高粱淀粉的理化和流变特性

淀粉由３个高粱栽培种的种子提取的，并与商品小麦淀粉进行了比较。高粱淀粉的直链淀粉含量的２２．０％－２７．８％，其总脂低于小麦淀粉，而高粱Ｍｉｌｏ和Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ高粱“１００”之间地差异，高粱Ｄａｂａｒ淀粉的水结构能力和小麦淀粉无差异。     

高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉的理化性质比较分析

为探究高粱中内源性多酚对高粱淀粉理化性质的影响,分别对高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉进行理化性质（溶解度、膨润力、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、黏度特性和热力学特性）研究。结果表明高粱淀粉-多酚复合物溶解度较高粱淀粉溶解度高0.37%～5.25%,而膨润力、析水率和凝沉性均低于高粱淀粉,分别下降0.14%～1.63%、1.18%和13%～27%;与高粱淀粉的糊化相比,高粱淀粉-多酚复合物峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值分别下降128 、73 、97 和24 cP,高粱淀粉-多酚复合物成糊温度较低。高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉理化性质存在差异,说明高粱中内源性多酚对高粱淀粉的理化性质具有一定的影响。     

杂豆淀粉研究进展

杂豆的营养价值和对人体健康的作用受到国内外的普遍关注.淀粉是杂豆中的主要碳水化合物,其性质直接影响杂豆资源的开发与利用.综述了杂豆淀粉的分子结构、颗粒特性、糊化特性、回生特性、消化性及其应用等方面的研究进展,以期进一步促进杂豆在食品及非食品领域的开发利用.     

20种高粱淀粉特性

对我国高粱主产区的20 种高粱淀粉的微观结构、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性进行比较研究。结果表明：高粱淀粉颗粒多数为不规则形状,表面内凹,颗粒较大,其中部分颗粒表面有类蜂窝状结构,少数为球形,表面光滑,颗粒小,淀粉颗粒粒径在5～20μm 之间;不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉含量、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性差异较大。因此,不同的加工目的应该选择不同的高粱品种。     

微波制备高粱抗性淀粉工艺的优化研究

为提高高粱于保健食品中的利用率,本文以高粱为原料,采用微波技术处理高粱淀粉,分别考察了淀粉乳浓度(10％,15％,20％,25％,30％,35％)、微波功率(80W,240W,400W,640W,800W,1000W)和微波时间(120s,150s,180s,210s,240s,280s)对高粱抗性淀粉得率的影响,以优...     

薏仁米淀粉的研究进展

薏仁米是传统的药食兼用杂粮作物,除了直接作药或煮粥食用外,在食品、美容以及医药保健行业均有广泛应用。淀粉是薏仁米最主要的生化组分,约占其干重的50%~70%。薏仁米副产品,尤其与之相关食品的品质与其淀粉特性密切相关。本文从薏仁米淀粉的提取工艺、淀粉结构、理化特性（包含糊化、老化、透明度、冻融稳定性、膨胀和溶解、消化特性等）以及淀粉改性等方面的研究现状进行综述,以期为薏仁米淀粉相关的高附加值产品的研发和生产提供参考。     

5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分及淀粉特性差异分析

酿酒高粱的组成成分含量及其淀粉特性对酿酒过程有着至关重要的影响。对5种常用酿酒高粱的组成成分差异及其淀粉特性进行比较研究。结果表明,5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分上差异较大,美国高粱直链淀粉、脂肪含量最高、冻融稳定性最好,分别为23.79%、3.75%、78.02%;红矛六号高粱的蛋白质含量、单宁含量最多,透明度最高、淀粉糊化所需热量最多,分别为9.09%、0.70%、25.78%、9.7 J/g;宜宾糯红高粱的支链淀粉和灰分含量最高,分别为97.48%、1.62%;大高粱淀粉的含水量最高,为12.63%,此外,在80 ℃时,其溶解度、膨胀率最高,达15.72%、16.07 g/g。5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分及淀粉特性上差异较大。     

南北方酿酒高粱淀粉理化特性比较

为明确酿酒高粱淀粉理化特性,以6种酿酒高粱为研究对象,比较其淀粉溶解度、膨胀率、冻融稳定性,用环境扫描电镜分析高粱籽粒内部胚乳粉质区结构,布拉本德黏度仪测定淀粉的糊化特性,差示量热扫描仪测定热力学特性。结果表明:高粱籽粒内部淀粉颗粒为椭圆球形,不同高粱淀粉颗粒间致密结构差异显著。淀粉溶解度为0.45%~3.5%,膨胀率2.1%~14.5 g/g,冻融稳定性2.5%~24.5%;同北方高粱相比,南方高粱峰值黏度高、崩解值高、回生老化程度低,品种间差异显著(P0.05),糊化温度低、起始温度低、凝胶形成能力强。     

高粱籽粒淀粉表面色素的树脂分离研究

对纯化高粱淀粉过程中所得到的淀粉共生天然色素进行了树脂分离纯化研究。得到了树脂分离高粱淀粉共生色素的吸附动力学结果,3种大孔吸附树脂HPD-600、AB-8、H103对高粱红的吸附为慢速平衡型。通过对树脂分离所得色素成分的红外光谱、紫外光谱、质谱分析得出,高粱籽粒淀粉共生色素与高粱壳中的高粱红主要成分是同样的物质,鉴定出所分离的主要成分之一为5,7,4′-三羟基黄酮。     

大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝胶网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加。慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

Structure,Physicochemical Properties,Modifications, and Uses of Sorghum Starch

Sorghum has great drought resistance and can be cultivated on marginal lands with minimal input costs. Thus, the supply of sorghum starch, the major component of the seeds, can be cheap and sustainable. This review summarizes the present knowledge of extraction, composition, granular and molecular structures, physicochemical properties, modifications, and uses of sorghum starch, and provides suggestions for needed research to improve our understanding and utilization of this starch.     

Properties of Korean Amaranth Starch Compared to Waxy Millet and Waxy Sorghum Starches

Characteristics of waxy type starches isolated from amaranth, waxy millet and waxy sorghum harvested in Korea were evaluated. Shapes of all starch granules were polygonal or slightly round and the surfaces of waxy millet and waxy sorghum starch granules showed visible pores. Amylose contents of the three starches were between 3.2–6.0% and amaranth starch showed the highest water binding capacity (WBC) (130.7%). The swelling power and solubility of amaranth starch studied at 65.0–95.0°C increased about 13.7‐ and 14.0‐fold, respectively, with increase in temperature. Swelling power of waxy sorghum starch was the highest (72.6 at 95°C) among the starches studied, while amaranth starch had a constant swelling power and its rate of solubility increasely only slowly at temperatures higher than 75°C. From RVA data, initial pasting temperatures of amaranth, waxy sorghum and waxy millet starches were 75.7, 73.3 and 75.2°C, respectively. Peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback from trough of amaranth starch were 68.3, 16.7 and 7.5 RVU, respectively, which were the lowest values among the starches investigated. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of amaranth starch was 1.5–4.0°C higher than those of waxy sorghum and millet starches, corresponding to the RVA result. The enthalpies of gelatinization of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 8.5–12.7 J/g with decreasing order of waxy sorghum > amaranth > waxy millet starch.     

Starch Related Changes in Stored Soft Sorghum Porridge

Soft sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) unfermented porridge was prepared by cooking pearled sorghum flour (6% solids in water) in a microwave oven. Fermented porridge was prepared by mixing with Lactobacillus delbruekii for 12 hr at 48°C. followed by cookine. Porridge was aged (0–12 hr) at 25°C or 7.5%. Starch polymer solibility was determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and rheology followed with a rotational viscometer. During aging, solubilized and gelled amylose and amylopectin retrogradation rates were higher in porridge stored at 7.5 than at 25°C. Amylose polymer solubility decreased with storage, while solubilized amylopectin remained in solution. Fermented porridges were lighter in color and their initial consistency indexes increased faster. HPSEC of soluble polymers was more sensitive than enzymatic starch digestion.     

Physiochemical and Rheological Characterization of Sorghum Starch

Starch was isolated from the seeds of 3 sorghum cultivars and compared with commercial wheat starch. The amylose content of sorghum starches was in the range of 22.0–27.8%. Sorghum starches had less total lipids than wheat starch (1.66%) but there was no difference between sorghum Milo and Sorghum “100”. The water binding capacity of sorghum Dabar did not differ from that of wheat (100%) whereas differences in swelling power were observed, over a range of temperatures, between wheat and sorghum starches except for Sorghum “100” at 70°C. Sorghum starches showed single-step viscoamylographic curves with pronounced pasting peaks, good pasting stability and good set-back on cooling.     

Effect of Sorghum Flour Addition on In Vitro Starch Digestibility,Cooking Quality,and Consumer Acceptability of Durum Wheat Pasta

Whole grain sorghum is a valuable source of resistant starch and polyphenolic antioxidants and its addition into staple food like pasta may reduce the starch digestibility. However, incorporating nondurum wheat materials into pasta provides a challenge in terms of maintaining cooking quality and consumer acceptability. Pasta was prepared from 100% durum wheat semolina (DWS) as control or by replacing DWS with either wholegrain red sorghum flour (RSF) or white sorghum flour (WSF) each at 20%, 30%, and 40% incorporation levels, following a laboratory‐scale procedure. Pasta samples were evaluated for proximate composition, in vitro starch digestibility, cooking quality, and consumer acceptability. The addition of both RSF and WSF lowered the extent of in vitro starch digestion at all substitution levels compared to the control pasta. The rapidly digestible starch was lowered in all the sorghum‐containing pastas compared to the control pasta. Neither RSF or WSF addition affected the pasta quality attributes (water absorption, swelling index, dry matter, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and springiness), except color and hardness which were negatively affected. Consumer sensory results indicated that pasta samples containing 20% and 30% RSF or WSF had acceptable palatability based on meeting one or both of the preset acceptability criteria. It is concluded that the addition of wholegrain sorghum flour to pasta at 30% incorporation level is possible to reduce starch digestibility, while maintaining adequate cooking quality and consumer acceptability.     

3种高粱品种淀粉特性和酿造黄酒的风味品质分析

以‘晋杂22号’、‘晋粱白2号’、‘晋粱白3号’3 种高粱为原料酿造黄酒,分析研究淀粉对黄酒风味品质的影响。对3 种高粱进行淀粉、直链淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪质量分数等理化指标的检测;并采用扫描电子显微镜分别对3 种高粱籽粒内部胚乳结构进行分析;对3 种高粱进行淀粉提取,检测其溶解度和膨胀度;并采用差示扫描量热仪检测3 种淀粉的糊化特性;采用3 种高粱进行发酵酿造黄酒,并对3 种高粱发酵过程中的挥发性风味物质的种类和质量浓度进行检测。结果表明,3 种黄酒分别检测到102、109、110 种风味物质,总质量浓度分别为392.210、344.342、635.695 mg/L,其中异丁醇、异戊醇、苯乙醇、十六酸乙酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸乙酯和2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚是主要的风味物质。‘晋粱白3号’的支链淀粉质量分数最高,风味物质的种类及质量浓度也最高,证明淀粉质量分数对黄酒风味物质的种类及质量浓度起到了积极影响,为黄酒酿酒原料的选择提供了理论依据。     

高粱醇溶蛋白消化性研究

该文介绍高粱醇溶蛋白的提取方法,特性和消化性测定方法,并简单分析高粱醇溶蛋白发展前景。     

Starch Retrogradation: A Comprehensive Review

Starch retrogradation is a process in which disaggregated amylose and amylopectin chains in a gelatinized starch paste reassociate to form more ordered structures. Starch retrogradation has been the subject of intensive research over the last 50 years, mainly due to its detrimental effect on the sensory and storage qualities of many starchy foods. However, starch retrogadation is desirable for some starchy food products in terms of textural and nutritional properties. To better understand the effect of starch retrogradation on the quality of starchy foods, measurement methods of starch retrogradation and factors that influence starch retrogradation have been studied extensively. This article provides a comprehensive review of starch retrogradation including the definition of the process, molecular mechanisms of how it occurs, and measurement methods and factors that influence starch retrogradation. The review also discusses the effect of retrogradation on the in vitro enzyme digestibility of starch. Spectroscopic methods such as FTIR and Raman are considered to be very promising in characterizing starch retrogradation at a molecular level, although more studies are needed in the future.     

山西不同品种高粱淀粉特性

为探究不同品种间高粱物化特性和品质特性的差异,并探究两者之间的内在联系。本研究选取6个品种高粱,研究不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、粒度、X-射线衍射图谱、核磁共振图谱、糊化特性、热特性,分析不同品种的高粱淀粉在微观结构和理化性质方面的差异以及导致这些差异的可能原因。研究结果表明,6个不同品种的高粱淀粉直链淀粉含量范围在4.42%～43.63%之间,不同品种的高粱淀粉的颗粒形状整体呈不规则状,大多数为多面体,少数为球体,淀粉颗粒表面有凹痕和孔隙,高粱淀粉的平均粒径在15～20 μm。X射线衍射图谱和核磁共振波谱均表明高粱淀粉属于A-型淀粉。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度在67.94～69.96℃之间,晋夏2842糊化温度最低,晋杂38号糊化温度最高,回生值范围在240.14～1666.78 cP之间,其中金糯梁6号回生值最大,较易老化,晋杂22号回生值最小,不易老化。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度的峰值温度在68.88～71.74℃范围内。