Co-γ源代替。     

MC法计算γ射线外照射剂量转换因子

以剂量转换数学模型为基础,针对骨、软组织和水的等效组织球体剂量计算,采用蒙特卡罗软件MCNP5构建0.01~10 MeV的γ射线在这三种物质中的通量和能量沉积模拟模型,进而计算这三种物质的γ外照射剂量转换因子。同时给出这三种物质的γ外照射剂量转换因子对不同能量γ光子的拟合计算公式,并进行了数据验证。结果表明:剂量转换因子在γ射线能量低于0.15 MeV时,随着能量的增加按幂函数降低;高于0.15 MeV时,按指数函数上升;剂量转换因子模拟值与参考值随γ射线能量的变化规律相同。     

测定古砖年代的光释光和热释光方法的比较研究

采用单片再生剂量光释光法对分布在不同年代(年龄介于180—1600a)的中国古砖样品的等效剂量进行了测定,在测量过程中插入固定的检测剂量来校正样品对光释光的灵敏度变化。同时我们也采用细颗粒常规高温热释光法对砖样的等效剂量进行了测定。这两种方法对照的结果能较好地吻合。得到的等效剂量之比(DeosL/DeTV)介于0．96-1．21之间,平均值为(1．08士0．07)。通过等效剂量和已知年代计算出年剂量为5．07-6．85,与实测的年剂量值相比差别不大。因此,单片再生剂量光释光法用于鉴定古砖样品是一种快速有效的方法。