压缩预应力对复合材料层板抗冲击损伤性能的影响

为确定压缩预应力对复合材料层板抗冲击损伤性能的影响,首先对不同压缩预应力下的碳纤维/双马树脂CCF300/5428层板进行了低速冲击和准静态压痕试验,然后通过热揭层和冲击后压缩试验分别得到了层板分层面积和剩余强度。结果表明:压缩预应力会大幅降低层板的接触刚度和弯曲刚度,从而导致相同冲击能量下层板凹坑深度和背部基体开裂长度增大;对于准静态压痕过程和相同冲击能量下的冲击过程,分层起始载荷和峰值载荷均随压缩预应力的增大而减小;在相同冲击能量下,随着压缩预应力的增大,层板内部分层总面积及冲击能量吸收比不断增大,剩余压缩强度不断降低。因此,压缩预应力会降低复合材料层板的冲击损伤阻抗,对损伤容限性能不利,在对承受压缩载荷结构的试验验证过程中应考虑压缩预应力对抗冲击损伤性能的影响。      

复合材料层板低速冲击后剩余压缩强度

对两种材料体系和铺层的复合材料层合板进行低速冲击后压缩强度试验 , 以研究低速冲击后层合板的压缩破坏机理。讨论了表面凹坑深度、 背面基体裂纹长度、 损伤面积以及剩余压缩强度与冲击能量的关系。在试验研究的基础上 , 建立了复合材料低速冲击后剩余强度估算的一种椭圆形弹性核模型。该模型将冲击损伤等效为一刚度折减的椭圆形弹性核 , 采用含任意椭圆核各向异性板杂交应力有限元分析含损伤层合板的应力应变状态 ,并应用点应力判据预测层板的压缩(或压、 剪)剩余强度。理论分析与试验结果对比表明 , 该模型简单有效。      

含冲击损伤缝合层板剩余压缩强度

通过对含冲击损伤缝合复合材料层板进行压缩实验, 揭示了含损伤缝合层板在压缩载荷下的破坏模式和破坏机制。将冲击损伤等效为圆孔, 利用杂交单元计算冲击后缝合层板的应力分布, 采用基于特征曲线概念的点应力判据预测了含损伤缝合层板的剩余压缩强度。研究结果表明: 冲击损伤近似为圆形; 缝合和未缝合层板冲击后压缩的损伤模式不同; 采用开口等效法可以有效分析缝合层板的剩余压缩强度; 特征距离、 损伤面积是影响计算结果的主要因素。     

含冲击损伤缝合层板剩余压缩强度

通过对含冲击损伤缝合复合材料层板进行压缩实验,揭示了含损伤缝合层板在压缩载荷下的破坏模式和破坏机制.将冲击损伤等效为圆孔,利用杂交单元计算冲击后缝合层板的应力分布,采用基于特征曲线概念的点应力判据预测了含损伤缝合层板的剩余压缩强度.研究结果表明:冲击损伤近似为圆形;缝合和未缝合层板冲击后压缩的损伤模式不同;采用开口等效法可以有效分析缝合层板的剩余压缩强度;特征距离、损伤面积是影响计算结果的主要因素.     

低速冲击下复合材料层板压缩许用值

为评估航空结构中常用的T300级和T800级2种碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层压板的冲击后压缩许用值,对2种材料体系下具有不同厚度及铺层的层板进行了低速冲击和冲击后压缩试验;讨论了冲击能量、凹坑深度、损伤面积及冲击后剩余压缩强度等之间的关系,以及厚度、铺层、表面防护等因素对其造成的影响;重点关注了2种材料体系下各组层板的目视勉强可见冲击损伤(BVID)形成条件以及含BVID层板的剩余强度.结果表明:厚度及铺层对层板的凹坑深度-冲击能量关系影响较大,而对冲击后压缩强度-凹坑深度及冲击后压缩破坏应变-凹坑深度关系影响较小,且在相同铺层比例下,BVID对应的冲击能量随厚度近似呈线性增长.X850层板的损伤阻抗性能明显优于CCF300/5228层板的,但二者损伤容限性能相当.加铜网、涂漆等表面处理显著提高了层板的损伤阻抗,但对损伤容限性能影响不大;在损伤不超过BVID时,所有CCF300/5228试件的压缩破坏应变均大于4 000 με,而X850材料体系下压缩破坏应变均在3 000 με之上.     

含低速冲击损伤复合材料层合板剩余压缩强度及疲劳性能试验研究

对T300/QY8911复合材料层板进行了低速冲击、 冲击后压缩以及冲击后疲劳试验研究。通过对冲击后的层板进行目视检测和超声C扫描获得了层板受低速冲击后的若干损伤特征; 在压-压疲劳试验中, 测量了损伤的扩展情况。讨论了冲击能量与损伤面积以及冲击后剩余压缩强度的关系, 分析了含冲击损伤层合板在压缩载荷及压-压疲劳载荷下的主要破坏机制。结果表明, 低速冲击损伤对该类层板的强度和疲劳性能影响很大, 在3.75 J/mm的冲击能量下, 层板剩余压缩强度下降了65%; 在压-压疲劳载荷作用下, 其损伤扩展大致可分为两个阶段, 占整个疲劳寿命约60%的前一阶段损伤扩展较为缓慢; 而疲劳寿命的后半阶段损伤则开始加速扩展, 并导致材料破坏。     

含分层损伤缝合复合材料层板的剩余压缩强度

基于渐进损伤方法,研究了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板在压缩载荷下的剩余强度。通过商用软件ABAQUS建立了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板剩余压缩强度计算模型,考虑了子层屈曲和分层扩展对剩余强度的影响。通过UMAT子程序实现了层板失效、层间失效和缝线失效的模拟。通过嵌入式杆单元结构模拟了缝线桥联作用及失效。采用Hashin准则及刚度折减法对纤维拉压、基体拉压失效进行了模拟。通过渐进损伤分析,揭示了缝合情况下含单脱层复合材料层板的失效机理,讨论了缝合参数对剩余压缩强度的影响。所预测的破坏模式和剩余强度结果与实验能较好地吻合。分析表明缝合可以明显提高含分层损伤复合材料层板的子层屈曲载荷,抑制分层扩展,并提高层板的剩余压缩强度。     

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击及冲击后压缩实验研究

通过对缝合复合材料层板进行低速冲击和冲击后压缩实验, 研究了不同类型的缝合复合材料层板的冲击损伤特性及冲击后压缩的剩余强度。实验研究表明: 基体损伤和分层是缝合层板与未缝合层板低速冲击的主要损伤模式, 缝合层板具有更好的抗冲击性能, 更高的冲击后压缩强度。缝合密度越大的层板其抗冲击性能越好, 冲击后压缩强度越高。缝合方向为0°的缝合层板较缝合方向为90°的缝合层板具有更好的抗冲击性能和更高的冲击后压缩强度。增加0°方向铺层, 减少45°、-45°方向铺层, 可以提高缝合层板的抗冲击性能和冲击后压缩强度。     

聚氨酯涂层对复合材料层板冲击后压缩性能的影响

对聚氨酯喷涂复合材料层板进行反复低速冲击试验和冲击后压缩试验,研究了损伤程度、层板厚度和涂层厚度对聚氨酯喷涂复合材料层合板冲击后压缩强度的影响,并通过数字图像相关(DIC)检测压缩过程分析了不同损伤程度试样的破坏过程和破坏模式。结果表明:随着冲击次数的增加冲击后压缩强度存在拐点,随着层合板厚度的增加试样的冲击后压缩强度降低,随着涂层厚度的增加含聚氨酯的试样冲击后压缩强度明显提高;压缩破坏位置与损伤程度有关,试样的损伤程度不同其压缩破坏过程也不同。     

缝合复合材料层板面内边缘冲击及冲击后压缩实验

利用真空辅助树脂传递成型(VARTM)技术制备缝合/未缝合碳纤维层板,并分别对其进行了五种不同能量的面内边缘冲击及冲击后压缩实验,结构内部的冲击损伤通过超声C扫描检测技术进行观测。结果表明：缝合工艺的引入能有效提高碳纤维层板的面内冲击阻抗及损伤容限,在五种能量范围内,冲击峰值力的增幅达到4.54%～10.33%,冲击后剩余压缩强度的增幅最高达到9.32%;另外,通过超声C扫描检测结果发现,面内边缘冲击后,在复合材料面板上的冲击点附近会出现一个半椭圆形的分层区域,且缝合层板的分层损伤面积明显小于未缝合层板;未缝合层板面内边缘冲击后压缩的主要破坏模式为分层扩展,而缝合层板面内边缘冲击后的压缩失效模式为整体屈曲。     

A study on low velocity impact damage evaluation and repair technique of small aircraft composite structure

Composite structures are very prone to damage at fairly modest levels of impact energy due to foreign object damages. A repair technique using external patch is recognized as an effective method to recover the damaged structures during service life. This work is focusing on the impact damage evaluation and the external patch repair techniques of the aircraft composite structure. The impact damages of composite laminates of the carbon/epoxy UD laminate and the carbon/epoxy fabric face sheets-honeycomb core sandwich laminate are simulated by the drop-weight type impact test equipment. The damaged specimens are repaired using the external patch repair method after removing the damaged area. The compressive strength test and analysis results of the repaired impact damaged specimens are compared with the compressive strength test and analysis results of the undamaged specimens and the impact damaged specimens. Finally, the strength recovery capability after repairing is investigated.     

A prediction method for the compressive strength of impact damaged composite laminates

An analytic method for the prediction of the compressive strength of composite laminates containing impact damage has been developed. Using the characteristics of the impact damage detected by the ultrasonic time-of-flight C-scan technique, the state of the damage is modelled by an elliptical soft inclusion. The degradation of the elastic moduli of the material in the inclusion is determined by a sublaminate buckling analysis. The stress distribution in the laminate containing the inclusion with the reduced moduli is determined using a complex potential method and the stress results are used in conjunction with three failure criteria to predict the residual compressive strength. Compression-after-impact tests on flat laminates manufactured from the Toray T800H/ 3900-2 material have been conducted to produce experimental results for validating the analytical method. Good agreements between predicted residual compressive strengths and experimental results have been obtained.     

基于应变不变量失效理论的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板开孔结构压缩损伤模拟

应变不变量失效理论(SIFT)是一种新型的基于物理失效模式的复合材料强度理论,被广泛应用于复合材料结构失效分析。首先,为了提高理论分析的精度,SIFT被扩展用于分析碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层合板开孔结构的静载压缩逐步失效机制和强度。开发的SIFT实施方法包括材料强度表征和结构强度预测两个部分。结构强度预测是基于ABAQUS平台并使用Fortran语言编写用户自定义材料子程序(UMAT)实现的。随后,将SIFT预测值与经典复合材料强度理论Tsai-Wu和Hashin理论的预测结果和试验结果进行了对比,结果显示SIFT预测的精度最高。同时,基于SIFT对静载压缩下的AS4/3501-6层合板开孔结构从初始失效到最终失效的失效机制演变进行了详细的分析。最后,将SIFT预测的AS4/3501-6层合板开孔结构静载压缩的失效机制与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明SIFT预测的逐步失效机制与试验结果相吻合,所得结论为CFRP结构强度的预测提供了新思路。     

Effect of impact damages on the compressive strength of composite laminates

Abstract

By simplifying the impact damages as a single delamination near the surface with an elliptical boundary, the approximate solution of total strain energy release rates can be derived as a function of delamination major axis, minor axis, external compressive strain, Possion's ratio of parent medium, extensional and bending stiffnesses of sublaminate. A linear relation of residual strength versus strain energy release rate can be constructed by correlating the approximate solution with test data of compressive residual strain (strength) after impact (CSAI), indicating that the dimension between the delamination major and minor axis should be dependent. In addition, the delamination aspect ratio is found to be not only a function of the specimen geometry and the extensional stiffness, but also a function of laminate thickness. The approximate solution provides a method for predicting the post impacted strength of composite laminate for only either thick laminate or thin laminate with low impact energy.     

On the Distribution of Delamination in Composite Structures and Compressive Strength Prediction for Laminates with Embedded Delaminations

In this study, large numbers of aircraft composite structures were inspected, and the distribution of delamination sizes and though thickness positions in the composite laminates are investigated. An experiment is conducted to probe into the influence of delamination sizes and through thickness positions on the compressive strengths of laminates with single embedded circular delamination, with the most dangerous delamination sizes and positions defined from the distribution. Furthermore, a shell model is established for compressive strength prediction, with delamination propagation assessed using a mixed mode criterion. The finite element (FE) prediction comes out to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements, for the predicted compressive strengths stand within 10% error of experimental results. It was observed that the compressive strength was highly influenced by the delamination size, while the through thickness position of delamination did not have significant effect on the compressive strength.     

On the penetration energy for fibre-reinforced plastics under low-velocity impact conditions

This paper deals with the prediction of the penetration energy for fibre-reinforced plastics subjected to low-velocity impact. Some results available in the literature, allowing evaluation of the main parameters affecting the energy-absorbing capacity of a composite laminate, are reviewed first. It is shown that, for a given fibre type, the penetration energy is substantially influenced by the total fibre volume and tup diameter, whereas other factors, such as resin type and content, fibre architecture, stacking sequence and orientations, play a secondary role in the phenomenon. An empirical power law equation recently proposed by the authors, from which the penetration energy can be evaluated, is then assessed on the basis of experimental data previously published. The results indicate that the exponent of the power law is probably independent of the material considered, being practically the same for carbon- and glass-fibre-reinforced plastics, and even for an isotropic material such as polycarbonate, prone to extensive plastic yielding before final failure. The formula proposed, useful for in-plane isotropic and moderately anisotropic composites, can also permit the comparison of impact data generated under different impact conditions.     

Analytical and experimental studies on the low-velocity impact response and damage of composite laminates under in-plane loads with structural damping effects

In this paper, low-velocity impact response and damage of composite laminates under in-plane loads are analytically and experimentally investigated. The authors recently proposed a modified displacement field of plate theory, considering the effect of initially loaded in-plane strain, and used a finite element program to analyze the structural behavior of the composite laminate. In this study, the program is upgraded to account for the structural damping effect of the laminate. A pendulum type impact test system and an in-plane loading fixture are constructed for the experimental study. The analytical and experimental impact behaviors are compared at different impact energy levels for cases with an initial in-plane tensile load and a compressive load, as well as cases without the initial in-plane load. The results show good correspondence between the analytical and experimental impact force histories. The effect of the initial in-plane load reduces for higher impact energies. The numerical estimation of the damaged area is in good agreement with the results from C-scanning experiments.     

Impact and compression after impact experimental study of a composite laminate with a cork thermal shield

The aim of this paper is to present an experimental study of impact and compression after impact (CAI) tests performed on composite laminate covered with a cork thermal shield (TS) intended for launchers fairing. Drop weight impact tests have been performed on composite laminate sheets with and without TS in order to study its effect on the impact damage. The results show the TS is a good mechanical protection towards impact as well as a good impact revealing material. Nevertheless, totally different damage morphology is obtained during the impact test with or without TS, and in particular at high impact energy, the delaminated area is larger with TS. Afterwards, CAI tests have been performed in order to evaluate the TS effect on the residual strength. The TS appears to increase the residual strength for a same impact energy, but at the same time, it presents a decrease in residual strength before observing delamination. In fact, during the impact tests with TS, invisible fibres’ breakages appear before delamination damage contrary to the impacts on the unshielded sheets.