大豆储藏真菌危害早期预测的研究

对大豆储藏中水分和温度的变化,与真菌生长关系进行了研究,建立了一种大豆真菌危害早期预测方法。将样品含水量分别调至11.4%、12.1%、13.0%、13.9%、14.3%和14.7%,经低温平衡后,于10、15、20、25、30、35℃温箱中储藏,每隔10 d取样1次,检测样品中真菌生长变化情况,试验周期为180 d。结果表明,11.4%水分大豆在6个试验温度下储藏均是安全的,12.1%水分样品在20℃以上储藏,检出有真菌生长,随着水分增加,真菌生长逐渐加快,大豆储藏水分与真菌生长速度具有良好的相关性。大豆在15℃以下储藏,低温对真菌生长有明显的抑制作用。超过20℃时这种影响会随着温度上升逐步变小。本试验对不同水分大豆储藏温度与真菌生长起始时间进行了幂函数拟合,得到了大豆储藏水分、温度,及真菌起始生长时间预测关系曲线,通过本曲线,可对高水分大豆短期储藏安全性进行早期预测。     

玉米储藏真菌早期预测的研究

对玉米储藏水分和温度的变化与真菌生长关系进行了研究,建立了1种玉米储藏真菌危害早期预测的方法。将水分为12.2%、12.9%、13.5%、13.9%、14.7%、15.7%的玉米样品分别置于10、15、20、25、30、35℃6个温度下储存180 d,每10 d取样检测真菌生长情况。结果表明,12.2%水分玉米在6个实验温度下未检出真菌生长。12.9%水分玉米在30℃和35℃高温条件下储藏半年,储藏后期有少量真菌检出,但对储藏品质影响较小,基本可保证储藏安全。13.5%水分的玉米在25℃及以下和13.9%水分玉米在20℃条件下储藏半年是安全的。14.7%和15.7%水分玉米在20℃及以上储藏均有真菌生长检出,水分越升高,真菌生长逐渐加快。15℃以下低温储藏对真菌生长有一定抑制作用。对不同水分玉米的储藏温度与真菌生长起始时间进行了幂函数拟合,得到了玉米储藏水分、温度与真菌起始生长时间的预测关系曲线,通过此曲线可对高水分玉米短期安全储藏期进行预测。     

小麦储藏危害真菌生长规律的研究

采用真菌孢子计数法,对不同含水量的小麦在储藏期间,危害真菌生长的规律进行了研究.结果表明:在30℃,13.3%、14.2%、15.7%、16.4%四个水分的小麦样品,除13.3%水分储藏90 d未检出有危害真菌生长外,14.2%水分储藏80 d时,可检出有真菌生长迹象,但生长很慢.15.7%和16.4%两个水分,储藏20 d时,检出有真菌生长,这些真菌初期生长速度较快,当达到一定的值时,生长逐步减缓,整个生长呈动态变化过程,即:孢子-菌丝-孢子;经初步鉴定表明:在本试验中以灰绿曲霉生长为主,另外还有少量的白曲霉和青霉.整个试验期间样品的水分变化幅度为0.3%～0.9%,温度变化幅度为0.3～1.1℃,其变化大小与危害真菌生长有明显的关系;本方法与感染粒法比较,两者研究的结果具有良好的相关性.     

稻谷储藏危害真菌生长规律的研究

采用真菌孢子计数法,模拟不同含水量的稻谷,对储藏期间主要危害真菌的生长规律进行了研究.结果表明:在30℃,13.5%、14.1%、15.0%、16.1%、16.7%5个水分的试验稻谷样品,其中13.5%水分的样品储藏80 d时,发现有危害真菌生长迹象,但其生长速度很慢;14.1%和15.0%水分的样品,危害真菌感染时间为20 d,其生长速度较为缓慢;而16.1%和16.7%水分的样品,危害真菌10 d即可检出,且生长迅速.稻谷储藏期间主要危害真菌,以灰绿曲霉和白曲霉为主,储粮水分在16.0%左右时,为两种曲霉生长优势的转折点,灰绿曲霉生长由强变弱,白曲霉生长由弱变强,它们的生长是一个动态的变化过程.在本试验期间,样品水分的变化与真菌的生长有关系.     

小麦储藏粉尘的变化与真菌生长

小麦储藏过程中,真菌在粮食中生长,会产生大量的孢子、菌丝及真菌分解物,它们可直接引起小麦中粉尘的变化。采用比浊法研究了13.3%、14.2%、15.7%、16.4%、18.2%水分的小麦在15、20、25、30℃下储藏90 d,粉尘的变化与真菌生长的关系。结果表明,13.3%和14.2%的小麦储藏90 d,未发现有真菌的生长,浊度值变化均处于一个较低的水平(小于0.250 A);15.7%、16.4%和18.2%水分的样品储藏中有部分检出有真菌的生长,初期浊度值在0.260~0.308 A,随着储藏时间的增加,被感染样品的真菌生长和浊度值的变化均呈上升趋势,两者有良好的相关性。在储粮过程中通过对小麦粉尘变化的检测,可对储粮真菌的生长进行预测。     

玉米储藏主要危害真菌生长规律的研究

采用储粮真茵孢子计数法,对不同含水量的玉米在储藏期间,主要危害真菌生长规律进行了研究.将新玉米清理、除杂后,采用喷雾法将水分调至14%、15%、16%、17%、18%五个梯度,于30℃恒温恒湿箱中储藏,定期取样,检测孢子数、水分、温度等指标,实验为期60 d.结果表明:在本实验条件下玉米储藏危害真菌以灰绿曲霉和白曲霉为主;在水分16%下,以灰绿曲霉生长为主,随着水分和储藏时间增加,与其危害程度有明显的规律性;在水分17%、18%时,以白曲霉生长为主,其对储粮的危害与储藏时间和水分有明显的相关性;两种曲霉具有典型的储粮真茵生长特征,即孢子-菌丝-孢子,随着储藏时间延长,孢子呈动态上升趋势,与玉米危害程度有明显的相关性.     

一种快速粮情检测仪应用试验

基于真菌代谢的基本原理,开发了一种快速粮情检测仪.采用该仪器对不同水分的实验室小麦样品和实仓小麦中CO2、湿度变化进行了研究.结果表明,小麦储藏过程中CO2浓度和湿度的变化与危害真菌的生长有明显的相关性,通过检测储藏小麦中CO2和湿度的变化可对小麦储藏真菌危害进行早期的检测.     

稻谷储存水分和温度对真菌生长和稻谷主要品质的影响

研究水分、温度对稻谷储存过程中真菌生长和主要储存品质的影响。将稻谷设为含水量分别为12.1%、13.1%、14.0%、15.1%、16.0%的样品,分别置于10、15、20、25、30、35℃温度条件下模拟储存180 d后,检测稻谷样品中真菌生长、发芽率和脂肪酸值的变化。结果表明,水分是真菌生长的决定因素,13.1%水分处于真菌生长临界水分以下,即使温度适宜真菌也不生长;14.0%处于真菌生长临界水分以上,水分越高越利于真菌孢子萌发生长,温度越高真菌生长速度越快;脂肪酸值受真菌生长的影响程度要大于水分和温度,13.1%以下水分稻谷,没有真菌生长,脂肪酸值上升缓慢。14.0%以上水分稻谷,一旦真菌生长,就会加速脂肪酸值的升高;发芽率受温度影响程度最大,高温储存半年,无论是否有真菌生长,发芽率基本降为0,低温储存不仅能抑制真菌生长还利于保持种子发芽率。     

温度对小麦安全储藏水分及霉菌活动的影响

通过模拟小麦储藏条件,将小麦水分调成12.5%～15.5%,在15～35℃条件下储藏50d,研究小麦储藏安全性和霉菌活动的状况。结果表明,水分为13.0%的小麦在各试验温度组合中均没有发现霉菌含量显著增加现象(P>0.05),也没有出现原有优势霉菌被灰绿曲霉等典型储藏型霉菌替换的现象。试验结果还揭示了储藏温度与小麦储藏安全水分的关系,从30～15℃,储藏温度每降低5℃,小麦安全储藏水分可升高0.5个百分点,且没有霉菌明显活动的迹象,线性关系明显(r=1)。因此,在实际储藏环节,可根据小麦水分情况,通过控制储藏温度实现安全储藏。     

临界安全水分下小麦储藏过程中抗霉变特性的比较

将3种角质化率有显著差异的小麦品种增水调节至临界安全水分附近进行模拟储藏试验,结果表明,这几种小麦在水分13.5%、30℃条件下储藏28 d后,小麦籽粒上霉菌含量的增速存在较大差异,冀麦38和矮抗58的带菌量增加速率均非常显著地高于温麦6(p<0.01)。进一步的研究证明,温麦6对灰绿曲霉(Aspergillus glaucus)的生长有明显的抑制作用,在30℃、25℃、20℃和15℃的各种温度和相应的临界水分下进行储藏试验,温麦6中的灰绿曲霉生长迟后时间均达到或超过7 d;将干燥小麦置于RH 85%高湿环境下进行吸湿模拟储藏,温麦6中的灰绿曲霉生长迟后时间达14 d。因而,质地偏软的温麦6在相同的储藏条件下具有更强的抗霉变特性。     

Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat

Storage conditions determine the safe storage period for any grain. Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat have not been developed, despite the fact that it is more susceptible to spoilage than other wheat classes. The rates of deterioration of durum wheat samples with 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20% initial moisture content (wet basis) stored at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C for 12 wk were studied. The grain deterioration parameters including seed germination, moisture content, appearance of visible mould, invisible microflora, free fatty acid value (FAV), and ochratoxin production were monitored at regular intervals. From these results, safe storage guidelines for durum wheat were developed with respect to the moisture content and storage temperature. Germination rates of the samples decreased with an increase in moisture content, temperature and storage period. Visible mould was found in all high moisture samples (17, 18, 19 and 20%) stored at high temperatures. FAV of the samples increased with moisture content and storage time.     

不同发芽程度芽麦储藏稳定性研究

研究了不同含水量萌动芽麦和露芽芽麦在25℃和30℃储藏过程中的微生物活性,脂肪酸值及呼吸作用,以此判定芽麦的储藏稳定性。结果表明,12%及13.2%的低水分芽麦的生物学活性(包括微生物活性及呼吸作用)和脂肪酸值与正常麦变化趋势相似,两者间差异较小,储藏稳定性都较高。当含水量为14.5%和15.5%时,芽麦与正常麦微生物活性值和脂肪酸值都逐渐升高,但芽麦较同水分正常麦的增量显著,霉变时间缩短。含水量14.5%萌动芽麦较正常麦呼吸作用强。与萌动芽麦相比,露芽芽麦的脂肪酸值和呼吸作用表现出基础值高,储藏时上升速度较快的特点,其储藏稳定性较差。     

Integrated management of the risks of stored grain spoilage by seedborne fungi and contamination by storage mould mycotoxins – An update

Fungal spoilage of stored grains may occur when activity of water (aw) in cereal grain exceeds a critical limit enabling mould growth. Because it is not feasible to maintain all parts of large grain bulks below this critical moisture limit during prolonged storage time, an infection by seed-borne fungi is not rare in cereal grain stored under humid temperate or hot climates, inducing irreversible qualitative losses. Additionally, some fungal species produce harmful mycotoxins. The most harmful toxigenic species belong to the group of xerophilic species (genera Aspergillus and Penicillium). Because mycotoxin contamination of cereal grain is a worldwide issue for public health and a permanent concern for cereal-food industries facing the challenge of a permanent monitoring mycotoxin content in their primary matters, tolerable levels of mycotoxins are severely regulated worldwide. Mycotoxin-producing species growth is closely dependent of grain moisture levels enabling biological activity in grain ecosystem. Consequently, mould growth in stored grain bulks can be anticipated through early detection of grain and mould respiration. The prevention of mycotoxigenic fungi spoilage of stored grain can be managed by a preventive strategy. The main objective of the review was to describe the different methods, material and practices combined in such an integrated preventive approach. Some solutions potentially acceptable for the decontamination of moderately contaminated grain are also discussed.Integrated management of mould spoilage risks in stored grain is based on five pillars: i/Prevention of mould development by keeping grain moisture below the critical limit of fungal growth; ii/Accurate monitoring of grain aw and temperature changes during the storage period, associated to the monitoring of early indicators of respiration activity of storage fungi; iii/Reduction of grain bulk moistening trends by physical intervention means; iv/Use of physical treatments (ozone, grain peeling or abrasion) to limit mycotoxin contamination transfer to processed cereal products; v/Possible use of bio-competitive strains of fungi or bacteria to prevent the development of mycotoxigenic fungi in grain bulks. The future research needs on this topic are also evocated.     

多元线性分析在储粮真菌生长预测中应用研究

真菌生长是导致粮食储藏过程中粮食损失的重要因素之一,有效控制真菌生长对于保障储粮质量安全至关重要。储粮真菌生长受储藏环境等诸多因素影响,因此建立多因素条件下储粮真菌生长预测模型具有实际指导意义。本研究以稻谷为例,将不同水分梯度的稻谷样品,置于不同温度梯度恒温箱中模拟储藏180 d,定期取样检测真菌生长数量。选取静态模拟储藏检测的1 140组数据,利用MATLAB软件建立取对数后储粮真菌孢子数与稻谷含水量、储藏温度及储藏时间的多元线性回归模型,并对该回归模型进行F检验和t检验,通过残差分析消除异常数据优化模型,方程拟合优度R~2达到0.77。由回归模型可知,真菌生长数量与储藏温度、稻谷含水量和储藏时间呈指数关系,其中稻谷含水量影响最大,其次是储藏温度和储藏时间。结合华北地区粮库实仓检测数据对模型进行实仓初步验证,以储粮安全等级作为评价标准,储粮真菌危害程度预测的正确率达83.3%。通过多元线性回归方法得到的储粮真菌生长数量预测模型为实仓储粮安全状况预测提供了一个新的方法和途径。     

A comparison of the functional characteristics of wheat stored as grain with wheat stored in spike form

In this study, wheat grain and wheat spike with 12%, 14% and 16% moisture content were stored at 10, 20 and 30 °C for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. After storage, wheat samples were investigated for hectolitre weight, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, enzyme activity, acidity, phytic acid and L colour value. Storage of wheat at different storage forms (spike and grain) and storage conditions showed considerable changes in grain quality. In general, the storage period of 3 months positively affected wheat quality. However, hectolitre weight, gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, enzyme activity, acidity and colour of wheat got worse at storage periods beyond 3 months. Hectolitre weight, wet and dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, phytic acid content and L Colour value of wheat stored in both spike and grain form significantly decreased during storage. However, the increase in grain moisture content, storage time and temperature resulted in significant increase in total titratable acidity and falling number values of wheat. Falling Number and phytic acid values of wheat stored in spike form were generally lower than wheat stored in grain form. Storage in spike form had a positive effect on especially wet gluten content of wheat stored at non-optimal storage conditions such as high grain moisture content and high temperature. Wet gluten of wheat stored in spike form was higher than that of wheat stored grain form after storage at 30 °C for 6 and 9 months. Wheat stored in spike form is more resistant than wheat stored in grain form against adverse storage conditions such as high moisture content and temperature and longer storage time.     

Mycofloral changes and aflatoxin contamination in stored chickpea seeds.

Chickpea seeds entering store carry a microflora of 'field' and 'storage' fungi. Field fungi gradually disappear and storage fungi then predominate. These fungi especially Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. nidulans, A. ochraceus and Penicillium spp. grow vigorously and initiate grain spoilage and aflatoxin elaboration. The shift in mycofloral spectrum was more rapid in seeds stored in jute bags than those stored in metal bins. Moisture content and aflatoxin contamination in seeds of jute bags was maximum during Sept.-Oct. The internal environment of metal bins is comparatively less influenced by the external conditions and initially restricts fungal growth and aflatoxin elaboration. Prolonged storage however, increases seed moisture content and alfatoxin is increased in chickpea seeds after six months storage in metal bins.     

辽宁地区稻谷粮堆真菌分布及演替规律的研究

以东北地区辽宁省抚顺直属库高大平房仓储藏一年的稻谷为实验材料,研究平房仓内稻谷粮堆不同位置的温度、含水量变化对真菌种类分布及演替规律的影响。研究结果表明,稻谷低温条件储藏一年后,粮堆中各位点真菌数量均在10~3 CFU/g数量级以内,整仓稻谷储存安全。但由于稻谷粮堆不同深度温度和含水量的变化,稻谷真菌种类及数量会发生变化。稻谷在储藏期间,粮堆中层和下层平均温度低于10℃,优势菌为稻谷收获期间携带的田间真菌,低温有利于田间真菌孢子活性的保持;粮堆上层夏季平均温度达到20℃左右,含水量为14.5%左右,储藏真菌逐渐替代了稻谷收获时携带的田间真菌成为优势菌,高温是储藏真菌孢子萌发生长的主要原因。稻谷粮堆不同位置温度和含水量的变化,对稻谷真菌种类及生长有重要的影响,优势菌的演替可以用来表征粮堆局部微环境的变化。     

Determination of the time available for drying rapeseed before the appearance of surface moulds

The time taken for the spoilage of freshly harvested rapeseed stored aerobically was measured at 5 temperatures ranging from 5° to 25°C and at 7 moisture levels ranging from 6% to 17% at each temperature. Spoilage was more rapid at higher temperatures and higher moisture levels but the period of safe storage varied with the criterion used to investigate it. Seed clumping preceded the appearance of visible fungal colonies and germination was affected much later. For example, seeds at 25°C and 10.6% moisture content clumped together after 11 days and visible fungal colonies appeared after 21 days but germination was still unaffected after 40 days.