Validation of critical strain technique for assessing stability of coal mine intersections and its potential for development of roof control plans

Both room-and-pillar and longwall mining systems develop underground excavations whose stability must be ensured over their entire service life. Even though rock bolts have been extensively used as a support element in US coal mines for about 40 years, limited research has been conducted in quantifying its composite reinforcement effects. Recently, the authors suggested an approach to quantify the reinforcement effect of roof supports over a designated area based on critical failure strains in tension, compression and shear. This paper validates the critical strain technique (CST) using a case study and justifies the magnitude of selected critical strain by corroborating with the US roof fall statistics. Intersections are vulnerable to failure due to the larger exposed roof span and associated stress concentrations. Through numerical application of the CST to a case study, it was demonstrated that modifying the opening orientation and installing reinforcement at critical locations can help to improve the overall stability of intersections.     

互层岩体中巷道顶板应力分布及破坏特征研究

考虑巷道顶板岩层分层特性,采用Reissner厚板理论建立巷道互层顶板的应力计算模型,将巷道互层顶板视为三维应变厚板,结合力学相关知识求解得到不同条件下互层巷道顶板的应力分布。分析了软硬互层巷道顶板变形破坏特征及其规律,以山东某矿6506工作面回采巷道为工程背景,通过FLAC^3D数值模拟软件建立不同巷道顶板组合的计算模型,分析了互层巷道顶板岩层的软硬性质对巷道顶板应力和破坏深度的影响。研究结果表明：破坏发生在巷道顶板最下部岩层端部并逐渐向上扩展,最终形成冒落拱;不同岩性组合下巷道顶板应力主要集中在硬岩中,顶板各岩层岩性之间存在差异更易导致应力集中现象;硬岩能有效减弱巷道顶板的破坏深度,使顶板的变形量远小于软岩顶板的变形量,软岩顶板由于其支承能力弱,岩层内应力易达到其极限强度,导致巷道顶板的破坏深度和范围都大大增加。     

火成岩侵蚀复合顶板煤巷支护对策研究

杨庄煤矿45210工作面埋深大,顶板为复合顶板,受火成岩侵蚀,易发生突然冒顶等灾害。笔者采用数值模拟和现场观测分析方法,认为该巷道变形破坏机制为:因火成岩侵袭复合顶板倾斜煤巷,顶板煤岩层粘聚力和抗拉强度降低;巷道开挖卸荷后,在竖向应力作用下,顶板受拉破坏严重,顶板下沉量增加,引起煤帮受拉破坏,两帮移近量增加;集中应力区由巷道围岩表面向围岩深部不断转移,围岩塑性区由巷道表面向深处逐渐扩张,最终导致巷道的变形和破坏;提出了“强顶、固帮”的支护对策。现场试验表明,与原设计方案相比,新设计方案可有效控制巷道围岩变形,降低巷道变形量达50%以上,取得了良好的支护效果。     

厚泥岩复合顶板煤巷围岩控制技术研究

 针对首山一矿11061工作面运输平巷厚泥岩复合顶板强度低、无稳定承载结构、顶板下沉量大的问题,通过监测巷道围岩破坏及离层发育,统计巷道破坏具体形式,分析得出复杂应力条件下厚泥岩复合顶板巷道破坏的力学机制。基于普氏拱理论,结合现场具体支护和破坏状况,提出“预应力锚杆+锚索承载结构,配合原生裂隙区域注浆加固”的改进支护方案：预应力锚索(杆)形成的主、次承载结构协同作用,在两承载层间的泥岩顶板形成压缩区限制离层发展;布置倾斜锚索与垂直锚索,限制巷道顶帮角处围岩塑性区扩展,防止锚索锚固点所在岩层破断失去承载能力。依据塑性圈理论和数值模拟等手段,确定锚杆、锚索等具体支护参数,利用分区注浆加固泥岩强烈膨胀与松动破坏区域。数值模拟和现场工程实践的结果表明：与原支护方案对比,改进的支护方案巷道变形量减少约50%,巷道围岩完整程度明显提高,有效地控制了厚泥岩复合顶板变形与破坏。     

Analytical design method for a truss-bolt system for reinforcement of fractured coal mine roofs—illustrated with a case study

This paper presents an analytical design method for the truss-bolt system in reinforcing underground fractured rock roofs in coal mines. The analytical design method is based on the mechanical analysis of the fractured rock roof with reinforcement by inclined roof bolts and a horizontal tie-rod. The mechanical analysis for the system includes a non-linear bending model for the laterally inclined roof bolts and three upper and lower bounds. The lateral resistance of the inclined roof bolts in a truss-bolt-supported roadway is examined using classical theory of a non-linear beam in bending. The paper analyses the arching action by lateral behavior of the inclined roof bolts in reinforcing the fractured roof. Based on mechanical models, the design formula concerning the lateral bolt forces, tensions in the tie-rod in the truss system, as well as the reinforcement behavior have been derived. In order to ensure that the roof truss-bolt system reinforces the coal roof effectively, a lower bound of pre-tightening forces must be applied on the tie-rod for stabilizing the fractured roof by arching action. The pre-tightening forces exerted via the tie-rod also cannot be greater than its upper bound, since the excessive tightening force will cause localized failure in the rock near the bolt tail at the abutment of the fractured roof beam. The analytical formulas for both lower and upper bounds for truss pre-tightening forces are put forward in this paper. Furthermore, the paper also presents analytical equations for designing the axial forces and dimensions for bolts in this kind of system. Parametric studies and optimization analysis are also carried out on the basis of the proposed approach. A flow chart and procedures are presented to show the analytical design method for this truss-bolt system. Case studies are presented to show how the method can be used in actual coal mining tunnels. The predicted results compare well with those measured in the actual case studies.     

迎上下采空孤岛面沿空掘巷围岩变形破坏特征

为了研究分析上下煤层两侧都采空而形成的孤岛面沿空掘巷和煤层开采时围岩应力分布及变形破坏特征,应用理论分析、计算机数值模拟与具体工程实践相结合的研究方法,分析了上下煤层两侧采空情况下,下孤岛工作面迎上孤岛面沿空掘巷期间及煤层开采过程中,采场围岩应力分布、变形破坏规律。结果表明:该情况下孤岛工作面围岩结构特征因受多次开采影响,其整体性和联动性都有所降低,采场围岩应力分布特征有所不同,且煤柱宽度尺寸对巷道受力变形有较大影响。掘巷期间轨道巷煤柱帮的变形量大于实体煤帮变形量,顶板下沉量大于底鼓量;回采期间顶板运移特点决定了两巷围岩主要呈现拉剪破坏,随着工作面的推进,采动影响阶段和影响剧烈阶段范围逐渐增大,巷道断面收缩率随着距工作面距离的减小而增大。对于孤岛面开采沿空巷道的特殊围岩条件,应遵循“强顶、固帮、控底的全断面围岩控制技术思路,对上下隅角附近巷道加强支护,提高围岩自身强度,为类似条件孤岛面巷道维护及安全开采提供理论技术保障。     

Displacement, stress and seismicity in roadway roofs during mining-induced failure

Roof stability in gateroads is a long-standing issue in many of the underground mines in Australia that use longwall extraction methods, due primarily to a significant increase of vertical stresses ahead of the longwall face. Although numerous studies have been done in the past, the process of roof rock deformation and breakage prior to and during a roof failure in an actual mining environment is still being debated. This paper describes a new integrated roof monitoring system and the results from applying this system in an Australian underground coal mine. The system integrates displacement, stress and seismic monitoring. It has been applied to two roadways in an Australian underground coal mine during two field experiments. The key roof behaviour identified by the integrated monitoring package during the two field monitoring experiments is reported and discussed in this paper.The experiments were conducted in the “tailgate” roadways that are adjacent to the caved zone, or “goaf”, of the previously mined panels. It was found in the experiments that, prior to roof falls, roof displacement accelerates whereas the horizontal stresses reduce. Seismic activity intensifies before major roof displacement or stress changes are evident, and subsides in the later stage of roof failure when large roof displacement is visible. The seismic resonance frequencies decrease during roof failure development. The field monitoring studies have also identified a number of quantitative and site-specific roof fall precursors potentially useful for roof fall prediction and prevention.     

大断面强采动综放煤巷顶板非对称破坏机制与控制对策

 针对大断面强采动综放煤巷开掘过程中出现的顶板非对称变形破坏现象,以王家岭煤矿为工程背景,通过现场调研、室内试验、理论分析、数值模拟和井下试验等手段,对变形破坏机制与控制对策进行研究。得出如下结论：(1) 综放煤巷顶板呈现非对称变形破坏特征,表现为煤柱侧顶板严重下沉、剧烈水平滑移变形及肩角部位顶板错位、嵌入、台阶下沉等;(2) 侧向基本顶于煤柱上方距采空区边缘6～7 m处发生破断,基本顶的破断和回转下沉运动引起的不均衡支承压力q和回转变形压力?是沿空巷道不对称变形破坏的根本力源,靠煤柱侧顶板及肩角部位是巷道变形破坏的关键部位;(3) 受采空区不稳定覆岩运动和巷道开挖影响,巷道围岩结构和应力分布以巷道中心线为轴呈非对称性分布,而原有支护未能对煤柱侧顶板及肩角等部位加强支护且无法适应顶板剧烈水平运动,巷道掘出后呈现出非对称矿压显现,后期受到本工作面回采影响,非对称变形破坏进一步加剧。(4) 分析该类巷道支护原理,提出集高强锚梁网、非对称锚梁桁架结构、预应力锚索桁架的非对称控制体系,阐述其控制机制,并进行方案设计和工程应用。数值模拟和工程实践表明,该技术可有效减弱顶板应力和位移分布的非对称性,控制围岩非对称变形破坏。     

Assessment of roof stability in a room and pillar coal mine in the U.S. using three-dimensional distinct element method

This paper examines the effect of different geological and mining factors on roof stability in underground coal mines by combining field observations, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling. An underground coal mine in western Pennsylvania is selected as a case study mine to investigate the underlying causes of roof falls in this mine. Three-dimensional distinct element analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as the variation of immediate roof rock mass strength properties, variation of discontinuity mechanical properties, orientations and magnitudes of the horizontal in-situ stresses, and the size of pillars and excavations on stability of the immediate roof. The research conducted in this paper showed that the bedding planes play an important role on the geo-mechanical behavior of roofs in underground excavations. Therefore, an appropriate numerical modeling technique which incorporates the effect of discontinuities should be employed to simulate the realistic behavior of the discontinuous rock masses such as the layered materials in roof strata of the underground coal mines. The three-dimensional distinct element method used in this research showed the capability of this technique in capturing the important geo-mechanical behavior around underground excavations.     

Excavation-induced deep hard rock fracturing: Methodology and applications

To analyze and predict the mechanical behaviors of deep hard rocks,some key issues concerning rock fracturing mechanics for deep hard rock excavations are discussed.First,a series of apparatuses and methods have been developed to test the mechanical properties and fracturing behaviors of hard rocks under high true triaxial stress paths.Evolution mechanisms of stress-induced disasters in deep hard rock excavations,such as spalling,deep cracking,massive roof collapse,large deformation and rockbursts,have been recognized.The analytical theory for the fracturing process of hard rock masses,including the three-dimensional failure criterion,stress-induced mechanical model,fracturing degree index,energy release index and numerical method,has been established.The cracking-restraint method is developed for mitigating or controlling rock spalling,deep cracking and massive collapse of deep hard rocks.An energy-controlled method is also proposed for the prevention of rockbursts.Finally,two typical cases are used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology in the Baihetan caverns and Bayu tunnels of China.     

新疆中生代复合型软岩大变形控制技术及其应用

 针对新疆沙吉海矿区中生代复合型软岩产生的顶板离层冒落、侧墙鼓出、底板鼓起等非线性大变形破坏现象,综合应用现场工程地质调查、理论分析、数值计算、物化分析、软岩水理作用测试、现场测试等手段和方法,深入分析本区中生代复合型软岩巷道围岩的分子膨胀+岩体结构面错动+开挖扰动的复合破坏机制,提出以恒阻大变形锚网索耦合支护为核心的主动支护技术体系。通过恒阻装置充分释放围岩膨胀能和塑性能,减小支护荷载及高应力集中,同时借助高阻性能抑制过大有害变形,合理控制围岩塑性圈;然后通过锚网索二次耦合支护消除围岩塑性大变形、层间软弱结构面的错动引起的围岩–支护之间的变形不协调,并采用注浆锚管控制底鼓大变形,最终形成围岩–支护结构协同承载体系。基于非线性大变形力学设计方法及数值分析,进行施工过程设计及参数设计。工程实践表明,该技术得到成功应用,保证了巷道的稳定。     

大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷破坏机制及控制对策研究

 针对煤巷上方大厚度泥岩顶板在开挖支护后所表现的破坏现象,通过现场观察、室内试验、数值试验、相似模拟试验及理论分析,对其变形破坏机制及控制对策进行系统研究,动态分析围岩的变形和破坏过程,研究不同支护情况下巷道变形规律、破坏机制、应力分布及不同支护手段的加固效果。得出如下结论：(1) 泥岩风化崩解、碎裂扩容与应力调整过程中的高应力拉伸与剪切共同促使泥岩顶板破裂、离层和破碎的发生;(2) 原支护缺乏对围岩性质的准确判断导致巷道破坏与支护失效;(3) 大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷支护的原则：及时封闭围岩、提高下位岩层刚度、布置斜向锚索;(4) 根据地质力学与环境条件,通过断面优化及支护参数优化能够有效避免大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷的多次翻修,实现一次支护的长期稳定。研究成果在棋盘井矿区获得全面应用,对类似条件工程的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

沿空巷层状顶板变形特征及对锚固结构的影响

从理论上分析了沿空巷道顶板的变形机理;运用数值分析方法研究了沿空巷道层状顶板的变形特征及其影响因素;对沿空巷道顶板变形对锚固结构的影响进行了分析,得出了以下主要结论：（1）沿空巷道顶板的变形主要是由于老顶回转引起的;（2）沿空巷道层状顶板的横向变形较为显著;（3）层状顶板的横向错动变形增大了对锚固结构的剪切应力,对锚杆及锚固结构提出了新的要求。     

基于四维离散数值方法的岩石圆环试样动态破坏及耗能规律

利用最新提出的四维离散弹簧元法(4D-LSM)对岩石圆环的动态抗变形及耗能特性进行研究。首先对4D-LSM用于描述岩石圆环试样破坏的适用性进行了验证,发现4D-LSM可以较好地再现岩石试样的孔径比与破坏形态和强度间的影响规律。在此基础上,对孔隙率、非均质性、厚径比等因素与抗变形及耗能间的规律进行研究,得到了对应的数学公式。利用4D-LSM模拟大变形方面的优势,发现当岩石材料的变形抵抗能力较大时,岩石圆环将表现出与传统仅考虑小变形情况下实验和数值计算不同的破坏形态,岩石圆环的材料抗拉强度与抗变形能力也分别呈现非线性关系。通过建立圆环阵列模型,研究了由多个岩环构成的组合结构的抗变形和能量抵抗能力以及对应的破坏形态。结果表明,组合结构中的圆环单元与单圆环受力的破裂形态有所不同,但单圆环的抗变形及耗能规律仍适用于岩环阵列结构的分析。     

基于弯曲模式的层状采动斜坡变形破坏机理研究

为揭示采空区反倾斜坡变形破坏机理,针对采空区顶板层状岩体提出固定梁约束模型,并根据已有研究给出其基于结构力学和最大拉应力准则的弯曲折断应力判据。为验证约束模型的效果,以纳雍左家营崩塌为例,在详细地质调查的基础上,选取典型地质剖面1-1′剖面,对面积最大的1号采空区顶板每隔10 m取一个计算点,计算出固定梁约束模型下采空区顶板不同位置处的弯曲折断应力,同时利用FLAC^3D对其进行数值模拟,最后综合结构力学计算结果、数值模拟结果和地质调查对左家营崩塌机理进行分析。研究结果表明：固定梁可作为采空区顶板反倾层状岩体的受力模型,采空区顶板受力由固定梁向简支梁转化;采空区两侧端面应力集中现象明显,且应力集中朝顺倾向偏移,顺倾向应力集中较反倾向显著,采空区顶底板中部局部呈受拉状态,塑性区以剪切破坏为主;上硬下软不利岩性组合和节理裂隙发育的岩体造成的岩体结构破碎是崩塌源区形成的关键因素,高度临空的斜坡地形为崩滑提供了有利地形,采空区应力调整导致已有裂缝裂隙不断扩展、贯通,加剧斜坡失稳,最终形成崩塌。     

昔格达地层隧道变形特性曲线及变形机理研究

昔格达地层隧道围岩开挖后易风化,遇水即泥化等性质严重影响成昆线复线的快速安全施工,因此展开对昔格达地层隧道围岩变形特性曲线及其变形机理等研究具有一定的现实意义。文中通过现场调查,物理力学试验,现场监测,数值模拟和理论研究等手段对昔格达地层隧道变形特性进行深入研究。研究结果表明：昔格达地层隧道主要发生拱顶大变形、水平收敛大和仰拱突泥隆起等,围岩呈现中厚层状、互层状和薄层状等水平层理发育;含水率对昔格达地层隧道围岩的力学性质影响很大;黄色砂岩夹页岩围岩试样压缩模量最小;含水率对灰色页岩夹砂岩围岩试样的黏聚力影响最大,对浅灰色页岩夹砂岩围岩的内摩擦角影响最大;拟合现场监测和数值模拟下的变形特性曲线,得到昔格达地层隧道开挖围岩变形全过程曲线：开挖初期缓慢变形,开挖中期急剧变形,开挖中后期变形减缓和开挖末期变形稳定;同时推导出在弹性、塑性和松动区状态下的昔格达地层围岩变形公式,得到弹塑性昔格达地层围岩变形特性曲线以及四个阶段昔格达地层隧道各部位变形松动区轮廓。最后从力学变形本构模型、物理和化学等角度对昔格达地层隧道围岩变形的力学机理进行分析。     

唐山沟矿厚层砂岩顶板切缝沿空成巷试验研究

 垮落带内含有厚层坚硬岩层时,难以冒落,易在沿空巷道采空区侧形成弧形三角悬板,对沿空巷道产生较大压力。以大同唐山沟8820厚层砂岩顶板首采面无煤柱开采为背景,分析普通充填留巷和切缝沿空成巷侧向顶板断裂结构特征及围岩稳定过程,认为对垮落带内直接顶坚硬层顶板进行合理参数下的切缝,可使得切缝高度范围内采空区边界直接顶和基本顶失去约束,并沿切缝结构面剪切破断充分冒落接顶,降低破断冲击动载;并通过UDEC数值模拟软件,分析出切缝有利于矸石冒落并支撑上覆岩层,可将上覆基本顶岩层的触矸点前移,限制基本顶回转和下沉作用引起的围岩压力,明显减小巷道围岩变形量。基于理论、数值分析研究结果,确定唐山沟矿8820回风巷巷内加强巷旁密集支柱+巷旁双向聚能爆破切缝的上压下支中间切缝的联合切顶方案。通过井下爆破参数试验、矿压监测分析,评价切顶成巷的效果。井下试验表明：顶板高恒阻大变形锚索、巷内加强巷旁密集支柱、巷旁密集档矸点柱、超前聚能切缝爆破的切顶成巷综合技术,能够有效切落沿空巷道侧向顶板并形成完整巷道,各项指标均满足下一工作面回采要求。     

Reliability analysis of roof sheathing panels exposed to a hurricane wind

Light-frame wood roofs are frequently used in the US for residential and commercial construction. High wind events, such as hurricanes, may cause severe damage to these structures by breaking the roof envelope and allowing penetration of wind-driven rain. Most previous wood panel reliability studies have used static, uniform wind pressure load models and code-specified load distribution rules for analysis. This study re-estimates the reliability of roof sheathing panels exposed to a specific hurricane event using actual wind pressure data and a more refined structural analysis model. The objective is to examine the adequacy of the simplified wind load and structural analysis models used for roof panel reliability analysis. In the procedure here, panel failure behavior is modeled by individual fastener extraction from the panel as dynamic wind pressure is increased. For reliability analysis, the limit state is based on panel pull-off. The results show that the use of a refined model provides some significant differences in panel reliability found from simplified techniques.     

Effect of soil–infilled joints on the stability of rock wedges formed in a tunnel roof

The use of an equivalent continuum for a rock mass is not always suitable for situations, where the failure is structurally controlled by discontinuities as in the case of wedges in the tunnel roof. In these instances, discontinuum approaches are usually preferred. Rock joints that are filled with soft infill are likely to be the weakest planes in a rock mass, having a dominant influence on its overall shear behaviour. In this case, the joint material model adopted for the discontinuities should be able to describe important mechanisms, such as asperity sliding and shearing, post-peak behaviour, asperity deformation, and the effect of the soft infilling. The latest version of a soil–infilled joint model is discussed here. It describes more comprehensively than previous models the occurrence of dilation and compression with lateral displacements, and also represents the hardening mechanism related to asperity interference as observed in the laboratory that cannot be readily captured by the existing joint models. An analytical approach for the analysis of rock wedges structurally controlled by soil–infilled joints and a numerical simulation based on a metro station collapse which occurred in Brazil in 2007 are presented.