SiCP/Al功能梯度装甲板抗侵彻性能的试验与数值模拟

采用粉末冶金方法制备碳化硅陶瓷颗粒(SiC_P)增强金属铝基复合材料板(MMCs), 并采用热压扩散法制备功能梯度装甲板(FGM)。利用高速冲击空气炮系统, 对纯铝靶板和两种不同铺层结构的功能梯度装甲靶板进行侵彻试验, 并利用LS-DYNA软件对侵彻试验过程进行数值模拟分析, 同时考察等厚、 等面密度下SiC颗粒分布对抗侵彻性能的影响。研究结果表明, 功能梯度板的抗侵彻性能比纯铝板好, 而两种不同铺层结构功能梯度板的抗侵彻性能相差不大。数值计算结果与现有试验结果取得了较好的一致, 说明了数值模拟的有效性。从数值计算结果可以看出, 层状功能梯度板比等厚、 等面密度均质复合材料靶板的抗侵彻能力好, 并可近似地认为等厚、 等面密度下多层功能梯度板的抗侵彻性能对颗粒分布不敏感。     

铺层混杂对复合材料层压板侵彻性能的影响

本文利用MTS和冲击侵彻测试装置，研究了由芳香族聚酰胺纤维、高强聚乙烯醇纤维制成的织物通过不同铺层方式与酚醛/PVB树脂复合的层压板的准静态和冲击侵彻性能。结果表明，芳香族聚酰胺织物层的加入能显著提高高强维纶织物树脂复合材料层压板的准静态侵彻刚度。随着芳纶混杂体积分数的提高，铺层混杂复合材料层压板的准静态侵彻阻力、穿孔能量（或单位面密度穿孔能量）将随之增加。从防护装具性能/重量比和性能/价格比的角度考虑，在芳香族聚酰胺与高强聚乙烯醇织物铺层混杂复合材料层压板中，高强聚乙烯醇纤维混杂体积分数可以确定为20%左右。     

碳纤维复合结构的抗侵彻性能分析

为了深入研究碳纤维复合材料新型结构的抗侵彻特性,该文通过构建碳纤维复合结构侵彻模型解析碳纤维的抗侵彻特性和毁伤机制,并通过搭建高速运动分析系统总成对碳纤维模型进行验证。研究结果表明,有限元模拟与试验输出的剩余速度偏差不超过4.5%,模拟后得到的破坏状貌与试验结果比较吻合,因此可以用来构建碳纤维复合结构的有限元模型。弹丸以250 m/s速度侵彻,无法击穿靶板,但是靶板的最内层会产生拉伸损伤。铝合金抗冲击效能不高,聚氨酯泡沫对弹丸动能的损耗较小,而碳纤维材料铺层结构抗侵彻能力较强。     

动能弹侵彻多层陶瓷靶板数值模拟研究

结合试验对钨合金长杆弹垂直侵彻多层陶瓷靶板进行了三维数值模拟,得出了侵彻的物理图像及各种参量的变化规律。模拟结果中,后置钢靶剩余穿深和陶瓷破碎锥形状与试验基本一致。对于多层陶瓷靶板,每一层都会有漏斗形的破碎锥出现,且这些破碎锥的形状基本一致。随着陶瓷层数的增多,弹体的速度和动能下降速率逐渐变小。比较了相同厚度的多层和单层陶瓷靶板的抗弹性能,结果表明两者的陶瓷破坏形式不同,多层靶板的抗弹性能要优于相同厚度的单层陶瓷靶板,且仅在一定厚度范围内这种优势才较为明显。     

玄武岩纤维增强复合材料抗弹性能试验研究

摘要：为了研究玄武岩纤维增强复合材料的抗弹性能,利用不同树脂基体制作了玄武岩纤维增强复合材料靶板试件,进行了弹道测试。研究了玄武岩纤维增强复合材料的抗侵彻性能和典型破坏模式,并分析了不同树脂基体和不同铺层方式对靶板防弹效果的影响。研究表明,玄武岩纤维增强复合材料在受弹体侵彻时,主要呈现局部破坏,破坏形式是迎弹面的纤维剪切失效、背弹面的拉伸断裂失效。另外,根据轻型防护的要求,提出设计新型防护结构的思路。研究结果可以为轻型复合装甲设计提供参考。     

湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料梁阻尼特性的细观力学分析

基于复合材料细观力学,利用能量耗散原理及宏观应变能法建立了湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁的阻尼预测模型。利用MATLAB软件编写了湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料损耗因子的计算程序,研究了纤维铺设角度、体积分数、铺层顺序以及湿热效应对玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁阻尼性能的影响规律。结果表明：湿热环境导致材料产生湿热应变是影响阻尼特性的主要机理;玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁的损耗因子均随温度及吸水浓度的增大而增大,且温度的影响远大于吸水浓度的影响;纤维体积分数越高,受湿热影响程度越大;铺层角度对损耗因子影响远高于湿热、混杂方式、纤维体积分数的影响。     

平头弹正侵彻单层和多层钢靶的SPH模拟和解析分析

建立了平头弹正侵彻Weldox 460 E钢靶的SPH模型,通过实验数据对模型进行了验证。应用验证的SPH模型模拟了2~12 mm厚单层靶的侵彻过程,建立了弹道极限速度与靶板厚度关系的经验公式;开展了平头弹正侵彻多层靶的数值模拟,分析了靶板的层数、总厚度、厚度组合对其抗侵彻性能的影响。基于单层靶弹道极限速度的经验公式,得到了预测多层靶的弹道极限速度的解析模型。将解析模型的弹道极限速度计算结果与SPH的模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明两者比较接近,相对误差基本都在10%以内。     

真空导入模塑工艺中织物预成型体的可压缩性

采用真空加载方法研究了循环加载、织物形态、纤维种类、织物层数、铺层方式和混杂方式等参数对真空导入模塑工艺(VIMP)中纤维织物预成型体压缩行为的影响。结果表明: 预成型体纤维体积分数随着压缩循环加载次数的增加而逐渐增大, 但增幅呈现逐渐减小的趋势; 在相同的压缩载荷下, 预成型体的纤维体积分数随着织物层数的增加而增大, 但增幅很小, 对于VIMP制备复合材料构件基本可以忽略; 纤维预成型体在压缩载荷下的响应方式与织物形态、纤维种类、铺层方式和混杂方式等因素密切相关, 单向铺层比正交铺层更容易压缩而获得较高的纤维体积分数, 夹芯混杂比层间混杂方式更容易压缩。      

陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合靶板抗冲击性能及优化

随着弹体的侵彻能力逐渐增强，复合防弹装甲成为不可或缺的装备之一。基于ANSYS建立了陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合防弹靶板的冲击有限元模型，揭示了材料参数和几何参数对复合防弹靶板的影响规律，利用多目标遗传算法优化了碳化硅陶瓷/碳纤维/超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/背层阻尼复合防弹靶板结构，并通过实验验证了优化设计结果的可信性。结果表明：同面密度条件下，涂刷一定厚度背层阻尼对靶板防弹性能的提升较为显著；采用遗传算法优化后的复合防弹靶板结构为：6.9mm碳化硅陶瓷/4.8mm碳纤维层合板/6.0mm超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维层合板/1.1mm阻尼，面密度为36.236kg/m²。相同防弹性能条件下，与陶瓷/装甲钢结构靶板相比，优化后的靶板面密度降低超过49%。     

3D打印连续苎麻纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料的准静态侵彻性能

传统成型工艺制造的合成纤维增强复合材料逐渐无法满足低成本、快速制造、环境友好等要求。因此,选取连续苎麻纤维增强聚乳酸(PLA)基生物质复合材料,采用原位浸渍3D打印工艺成型不同铺层方式的样件。利用准静态侵彻测试评估了铺层方式、支撑跨距与冲头直径比(跨距比)及增强材料对侵彻性能的影响,并通过背光法实时监测侵彻过程中复合材料的损伤行为。结果表明,连续苎麻纤维的加入使样件的侵彻强度提升了51.5%(单向)和52.9%(正交);正交铺层的复合材料样件与单向铺层相比,吸收的能量和最大侵彻力分别提升了24.9%、13.1%;打印样件的侵彻力和能量吸收能力随着跨距比的降低而显著增加,跨距比为10时的正交铺层复合材料与跨距比为5时相比,强度提升了202.4%。最后通过样件的多尺度失效特征分析及侵彻机理研究,揭示了3D打印生物质复合材料的铺层结构-侵彻性能的关系。     

Experimental and numerical study of the ballistic performance of steel fibre-reinforced explosively welded targets impacted by a spherical fragment

Steel fibres were used to reinforce the layered targets with surface-to-surface combination. The two- and three-layer metal targets with a total thickness of 5 mm were fabricated by explosive welding. The damage mechanism and the anti-penetration performance of the targets were studied experimentally and numerically using the LS-DYNA 3D finite element code. The effects of layer number and fibre spacing density on the anti-penetration performance were discussed. The results show that the failure modes of the steel front plate were shearing and plugging, and that the failure mode of the aluminium rear plate was ductile prolonging deformation when the tied interface failed by tension (or shearing and plugging when the interface remained connected) for the two-layer target. For the three-layer target, the failure modes of the steel front plate and the aluminium middle plate were shearing and plugging, while the steel rear plate failed by ductile prolonging deformation. At the same time, the steel-fibres failed by bending and tensile deformation. The anti-penetration performance of the three-layer composite targets was better compared with the performance of the two-layer targets when the areal density and fibre spacing density were equal. The reinforced fibres will improve the anti-penetration performance of the targets, and the ballistic resistance decreased with an increase in the fibre spacing distance.     

Mg/Al波纹复合板抗冲击性能研究

目的 比对波纹轧制结构和平面复合结构的Mg/Al复合板抗冲击性能与吸能机制.方法 采用波纹辊轧制工艺制备Mg/Al复合板,使用半球形铝合金弹丸对传统平面复合板与波纹复合板进行不同速度下的冲击试验研究,并对比分析2种复合板的损伤机理,探明波纹结构对复合板抗冲击性能的影响.结果 Mg/Al平面复合板抗半球形弹丸冲击的吸能机制主要是通过靶板的塑性变形、剪切破坏、拉伸断裂、分层破坏和弹丸与靶板间摩擦等形式来吸收能量.波纹复合板对冲击能量的吸收主要依赖靶板的局部塑性变形、沿着波纹方向的开裂、结合界面的分层以及弹丸与靶板间的摩擦耗能.结论 当冲击速度低于弹道极限速度时,波纹复合板的抗冲击性能优于平面复合板,高于弹道极限速度时,2种复合板的抗冲击性能和耗能程度相当.     

Effect of interlayer on stress wave propagation in CMC/RHA multi-layered structure

Due to the significance of the propagation of stress wave in composite armor during projectile–target interaction, the characteristics of stress wave propagation in multi-layered composite structure under impact load were investigated by traditional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system in this study. The effect of interlayer characteristic on the stress wave propagation was discussed. The results show that the interlayer properties between CMC and RHA steel play an important role in the propagation of wave. Compared to “CMC/RHA” structure without interlayer, the tungsten carbide interlayer can increase stress level in CMC layer remarkably, while silica gel layer has an opposite effect, and epoxy resin adhesive layer has no distinct effect on the propagation of stress wave. The increased compressive stress level in CMC layer is very useful when the CMC layer served as the face plate of a composite armor. During the impact process of the projectile to the armor, the anti-penetration capability of the face plate of the composite armor can be improved when in the compression stress state. In the comparison ballistic testing conducted with 7.62 mm armor piercing projectiles, the protection efficiency of the “CMC/WC/RHA” composite armor is about 36% higher than that of the “CMC/RHA” structure, which is in good correlation with the stress wave measurement results.     

Ballistic Limit of Single and Layered Aluminium Plates

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental and finite‐element investigation of ballistic limit of thin single and layered aluminium target plates. Blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed steel projectiles of 19 mm diameter were impacted on single and layered aluminium target plates of thicknesses 0.5, 0.71, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 mm with the help of a pressure gun to obtain the ballistic limit in each case. The ballistic limit of target plate was found to be considerably affected by the projectile nose shape. Thin monolithic target plates as well as layered in‐contact plates offered lowest ballistic resistance against the impact of ogive‐nosed projectiles. Thicker monolithic plates on the other hand, offered lowest resistance against the impact of blunt‐nosed projectiles. The ballistic resistance of the layered targets decreased with increase in the number of layers for constant overall target thickness. Axi‐symmetric numerical simulations were performed with ABAQUS/Explicit to compare the numerical predictions with experiments. 3D numerical simulations were also performed for single plate of 1.0 mm thickness and two layered plate of 0.5 mm thickness impacted by blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed projectiles. Good agreement was found between the numerical simulations and experiments. 3D numerical simulations accurately predicted the failure mode of target plates.     

Influence of interfacial bonding conditions on the anti-penetration performance of ceramic/metal composite targets

This study analyzes the influence of bonded and unbonded interface conditions on the anti-penetration performance of a ceramic/metal composite target and determines the associated mechanism. The 3D finite element and 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation results revealed that a bonded ceramic/metal target exhibited better anti-penetration performance than an unbonded target, and the associated mechanism was determined. Notably, the bond strength between the ceramic and metal backplate plays an important role in the formation of the ceramic conoid, and the ceramic conoid that formed in the bonded target effectively consumed the kinetic energy of the projectile, thereby improving the anti-penetration performance of ceramic composite armor. To verify this conclusion, we also compare and analyze the anti-penetration performance of interface bonded and unbonded metal/metal composite targets. The results show that due to the absence of the ceramic conoid, the interfacial bonding conditions have little influence on the anti-penetration performance of a metal/metal composite target.

     

多层异质复合结构的动力学响应及抗侵彻性能

为研究多层异质复合结构动力学响应及抗侵彻性能,利用霍普金森试验装置,对不同材料排布顺序及含泡沫铝夹芯的多层复合结构进行冲击加载,通过贴在入射杆和透射杆上的应变片测得入射波、反射波、透射波波形,验证数值仿真模型正确性;结合数值模拟,研究不同结构对试件内部应力波传播特性和应力场分布影响规律;依据复合结构动力学响应特征,设计复合靶板并进行抗侵彻试验,分析靶板塑性变形特征及抗侵彻耗能机制;通过数值模拟分析泡沫铝夹芯厚度对防护性能影响。结果表明,装甲钢后置复合结构及含泡沫夹芯结构有助于减缓应力集中,减小陶瓷损伤面积;泡沫铝夹芯过厚难以为靶板变形提供支撑,降低抗侵彻阻力;五种夹芯厚度h=2 mm、h=5 mm、h=10 mm、h=20 mm、h=30 mm中,h=10 mm对应多层异质复合靶防护性能最优。      

The ballistic performance of metal plates subjected to impact by projectiles of different strength

In this paper, the ballistic performance of monolithic, double- and three-layered steel plates impacted by projectiles of different strength is experimentally investigated by a gas gun. The ballistic limit velocity for each configuration target is obtained and compared based on the investigation of the effect of the number of layers and the strength of projectiles on the ballistic resistance. The results showed that monolithic plates had higher ballistic limit velocities than multi-layered plates for projectiles of low strength regardless their nose shape, and also the ballistic limit velocities of plates decreased with the increase of the number of layers. Moreover, monolithic plates showed greater ballistic limit velocities than multi-layered plates for ogival-nosed projectiles of high strength, and also the ballistic limit velocities of plates decreased with the increase of the number of layers. However, monolithic plates had lower ballistic limit velocities than multi-layered plates for blunt-nosed projectiles of high strength, and also the ballistic limit velocities of plates increased with the increase of the number of layers. The differences in the ballistic limit velocities between various impact conditions can be related to the transitions of perforation mechanisms and failure models of plates and projectiles.     

The effect of hybridization on the ballistic impact behavior of hybrid composite armors

In the present study, effect of hybridization on the hybrid composite armors under ballistic impact is investigated using hydrocode simulations. The hybrid composite armor is constructed using various combinations and stacking sequences of fiber reinforced composites having woven form of fibers specifically high specific-modulus/high specific-strength Kevlar fiber (KF), tough, high strain-to-failure fiber Glass fiber (GF) and high strength/high stiffness Carbon fiber (CF). Different combinations of composite armors studied are KF layer in GF laminate, GF layer in KF laminate, KF layer in CF laminate and CF layer in KF laminate at various positions of hybridized layers for a fixed thickness of the target. In this article the results obtained from the finite element model are validated for the case of KF layer in a GF laminate with experimental predictions reported in the literature in terms of energy absorption and residual velocity and good agreement is observed. Further, the effect of stacking sequence, projectile geometry and target thickness on the ballistic limit velocity, energy absorbed by the target and the residual velocity are presented for different combinations of hybrid composite armors. The simulations show that, at a fixed thickness of the hybrid composite armor, stacking sequence of hybridized layer shows significant effect on the ballistic performance. The results also indicate energy absorption and ballistic limit velocity are sensitive to projectile geometry. Specifically, it is found that arranging the KF layer at the rear side, GF layer in the exterior and CF layer on the front side offers good ballistic impact resistance. The hybrid composite armor consisting of a CF layer in KF laminate acquires maximum impact resistance and is the best choice for the design compared to that of other combinations studied.     

Impact response of sandwich plates with a pyramidal lattice core

The ballistic performance edge clamped 304 stainless-steel sandwich panels has been measured by impacting the plates at mid-span with a spherical steel projectile whose impact velocity ranged from 250 to 1300 m s⁻¹. The sandwich plates comprised two identical face sheets and a pyramidal truss core: the diameter of the impacting spherical projectile was approximately half the 25 mm truss core cell size. The ballistic behavior has been compared with monolithic 304 stainless-steel plates of approximately equal areal mass and with high-strength aluminum alloy (6061-T6) sandwich panels of identical geometry. The ballistic performance is quantified in terms of the entry and exit projectile velocities while high-speed photography is used to investigate the dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms. The stainless-steel sandwich panels were found to have a much higher ballistic resistance than the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy panels on a per volume basis but the ballistic energy absorption of the aluminum structures was slightly higher on a per unit mass basis. The ballistic performance of the monolithic and sandwich panels is almost identical though the failure mechanics of these two types of structures are rather different. At high impact velocities, the monolithic plates fail by ductile hole enlargement. By contrast, only the proximal face sheet of the sandwich plate undergoes this type of failure. The distal face sheet fails by a petalling mode over the entire velocity range investigated here. Given the substantially higher blast resistance of sandwich plates compared to monolithic plates of equal mass, we conclude that sandwich plates display a potential to outperform monolithic plates in multi-functional applications that combine blast resistance and ballistic performance.