Characterization of odor-active compounds in three varieties of ciruela (Spondias purpurea L.) fruit

The aroma-active compounds present in tree ripened fruits of ciruela (Spondias purpurea L.) cultivars Chi abal, Campech abal, and Ek abal were isolated by means of simultaneous distillation solvent extraction and solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application of odor activity values (OAV) afforded 22 compounds in higher amounts than their threshold concentrations (OAVs >1). Results of the identification experiments in combination with the OAVs suggested that methyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, with fruity odor notes; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, with grassy odor notes, and limonene (citrus-like) were the potentially important common odorants in all ciruela cultivars. Clear differences in the OAVs of some odorants between each of the cultivars suggested that they contributed to the unique sensory profiles of the individual cultivars.     

枸杞对秀丽隐杆线虫寿命和产卵的影响及其抗氧化作用

目的：研究枸杞对秀丽隐杆线虫（以下简称线虫）寿命和产卵的影响,探讨其抗氧化的相关机制。方法：采用铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法体外检测,比较了宁夏中宁、青海、甘肃3 个产地的枸杞抗氧化能力的差异。采用活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）-敏感染料2’,7’-二氯-二氢荧光素乙酰乙酸盐检测枸杞对线虫体内ROS的影响,同时采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测枸杞对线虫体内相关抗氧化酶水平的影响。将同步化后L4时期的线虫分别放置于对照或添加枸杞提取物的NGM平板上培养,检测枸杞对线虫产卵和寿命的影响。采用两种转基因（Pmyo3::HyPer和roGFP2::Orp1）线虫为模型检测枸杞提取物对线虫胞质中H2O2的清除能力,采用荧光染料MitoSox Red检测枸杞提取物对线虫细胞线粒体中超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力。结果：3 个产地的枸杞均具有很强的体外抗氧化能力,它们之间没有明显差异。枸杞可以降低线虫体内ROS水平以及提高抗氧化酶的水平。枸杞对线虫寿命和产卵能力并没有明显的影响。枸杞可以清除线粒体超氧阴离子自由基,但不影响胞质H2O2水平。结论：枸杞在体外与体内均有一定的抗氧化能力,其主要通过清除线粒体超氧阴离子自由基在体内发挥抗氧化作用,枸杞对线虫的寿命和产卵数没有明显影响。     

桉叶多酚提取物体内外抗氧化活性评价

桉叶资源丰富且生物活性高,但少有研究对桉叶多酚提取物进行系统的抗氧化活性评价.本实验旨在研究纯化后桉叶多酚提取物体内外抗氧化活性.以化学法、RAW264.7巨噬细胞模型、秀丽隐杆线虫(以下简称线虫)模型为评价方法,以自由基清除率、抗氧化酶活力及线虫寿命等为指标,评价桉叶多酚提取物的抗氧化能力.结果 表明,桉叶多酚提取物...     

宁夏枸杞体外抗氧化机理研究

目的：研究宁夏枸杞中主要的4种抗氧化物质（枸杞多糖、黄酮、类胡萝卜素和VC）的抗氧化能力,分析它们对枸杞果实总抗氧化能力的贡献率,探索宁夏枸杞果实的体外抗氧化机理。方法：采用FRAP法、DPPH法、ABTS法和清除羟自由基法4种体外抗氧化方法来评价枸杞鲜果的总抗氧化能力。结果：4种方法测得枸杞黄酮对枸杞果实总抗氧化能力的贡献率均大于96%,VC对枸杞果实总抗氧化能力的贡献率均小于4%,高质量浓度的枸杞多糖（642.7170 mg/L）和类胡萝卜素（109.9280 mg/L）检测不到抗氧化能力。结论：枸杞黄酮的抗氧化能力决定着枸杞果实的体外抗氧化能力。     

湘西香醋对秀丽隐杆线虫体内抗氧化作用

本研究对秀丽隐杆线虫分别饲喂配制白醋、酿造白醋、发酵1 a香醋以及湘西原香醋,通过测定其体内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活力以及细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达情况,对湘西香醋体内抗氧化作用进行评价。结果表明：湘西香醋具有明显抗氧化效果,与对照组相比,发酵1 a香醋组与湘西原香醋组秀丽隐杆线虫体内ROS含量明显降低（P＜0.01）,分别为对照组的24.03%、39.44%。3 种抗氧化酶活力明显升高（P＜0.01）,湘西原香醋组秀丽隐杆线虫体内GSH-Px、SOD、CAT活力分别为对照组的2、1.3、3 倍。发酵1 a香醋组与湘西原香醋组秀丽隐杆线虫体内凋亡蛋白CED-3表达量明显降低,分别为对照组的53.42%、73.39%,抗凋亡蛋白CED-9表达量显著升高,分别约为对照组的7 倍和6 倍（P＜0.01）。湘西香醋在秀丽隐杆线虫体内具有较强抗氧化作用。     

不同几何构型虾青素的体外抗氧化作用及对秀丽隐杆线虫氧化应激的保护作用

本研究以全反式、9-顺式和13-顺式虾青素为研究对象,采用体内外相结合的方法,揭示不同几何构型虾青素的抗氧化作用和对氧化应激损伤的影响。结果表明：在清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基方面,3?种不同几何构型虾青素之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）;在清除2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸自由基方面,9-顺式虾青素显著强于13-顺式和全反式虾青素（P＜0.05）;在氧化自由基吸收能力方面,9-顺式虾青素显著高于13-顺式虾青素（P＜0.05）,13-顺式虾青素和全反式虾青素之间没有显著差异（P＞0.05）;在二氯百草枯诱导的氧化应激条件下,3?种几何构型虾青素均能显著提高秀丽隐杆线虫的存活率（P＜0.05）,但它们之间无显著差异（P＞0.05）;与对照组相比,9-顺式和全反式虾青素显著降低线虫体内活性氧的积累量（P＜0.05）,分别下降56.05%和15.07%,9-顺式虾青素处理组与13-顺式虾青素处理组、全反式虾青素处理组均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。因此,3?种几何构型虾青素均具有体外抗氧化作用和对氧化应激损伤的保护作用,9-顺式虾青素的活性优于全反式和13-顺式虾青素。     

Major Antioxidants and In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Eleven Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Cultivars

Eleven mango cultivars which were cultivated popularly in China were selected as materials in this study. The ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, total carotenoid, total ployphenol, total flavonoid, and mangiferin contents, and in vitro antioxidant capability of the fruit pulp were tested for comparison of individual cultivars. Comparisons of parameters were further conducted after dividing all cultivars into three groups, i.e., red (Zill, Zillate, Renong No. 2, Keitt and Lippens), green (Guire No. 82, Yuexi No. 1 and Zihua) and yellow (Chunhuang, Renong No. 1 and Tainong No. 1) in peel color. The results showed that antioxidant contents and in vitro antioxidant capabilities varied among cultivars and among groups. Guire No. 82 had the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents; Renong No. 1 showed a dramatically large value of α-tocopherol content; and green peel mangoes accounted for higher ascorbic acid, total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, and total in vitro antioxidant capability. Besides, correlation analysis and principal component regression analysis indicated that antioxidants (except α-tocopherol) were positively correlated to total in vitro antioxidant capacity; polyphenolic chemicals were deemed to be one of the most critical factors affecting on total in vitro antioxidant capability.     

牛乳源促睡眠肽的体外抗氧化活性评价及对秀丽隐杆线虫的体内抗氧化作用

为研究乳源促睡眠肽抗氧化、抗衰老活性,本实验采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),AB...     

抗氧化能力的体外测定方法研究进展

水果、蔬菜、茶叶和红葡萄酒等食品被认为对人体健康具有积极的作用,其主要原因在于这些产品中的一些天然产物具有抗氧化作用。随着对天然抗氧化物质的关注程度不断提高,研究者开发出许多种体外抗氧化能力测定方法。常用的体外抗氧化测定方法有:总氧自由基清除能力法、还原能力测定法、ABTS自由基清除能力法、DPPH自由基清除能力法、羟自由基清除能力法、超氧自由基清除能力法和脂质过氧化法等。这些方法的反应原理和反应环境各不相同。作者系统地介绍了体外各种抗氧化能力测定方法,分析了这些方法的原理、特点和优缺点,并且对现行方法在实际中的应用现状和研究动态进行了评述。     

响应面试验优化超声波辅助提取蓝靛果多酚工艺及其抗氧化活性

选用长白山的蓝靛果忍冬冻果作为原料,以蓝靛果多酚提取量为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过三因素三水平的响应面优化试验,得出了蓝靛果多酚最佳的提取工艺条件为：料液比1∶25（g/mL）、提取温度40 ℃、乙醇体积分数50%、超声功率500 W、提取时间90 min。在此条件下,蓝靛果多酚提取量达7.52 mg/g。此外,通过体外抗氧化能力评价方法得出：蓝靛果多酚具有较强的清除超氧阴离子自由基、2,2’-联氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二胺盐自由基（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ehtylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical,ABTS＋•）、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的能力。由相关性分析结果可知,蓝靛果多酚含量与超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基清除能力之间呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与ABTS＋•清除能力间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。     

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of Chinese Olive (Canarium album L.) Cultivars

In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potentials of 10 Chinese olive cultivars were investigated. Considerable differences were found between cultivars in weight, edible yield, water content, size, shape, total soluble solids, and total titratable acidity. The major sugars and organic acids in all the cultivars were glucose, fructose, and malic acid. Phenolics were the most abundant antioxidants (1174.0 to 1799.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight). Twelve phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC‐MS/MS. Six compounds were identified first in the Chinese olive, with 3‐O‐galloylquinic acid and geraniin isomers as the most abundant compounds. The results also indicated that the phenolic content (TPC) correlated with the antioxidant properties of Chinese olive fruit extracts. A principal component analysis indicated that the Tantou and Tanxiang cultivars were a valuable source, with high TPC and antioxidant activity, whereas Maken22, Changying, and Green changying cultivars may be eaten fresh and had high sugar and low phenolic contents. This information will be useful for selecting suitable cultivars for industry and the market.     

艾叶总黄酮提取物体内外抗氧化活性研究

本文探究了艾叶总黄酮提取物(total flavonoids extract from folium of Artemisia argyi,TFEFAA)主要成分含量及其体内外抗氧化活性.本文采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时检测TFEFAA中异泽兰黄素和棕矢车菊素的含量;以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、...     

中强度脉冲电场对娃娃菜活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为探明中强度脉冲电场（moderate intensity pulsed electric fields,MIPEF）诱导果蔬代谢的应激机制,同时确定最佳处理条件以获得高活性物质含量的娃娃菜,本实验研究不同电场强度（0.4～2.0 kV/cm）和占空比（0%～49.2%）的MIPEF处理对娃娃菜活性物质含量、抗氧化酶系（过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶）活性以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,MIPEF可刺激娃娃菜酚类物质、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽、总硫代葡萄糖苷和异硫氰酸酯的合成（2.76%～818.03%）,同时显著提升抗氧化酶系的活性（2.22%～42.00%）,从而提高1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-dipenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）清除率和总还原力（1.81%～202.11%）,以延缓娃娃菜衰老进程。通过拟合预测和验证实验,得出最优处理条件为电场强度1.1 kV/cm、占空比46.4%,此时活性物质含量为理论预测值的88.91%～103.40%。结论：MIPEF处理可显著提升娃娃菜活性物质含量和抗氧化能力,是一种极具潜力的果蔬非热预处理方式。     

紫花松果菊挥发油的油脂抗氧化作用研究

以过氧化值、酸值及TBA值为指标,以菜籽油和猪油为介质,并与人工合成抗氧化剂BHT和BHA进行对照,研究了紫花松果菊挥发油对菜籽油和猪油的抗氧化性能。结果表明:在所研究的浓度范围内,紫花松果菊挥发油对菜籽油和猪油均具有一定的抗氧化作用,且具有剂量效应关系。其中,添加量为2g/kg的紫花松果菊挥发油对菜籽油的抗氧化效果较为明显,几乎等效于0.2g/kgBHT和BHA的抗氧化作用。紫花松果菊挥发油对猪油的抗氧化效果则不及对菜籽油的抗氧化效果明显。      

马兰提取物抗氧化性研究

目的：考查马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物抗氧化活性。方法：分别以水和乙醇为提取液,探讨马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,包括还原能力以及清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和H2O2的能力。 结果：提取物主要成分为黄酮类化合物。马兰水提取物的抗氧化活性为：超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.2μg/mL)＞H2O2(IC50 2.8μg/mL)＞羟自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL)＞DPPH自由基(IC50 8.5μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 28.0μg/mL)。而马兰乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性为：H2O2(IC50 2.0μg/mL) ＞超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.1μg/mL)>羟自由基(IC50 2.5μg/mL)> DPPH自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 51.2μg/mL)。结论：马兰提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids In Vitro and In Vivo

Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments familiar to all through the orange-red to yellow colors of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as for the provitamin A activity that some of them possess. A body of scientific evidence suggests that carotenoids may scavenge and deactivate free radicals, acting thereby as antioxidants both in food systems (in vitro) and in the human organism (in vivo). Overall, epidemiological evidence links higher carotenoid intakes and tissue concentrations with reduced cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. However, research has also shown that the antioxidant activity of carotenoids may shift to a prooxidant character depending mainly on the biological environment in which they act. A summary of the antioxidant potential of natural carotenoids both in oil model systems and in vivo is presented in this article.     

Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments familiar to all through the orange–red to yellow colors of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as for the provitamin A activity that some of them possess. A body of scientific evidence suggests that carotenoids may scavenge and deactivate free radicals, acting thereby as antioxidants both in food systems (in vitro) and in the human organism (in vivo). Overall, epidemiological evidence links higher carotenoid intakes and tissue concentrations with reduced cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. However, research has also shown that the antioxidant activity of carotenoids may shift to a prooxidant character depending mainly on the biological environment in which they act. A summary of the antioxidant potential of natural carotenoids both in oil model systems and in vivo is presented in this article.     

干燥方法对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究干燥方式、工艺参数对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响,采用热风干燥、热风-红外联合干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术,比较其对番石榴总酚、黄酮、抗坏血酸含量、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力、清除2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基能力和铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP ）以及抑制亚油酸过氧化能力的影响。结果表明,与鲜果相比,干燥后番石榴总酚含量显著增加,黄酮和抗坏血酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,抗氧化能力显著降低。真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥得到的总酚、抗坏血酸含量较高,清除自由基及FRAP较高。热风干燥得到的番石榴干制品抑制亚油酸过氧化能力较高。随干燥温度升高,热风和热风-红外联合干燥后的黄酮保留量增加,抗坏血酸含量、清除自由基及FRAP降低。综合来看,真空冷冻干燥和中低温热风干燥（60 ℃和75 ℃）得到的番石榴干制品抗氧化能力较高。Spearman相关性分析表明,DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法测定的抗氧化能力及抗氧化效能综合指数分别与总酚含量的相关系数较高,且DPPH自由基清除能力、抗氧化效能综合指数与总酚含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,说明多酚可能是番石榴干制品主要抗氧化物质。     

山药多糖的体外抗氧化活性及对正常小鼠的免疫增强作用

从提取淀粉后的山药汁液干粉中提取多糖,探讨其体外抗氧化活性和对正常小鼠的免疫调节活性。结果表明山药多糖的还原力随着浓度的提高显著增强,对DPPH.、.OH及O2.-具有较强的清除能力,并呈一定的剂量关系,清除率分别可达到92.73%、84.72%、89.14%;与正常对照组小鼠相比,中、高剂量组的免疫脏器指数和吞噬细胞的吞噬指数、血清溶血素水平均显著提高,其中高剂量组均达到极显著水平,高剂量组还极显著增加迟发型变态反应引起的小鼠足跖厚度。因此山药多糖具有较好的抗氧化性和免疫增强活性,为安全天然食品抗氧化剂、免疫增强剂的开发提供了新来源,并为山药的综合开发利用奠定了基础。