玉米馒头微波烹制工艺对其品质特性的影响

采用响应面分析法(RSM)研究加水量、醒发时间、微波功率以及烹制时间对玉米馒头感官品质的影响,确定微波烹制的最佳工艺条件,同时比较微波烹制与常规蒸汽蒸制2种方式对玉米馒头和小麦馒头品质特性的影响。结果表明,微波烹制工艺的最佳条件为:加水量60%、醒发时间45 min、微波功率490 W、微波烹制时间3.5 min。按该工艺条件制备的玉米馒头与蒸汽蒸制的玉米馒头和小麦馒头的感官评分没有显著性差异(P<0.05),与蒸汽蒸制玉米馒头和小麦馒头相比,微波烹制的玉米馒头水分含量较低,硬度和黏着性较大,弹性差,但回复性和咀嚼性优于蒸汽蒸制玉米馒头和小麦馒头。微波烹制玉米馒头优化工艺可行,可推广应用。     

预醒发酵子冷冻面团馒头发酵工艺的优化研究

为了确定酵子冷冻面团馒头最佳发酵工艺,首先研究了预醒发时间对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,选取酵子添加量、加水量、发酵温度、发酵时间进行了4因素3水平的正交试验,确定了酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺。结果表明:预醒发时间60 min时,冷冻面团的外观较好,成品馒头的感官总分最高;各因素对馒头感官品质的影响顺序为:发酵时间>加水量>发酵温度>酵子添加量,酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺为:酵子添加量8 g、加水量50 m L、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间135 min。对照试验中,酵子冷冻面团馒头感官总分比酵母冷冻面团馒头高,酵子冷冻面团馒头与新鲜馒头相比,新鲜馒头感官总分较高。     

莜麦馒头微波蒸制工艺的研究

采用响应面法研究微波功率、微波时间和微波装载量对莜麦馒头品质的影响,确定莜麦馒头微波蒸制的最佳工艺条件,并比较了微波蒸制和常规蒸汽蒸制2个烹制方式对莜麦馒头的影响。结果表明,微波蒸制莜麦馒头的最佳工艺为:微波功率560 W,微波时间12.5 min,装载量74 g。按该工艺条件制作的莜麦馒头与蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头的感官评分没有显著性差异,与蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头相比,微波莜麦馒头水分含量较低,硬度和黏着性大,弹性差,而回复性和咀嚼性优于蒸汽蒸制莜麦馒头。     

红薯馒头的研究

红薯不仅具有丰富的营养价值,而且具有很高的药用价值.对红薯馒头的制作工艺进行了研究,探讨了红薯粉的添加量、加水量、发酵时间、醒发时间对红薯馒头品质的影响,试验结果表明红薯粉的添加量为20%,加水量为54%,发酵时间为50 min,醒发时间为15 min时,制得的红薯馒头品质较好.     

预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺优化

为提高冷冻生胚馒头的品质,该文探究预醒发时间、解冻方式和蒸制方式对馒头比容、感官评分和质构特性的影响,结合单因素和Box?Behnken 响应面法,优化预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺。通过差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和面包图像分析仪,分析对照生胚面团与最优工艺条件下预醒发冷冻生胚馒头面团可冻结水含量、微观结构以及馒头孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,最佳预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺为预醒发时间22 min,醒发箱解冻时间58 min,蒸箱蒸制时间18 min,该条件下馒头具有最优的感官品质,且不发生起泡收缩现象,馒头品质得到明显改善。     

制作工艺对冷冻面团馒头品质影响研究

为了提高冷冻面团馒头品质,探讨制作工艺(酵母添加量、加水量、速冻温度、速冻时间、醒发温度、醒发时间)对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响。采用Plackett-Burman设计和最陡爬坡试验筛选出影响冷冻面团馒头品质的关键工艺因素及其最大响应区域;采用Box-Behnken响应面优化冷冻面团馒头发酵工艺。结果表明最佳的发酵工艺条件为:酵母添加量0.8%、醒发温度37.5℃、醒发时间29.6 min,在此条件下,冷冻面团馒头的发酵力为(1.52±0.13)g、硬度为(2 074.67±72.71)gf,与预测值接近,能改善冷冻面团馒头品质。该研究结果为冷冻面团馒头品质提升及其产业化发展提供科学依据。     

不同种类荞麦挤压面条的制作工艺研究

参照小麦挤压面条制作工艺,研究了甜荞和苦荞挤压面条的最佳制作工艺。采用单因素考察了影响荞麦挤压面条品质的工艺参数,进一步通过正交试验的方法综合确定了甜荞挤压面条的最佳制作工艺参数：甜荞麦粉为50 g时,加水量32.5 mL、食盐添加量0.5 g、和面温度30℃、醒发温度25℃、醒发时间30 min;苦荞挤压面条的最佳制作工艺参数：苦荞麦粉为50 g时、加水量32.5 mL、食盐添加量0.5 g、和面温度25℃、醒发温度25℃、醒发时间90 min。同时以最优工艺制作的荞麦面条的感官评分接近小麦面条,且甜荞面条优于苦荞面条。     

玉米馒头制备工艺条件对其感官品质的影响

采用响应面分析法(RSM)研究了膨化玉米粉、发酵玉米粉、加水量及醒发时间对玉米馒头感官品质的影响,并将玉米馒头与小麦馒头的质地特性进行比较。结果表明,膨化玉米粉25%、发酵玉米粉45%、小麦粉30%、加水量60%、醒发时间50 min时,感官评分为89.16,制得的玉米馒头与小麦馒头质地特性无显著差异(p>0.05),且颜色金黄、软韧适中、组织均匀、玉米香味浓郁,感官品质最佳。以玉米预混粉为原料制备玉米馒头,不仅可以拓宽我国玉米深加工应用领域,也大大提高了玉米的利用价值。      

藜麦-小麦混合粉面团特性及藜麦馒头加工工艺

探讨不同比例的藜麦全粉对高筋小麦粉面团流变学特性的影响,确定藜麦全粉馒头中最佳的藜麦全粉添加比例并进行馒头加工工艺的优化。通过混合实验仪和吹泡仪对面团流变学特性进行测定,以馒头的感官评价和质构特性为评价指标,对藜麦全粉馒头的酵母添加量、发酵时间和醒发时间进行优化。结果表明：藜麦全粉馒头的最佳藜麦全粉添加量为15%;当酵母添加量0.75%、发酵时间100 min、醒发时间15 min时,藜麦全粉馒头的感官评价总分达到最高值86.58,比容达到最高值3.02 mL/g,同时,硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性分别达到最低值9.76、45.53 N和6.66 N。     

葡萄叶粉在馒头中的应用研究

为研究葡萄叶粉对馒头品质的影响,以不同比例的葡萄叶粉替代小麦粉制作馒头,并采用感官评价和质构分析的方法对馒头品质进行评价,对葡萄叶粉的添加量、水的添加量、面团发酵时间、馒头坯醒发时间4个因素进行单因素试验及正交试验分析,确定最优的葡萄叶粉馒头加工工艺参数:葡萄叶粉的添加量4%、小麦粉的添加量为96%、水的添加量为60%、面团发酵时间为35 min、馒头坯醒发时间30 min。     

Laboratory Process Development and Physicochemical Characterization of a Low Amylose and Hydrothermally Treated Ready-to-Eat Rice Product Requiring No Cooking

A low amylose and hydrothermally treated ready-to-eat rice product that requires no cooking was prepared in the laboratory. Hot soaking for 1–3 min with subsequent variable steaming at open and under pressures remarkably altered the kernel and flour properties. Increase in water absorption and lowering of cooking time with extent of steaming were prominent. Soaking of the product at 50 °C for 20 min gave texture values more similar to cooked samples. The viscosity parameters of hot soaking alone were in between those of hot soaking with open steaming and pressure steaming. Pressure steamed samples exhibited almost constantly increasing slurry viscosity throughout the heating and cooling phases of the rapid viscosity analyzer profile. Steaming variably altered the native A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Pressure steaming of samples with 3 min hot soaking caused complete loss of the A-type conformation with feeble peaks for B- and V-type patterns. The open steamed samples showed peaks for all A-, B-, and V-type patterns. No endotherms for amylose-lipid complexes were however found in the differential scanning calorimetry of the pressure steamed samples. The raw rice flour was highly resistant to α-amylolysis. In open steamed samples, steaming severity decreased the hydrolysis rate indicating formation of enzyme-resistant fractions, while pressure steamed samples showed higher digestibility with treatment severity.     

蒸汽—微波同步加热对排骨品质的影响

目的:探明排骨在蒸汽—微波同步加热过程中的变化规律。方法:采用蒸汽和微波组合同步加热,对处理后排骨的理化、质构、脂肪酸、氨基酸、蛋白总巯基和羰基含量进行研究。结果:与单独蒸制相比,蒸汽—微波同步加热可明显缩短烹饪时间,微波中低火(500 W)结合蒸汽(1300 W)加热(MS-13)缩短了48%的烹饪时间;与其他蒸汽—微波同步加热处理组相比,MS-13组排骨肉具有最高的水分含量、蛋白质含量和巯基含量,分别比单独蒸制组高5.91%,5.85%,101.60%,比微波组高14.55%,4.90%,19.78%;MS-13组排骨肉具有最低的脂肪含量和羰基含量,分别为单独蒸制组的91.87%和45.02%以及单独微波组的95.48%和67.18%;相对于新鲜样品,MS-13组样品不饱和脂肪酸相对含量明显增加。结论:微波中低火结合蒸汽加热13 min后的排骨肉具有较好的感官和营养品质。     

不同加热方法对盐水鹅食用品质的影响

为了获得更好的盐水鹅产品的加热方式,本实验以浙东盐水鹅为原料,比较了三种加热方法(微波、蒸、煮)对盐水鹅产品品质的影响,通过测定产品的物理化学性质(水分含量、pH、剪切力、色差),并运用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对产品的脂肪酸和挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明,微波处理显著(p<0.05)降低产品的水分含量,仅为44.35%,煮制的盐水鹅水分含量最高,为68.62%,蒸制的盐水鹅剪切力值最小,为14.54 N,嫩度最好。煮制和微波处理所得产品的pH没有显著差异。就L*值而言,经煮制后均最高,高达50.39,蒸制和微波加热过程会较完整地保留鹅肉表面的光泽。同时,蒸制的盐水鹅风味最好,煮制的次之,微波的最低,蒸制的盐水鹅挥发性物质种类最多,达到42种,烃类和酯类含量相对较高,而经煮制的盐水鹅产品中醇类和醛类较多。经煮制处理的盐水鹅不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为71.02%和52.13%;微波处理产品的饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,分别为30.86%和19.93%。综合来看,煮制条件下盐水鹅具有良好的感官品质和更好的营养价值,这些结果为盐水鹅产品加热方式提供了一定的依据。     

中国传统主食馒头中添加超微细豆渣粉的最佳工艺研究

根据超微细豆渣粉独特的保健功能与良好的加工品质,将超微细豆渣粉添加到中国居民的传统主食馒头中,通过正交试验获得添加超微细豆渣粉馒头的最佳配方为中筋粉100g、超微细豆渣粉13g、大豆卵磷脂0.6g、鸡蛋全蛋液10g、酵母粉2g、蔗糖15g、水65g,最佳工艺参数为面团发酵时间30min、醒发时间10min、蒸制时间15min。     

Application of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking to improve nutritional quality of cooked purple sweet potatoes and saving time

The influence of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking on contents of specific phytochemicals, carbohydrate and antioxidant activity of purple sweet potatoes (PSPs) was investigated, and compared to those of individual steaming and microwaving. Results showed that the contents of phytochemicals including total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins and phenolic acids except caffeic acid increased after cooking to different extent depending on cooking methods. The PSPs cooked by simultaneous combination of microwave (500 W) and steam (1700 W) for 12 min (M₅₀₀-S₁₇₀₀-12) contained the highest of total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Simultaneous combination of microwave and steaming resulted in higher content of soluble sugar in PSPs. PSPs cooked by M₅₀₀-S₁₇₀₀-12 showed the highest antioxidant activity, which was well accordance with higher contents of phytochemicals. The findings suggest that appropriate simultaneous combination of microwave and steaming could better preserve active phytochemicals in PSPs, but significantly shorten cooking time compared with individual steaming.Industrial relevanceSimultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking is a new technology for cooking food. However, the information about the effects of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking on quality of food is limited. The present findings showed that the appropriate combination of microwave and steam cooking could significantly decrease the cooking time and improve nutrition value of cooked PSPs. This research is not only of importance for understanding the changes of food composition during different heating process, but also has important practical significance for choosing a scientific cooking methods and developing new type of cooking utensils which can better satisfy current consumers' needs.     

鸡豆花的工艺优化及品质分析

“鸡豆花”是四川的传统美食,因其成型困难及口感特殊,难以推广。以鸡胸肉为原料,采用单因素实验（鸡肉糜与水的比例、鸡蛋清的添加量、马铃薯淀粉的添加量）和正交实验确定最佳工艺参数,并通过感官评定、持水率和质构仪（texture profile analysis,TPA）指标,分析蒸、煮方式及加热时间对鸡豆花品质的影响。结果显示,鸡豆花的最佳工艺为：鸡肉糜（100.0 g）与水的比例=1∶1.2 g/mL、鸡蛋清35.0 g、马铃薯淀粉8.0 g;煮制产品品质优于蒸煮产品品质（P<0.05）,煮制时间4 min时,鸡豆花的硬度为263.40±7.87 g,粘附性为-10.85±0.67 g.sec,弹性为0.95±0.13 mm,持水率为9.92%±0.52%。此工艺下生产的鸡豆花,鸡肉香味浓郁,持水率高,质地细腻,为鸡肉糜制品开发提供了新的途径。     

不同烹饪方式对干腌火腿理化、感官及风味品质的影响

熟肉制品的理化、感官和风味品质与烹饪方式密切相关,通过比较高压、微波、蒸制和煮制4 种烹饪方式对盘县火腿理化和营养特性、风味品质及感官评价的影响,筛选出最适宜盘县火腿的烹饪方法。结果表明：蒸制和煮制火腿色泽更好,pH值较高,分别为6.10和8.16,水分含量较高,分别为35.70%和35.20%,盐含量和烹饪损失率更低,分别为28.01%、5.15%和28.06%、4.99%;微波处理火腿粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为6.48%和55.14%;4 种烹饪方式均导致火腿中风味物质种类减少,但微波、蒸制和煮制可增加风味物质含量,特别是蒸制;聚类分析和Biplot分析同样显示出蒸制对原料火腿风味的改善作用;主成分分析结果表明,15 种特征香气成分中有7 种与蒸制火腿相关,包括2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、庚醛、辛醛和(E)-2-癸烯醛;感官评价结果表明,蒸制火腿的肉香属性得分最高,偏最小二乘回归相关性分析显示,这可能与其高含量的3-甲基丁醛、己醛和壬醛有关。盘县火腿最佳烹饪方式为蒸制,有助于改善其理化特性和风味品质。     

The cooking qualities of microwave oven cooked instant noodles

Deep‐fried instant noodles were cooked in a microwave oven at 557 W (medium power) and 657 W (full power). The microwave cooking times were determined based on textural parameters and the qualities of microwave oven cooked noodles at medium power and full power were compared with those of products cooked using a conventional gas stove for 9.1 min (CON). Heating in the microwave increased the temperature of the noodle block faster than the cooking water, led to an increased degree of gelatinisation of instant noodles, and reduced the cooking times to 8.5 min (medium power) and to 7.5 min (full power). Cooking in the medium power microwave resulted in high water absorption and weak hardness values. Cooking in the full power microwave resulted in higher hardness and tensile strength than the medium power microwave and sensory evaluated organoleptic scores were comparable to the CON, despite having a significantly higher rancidity.