Anti‐inflammatory Potential of Quercetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐(“2”‐galloyl)‐glucopyranoside and Quercetin Isolated from Diospyros kaki calyx via Suppression of MAP Signaling Molecules in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Diospyros kaki (DK) contains an abundance of flavonoids and has been used in folk medicine in Korea for centuries. Here, we report for the first time the anti‐inflammatory activities of Quercetin (QCT) and Quercetin 3‐O‐β‐(“2”‐galloyl)‐glucopyranoside (Q32G) isolated from DK. We have determine the no cytotoxicity of Q32G and QCT against RAW 264.7 cells up to concentration of 50 μM. QCT and Q32G demonstrated potent anti‐inflammatory activities by reducing expression of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPKs) in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both QCT or Q32G could decrease cellular protein levels of COX‐2 and iNOS as well as secreted protein levels of NO, PGE₂, and cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6) in culture medium of LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Immunoblot analysis showed that QCT and Q32G suppressed LPS‐induced MAP kinase pathway proteins p‐p38, ERK, and JNK. This study revealed that QCT and Q32G have anti‐inflammatory potential, however Q32G possess comparable activity as that of QCT and could be use as adjuvant to treat inflammatory diseases.     

Antioxidant activity,anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fluid products as affected by fermentation

Frozen rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei) were processed into juice (BJ), wines made without (BW1) or with (BW2) skin contact fermentation, and vinegars made from BW1 (JV), BW2 (WV) or blueberries (BV). Total phenolics, total anthocyanins, antioxidant activities (beta-carotene bleaching assay and ferric thiocyanate assay), and antiradical activity (DPPH radical-scavenging method) of these fluid products were determined. The differences in total anthocyanin contents of all blueberry products were significant. The BW2 had the highest content of anthocyanins and polyphenols and the highest beta-carotene bleaching activity and antiradical activity. Acetification decreased total anthocyanin content, total polyphenols and antioxidant activities. Correlations indicate that anthocyanins made significant contributions than did phenolics to antioxidant activities of products. The abilities of BJ, BW1 (wine from blueberry juice), and BW2 to inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation were high (∼95%). The abilities of vinegar products to inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation were low. The results indicate that skin-contact fermentation is a better method for obtaining higher antioxidant activity of blueberry products. Also, acetification significantly decreased anthocyanins and antioxidant activities.     

Antioxidant activity,anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) by-products as affected by fermentation

Basic blueberry processing includes juice processing or winemaking. By-products obtained from the juice and wine industry can be a source of new value-added products such as phenolic antioxidant supplements or ingredients for food processing. The phenolic compositions of products and by-products (pomaces) depend mainly on processing techniques such as duration of skin contact, crushing, pressing, and others. The present study was to evaluate the effects of fermentation type on retention of total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of blueberry by-products. Total phenolics (TPH), total anthocyanins (ACY), antioxidant activities (β-carotene bleaching assay and ferric thiocyanate assay), and antiradical activity (DPPH radical-scavenging assay) of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) by-products (juice, wine, and vinegar pomaces) were determined. The wine pomace (WP) had higher TPH, antioxidant activities and antiradical activity. Vinegar pomace (VP) had the lowest ACY, TPH, antiradical activity, and antioxidant activities. The results indicate that the antioxidant and antiradical activities of blueberry by-products were not significantly affected by the wine making process. Acetification significantly decreased TPH, ACY, antioxidant activities, and antiradical activity. However, VP still maintained an important phenolics concentration and antioxidant activity.     

Sesamin attenuates intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression in vitro in TNF‐α‐treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient mice

Sesame lignans have antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties. We focused on the effects of the lignans sesamin and sesamol on the expression of endothelial‐leukocyte adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). When HAECs were pretreated with sesamin (10 or 100 μM), the TNF‐α‐induced expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) was significantly reduced (35 or 70% decrease, respectively) by Western blotting. Sesamol was less effective at inhibiting ICAM‐1 expression (30% decrease at 100 μM). Sesamin and sesamol reduced the marked TNF‐α‐induced increase in human antigen R (HuR) translocation and the interaction between HuR and the 3'UTR of ICAM‐1 mRNA. Both significantly reduced the binding of monocytes to TNF‐α‐stimulated HAECs. Sesamin significantly attenuated TNF‐α‐induced ICAM‐1 expression and cell adhesion by downregulation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and p38. Furthermore, in vivo, sesamin attenuated intimal thickening and ICAM‐1 expression seen in aortas of apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient mice. Taken together, these data suggest that sesamin inhibits TNF‐α‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/p38 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65, cytoplasmic translocalization of HuR and thereby suppresses ICAM‐1 expression, resulting in reduced adhesion of leukocytes. These results also suggest that sesamin may prevent the development of atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses.     

Isolation,purification and characterisation of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme–inhibitory peptides derived from catfish (Clarias batrachus) muscle protein thermolysin hydrolysates

The angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activities of catfish (Clarias batrachus) muscle protein hydrolysates were investigated. Thermolytic digests of C. batrachus sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins exhibited inhibitory activity towards ACE and were purified with the aim of ultrafiltration, gel filtration and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). The amino acid sequences of hydrolysates with the highest ACE‐inhibitory activities were determined using electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐TOFQ MS/MS). The sequences of GPPP (IC₅₀ = 0.86 μm ) and IEKPP (IC₅₀ = 1.2 μm ) corresponding to the fragments 986–989 and 441–445 of myosin‐I heavy chain were identified for the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein hydrolysates, respectively. Peptide GPPP exhibited a mixed‐type inhibition whereas peptide IEKPP could only bind to the active sites of ACE. The results demonstrate that hydrolysates of C. batrachus muscle proteins obtained by thermolysin may contain bioactive peptides.     

Bovine casein peptides co‐stimulate naive macrophages with lipopolysaccharide for proinflammatory cytokine production and nitric oxide release

Three bovine casein peptides, ie LLY, PGPIPN and TTMPLW, were used to investigate their effects on cytokine (TNF‐α and IL‐6) production and nitric oxide (NO) release by murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). The results showed that these peptides alone were incapable of stimulating cytokine production or NO release in naive or IFN‐γ‐primed BMMs. However, when BMMs were co‐incubated with the peptides at a concentration of 1.0 µM and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 ng ml⁻¹), an augmentative effect on TNF‐α, IL‐6 and NO production was observed. Of the three peptides, TTMPLW had the greatest augmentative effect on NO production by LPS‐stimulated BMMs and induced the highest amount of TNF‐α production at a concentration of 1.0 µM . All the peptides at a concentration of 1.0 µM stimulated IL‐6 production by BMMs. TNF‐α was neutralised by anti‐TNF‐α monoclonal antibody and the release of NO was reduced by about 33.3% (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that bovine casein peptides can co‐stimulate naive macrophages with LPS for proinflammatory cytokine production and NO release and may play a role in host defence against pathogens. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ISOMERS ON SERUM TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-A CONCENTRATION IN MICE

In previously studies, we showed that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a cytokine involved in a variety of biologically important events, is partially involved in the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In this report, we further tested the effects of individual CLA isomers on serum TNF‐α concentration along with other biological markers in mice. The animals were fed experimental diets (control, 0.5% CLA‐mixed isomer, 0.25% cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA or 0.25% trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA) for 5 days and were then challenged with endotoxin. Both cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA isomers reduced serum TNF‐α levels compared to control. CLA had no effect on the other biological markers examined. These results suggest possible early involvement of CLA in immune and/or inflammatory responses, followed by reduction of body fat. Its effect on TNF‐α helps explain in part how CLA modulates other biological functions such as immune response, insulin responses, atherosclerosis and cancer.     

Enzyme‐assisted solvent extraction for extraction of blueberry anthocyanins and separation using resin adsorption combined with extraction technologies

Blueberry anthocyanins are the major active ingredients of blueberry with a variety of biological activities. The scale extraction and separation of blueberry anthocyanins could contribute to their application in drugs, cosmetics, food additives and so on. In this study, using combined technologies to high‐efficient extraction and separation of blueberry anthocyanins was developed. Under the optimum extraction conditions of first 0.3% cellulose and pectinase with 2:1 (m/m) at 37 °C for 4 h and then 1% citric acid‐acidified 75% (v/v) ethanol at 37 °C for 6 h, as high as 25% extraction rate of blueberry anthocyanins was obtained. By ethyl acetate extraction in triplicate and then D101 resin column chromatography, up to 49.6% purity of blueberry anthocyanins was obtained based on UV–vis analysis. The scale‐up extraction and separation of blueberry anthocyanins were carried out. This method was simple but effective, and easy scalable at industrial purpose.     

Tannin levels in leaves of some oak species at different stages of maturity

Total phenolics, condensed tannins, degree of polymerisation, protein precipitation capacity, protein precipitable phenolics and specific activity (protein bound per unit tannins) were determined in the leaves of four oak species at different stages of maturation (4 days old to 1 year old). The content of total extractable phenols was higher in younger leaves in Quercus ilex Linn, Quercus semecarpifolia Sm and Quercus serrata Roxb, whereas in Quercus glauca Thumb the content was higher in the mature leaves. In all species studied, condensed tannins increased with maturation. Protein precipitation capacity had a trend similar to that of total phenols. In Q serrate and Q semecarpifolia the apparent degree of polymerisation increased, and the content of protein precipitable phenolics and specific activity decreased as the leaves matured. The decrease in protein precipitation capacity with maturation in these two species may be explained by both the decrease in the content and the change in the nature of phenols capable of binding proteins. Protein precipitation capacity was not detectable in Q ilex leaves. Protein precipitation capacity in the mature leaves decreased in the order of Q serrata > Q semecarpifolia > Q glauca > Q ilex.     

Improvement in sprouted wheat flour functionality: effect of time,temperature and elicitation

This study was aimed at optimising conditions of wheat germination (temperature, time of sprouting and elicitation) to improve its phenolics content, antioxidative capacity and nutritional quality. Total phenolics and antioxidant potential were improved most effectively after 4 days of sprouting at 20 °C. The highest reducing ability and the ability to quench free radicals (1.24 mg Trolox equivalent (TE) g^?1 d.m. and 0.38 mg TE g ^?1 d.m., respectively) were determined for 4‐day‐old control and willow + yeast elicited sprouts germinated at 20 °C. The kinetics of starch and protein mobilisation were affected by sprouting conditions. The highest protein digestibility was found for 2‐day‐old sprouts germinated at 20 °C, whereas the lowest for 4‐day‐old sprouts germinated at 25 °C. Starch was more effectively mobilised during germination at 25 °C. Sprouting conditions were found to effectively modify the quality of sprouts. A key role was ascribed to time and temperature of sprouting, whereas the effect of elicitation was marginal.     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant potentials of the leaves and seeds of Thai holy and sweet basils

Eight phenolics rosmarinic, caftaric, caffeic, chicoric, p‐hydroxybenzoic, p‐coumaric, protocatechuic acid and rutin were identified in Thai holy/sweet basil leaves or seeds. The overall phenolics in THBL were two, three and twenty times higher than that in TSBL, THBS and TSBS, respectively. Oppositely, the TP content of TSBL was one and a half times higher than THBL which was followed by THBS and TSBS. The order of scavenging DPPH free radical activity from high to low was THBL, TSBL, THBS and TSBS and consistent with their overall phenolics. In a cholesterol oxidation model, THBL exhibited higher antioxidant activity with lower level of 7‐ketocholesterol (2.67 ± 0.31 μg/mL) than TSBL (4.49 ± 0.32), THBS (7.78 ± 1.25) or TSBS (13.10 ± 0.61). The results demonstrated that Thai holy basil has higher antioxidant capability than sweet basil and could be used as an effective bioactive ingredient to provide health‐promoting function in food.     

Antioxidant capacities vary substantially among cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade)

Fruits from forty‐two blueberry cultivars, including thirty‐six rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade), three V. ashei hybrid derivatives and three northern highbush (V. corymbosum L.) standards, were evaluated for their antioxidant activities against peroxyl free radicals (ROO˙), hydroxyl radicals (OH˙), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide radicals () and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) radicals. The differences in scavenging capacities for these radicals among forty‐two selected blueberry cultivars were significant. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity values ranged from 33.8 to 118.7 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g fresh wt^?1, 196.1 to 518.8 μmol TE g dry wt^?1 and 7.1 to 22.2 μmol cm^?2‐surface area. Extracts from fruit of pure rabbiteye had higher levels of scavenging capacities of oxygen species , ¹O₂ and H₂O₂ compared to V. ashei hybrid derivatives and northern highbush blueberry standards. The rabbiteye cultivars ‘Early May’ and ‘Centurion’ had the highest scavenging capacity for the reactive oxygen species, not only for ROO˙ and ˙OH, but also for , ¹O₂ and a strong oxidant, H₂O_2. In contrast, ‘Pink Lemonade’ (pink‐fruited) had the lowest ability to inhibit free radical activity of ROO˙,˙OH, ¹O_2, and H₂O_2.‘Snowflake’ had the lowest scavenging capacity for . Blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and radical scavenging capacity have potential to improve human health and can possibly be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programs to develop new blueberry cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.     

Anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Mesona procumbens in experimental mice

BACKGROUND: Mesona procumbens is consumed as a herbal drink and jelly‐type dessert in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of anti‐inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of M. procumbens (AMP) using the λ‐carrageenin (Carr)‐induced mouse paw oedema model. The fingerprint chromatogram of AMP was obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To investigate the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of AMP, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in paw oedema were monitored. Serum nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The fingerprint chromatogram from HPLC indicated that AMP contained protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. In the anti‐inflammatory test, AMP decreased paw oedema after Carr administration and increased the CAT, SOD and GPx activities and decreased the MDA level in paw oedema at 5 h after Carr injection. AMP also affected the serum NO, TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels at 5 h after Carr injection. Western blotting revealed that AMP decreased the expression of Carr‐induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). CONCLUSION: Mesona procumbens has the potential to provide a therapeutic approach to inflammation‐associated disorders. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The preventive role of breadfruit against inflammation‐associated epithelial carcinogenesis in mice

Artocarpus communis has been identified as a rich source of flavonoids and has been gaining attention for its potential chemopreventive abilities. In this study, methanol extracts from the fruit of A. communis (MEFA) and leaf of A. communis (MELA) were prepared, and their effects on inflammation‐associated skin tumorigenesis were assessed using mouse models, including 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) induced cutaneous inflammation as well as 7,12‐dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) initiated and TPA‐promoted skin tumorigenesis. According to the results, both MEFA and MELA decreased the intensity of leukocyte infiltration in mouse dorsal skin and cutaneous edema induced by TPA, which appeared to be mediated by inhibition of proinflammatory genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐1β, and IL‐6) and proinflammatory mediators (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and Prostaglandin E₂). In addition, topical application with MEFA or MELA effectively attenuated tumor incidence, multiplicity, volume, malignancy as well as angiogenesis of TPA‐stimulated skin tumor promotion in DMBA‐initiated mice. Notably, immunohistochemical stain showed that MEFA and MELA attenuated COX‐2 expression of both skin and tumor tissues in different animal tests, which may be closely related to the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B/activator protein signaling networks. These findings first demonstrate that flavonoid‐rich A. communis may exert potent anti‐inflammatory activity through modulation of COX‐2 in TPA‐activated skin and tumor tissues.     

Effects of UV‐B on vitamin C,phenolics, flavonoids and their related enzyme activities in mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata)

In this study, ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B) was used to effect the accumulation of vitamin C, phenolics and flavonoids in mung bean sprouts. Results indicate that the content of vitamin C and flavonoids increased during the initial period, and after a brief decline, reached peak levels of 25.29 ± 1.02 mg/100 g FW and 726.67 ± 7.35 mg/100 g DW, respectively, at 2.5 h (1.845 kJ m^?2), while the peak levels of the phenolics were 10741.33 ± 68.04 mg/100 g DW. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content decreases with the increase in irradiation time. The activities of the related enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), L‐galactono‐1, 4‐lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) were determined, which showed strong correlations with the change in the content of vitamin C, phenolics and flavonoids. In conclusion, the accumulation of vitamin C, phenolics and flavonoids in mung bean sprouts can be promoted by a low‐dose UV‐B irradiation.     

Flavonoid constituents and their contribution to antioxidant activity in cultivars and hybrids of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade)

Fruit from 42 blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivars, including 36 rabbiteye cultivars (Vaccinium ashei Reade), three V. ashei hybrid derivatives, and three northern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) standards were evaluated for antioxidant capacity, individual flavonoid content, and the contribution of each identified phenolic compound to total antioxidant activity. Considerable variation was found in flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and their contribution to total antioxidant activity among cultivars. Among 42 blueberry cultivars, the rabbiteye ‘Early May’ contained the highest amount of chlorogenic acid, myricetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin derivatives, and delphinidin-, cyanidin-, petunidin-, and malvidin-basis anthocyanins. ‘Early May’ cultivar also had the highest antioxidant activity (88.2 μmol TE/g fw). ‘Owen’, ‘Bluegem’, ‘Clara’, Climax’, and ‘Centurion’ were among the other rabbiteye cultivars that also had high levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activities. In contrast, the pink-fruited V. ashei hybrid, ‘Pink Lemonade’, had the lowest content of flavonoids and lowest antioxidant activity. The mean flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of rabbiteye cultivars was higher than those among northern highbush and V. ashei hybrids. The antioxidant activity of V. ashei hybrid derivatives was derived mainly from chlorogenic acid, myricetin, and quercetin, which contributed 62.5% of total antioxidant activity, whereas anthocyanins (malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and cyanidin) were the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of rabbiteye cultivars (76.2%) and northern highbush standards (76.8%). Blueberry cultivars identified to have high phenolic content and high antioxidant activity could be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new blueberry cultivars with higher antioxidant activity and further improve human health.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of hard‐to‐cook bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein concentrates and its effects on biological and functional properties

Inadequate postharvest handling and storage under high temperature and relative humidity conditions produce the hard‐to‐cook (HTC) defect in beans. However, these can be raw material to produce hydrolysates with functional activities. Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant capacities were determined for extensively hydrolysed proteins of HTC bean produced with sequential systems Alcalase‐Flavourzyme (AF) and pepsin–pancreatin (Pep‐Pan) at 90 min ACE inhibition expressed as IC₅₀ values were 4.5 and 6.5 mg protein per mL with AF and Pep‐Pan, respectively. Antioxidant activity as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was 8.1 mm  mg^?1 sample with AF and 6.4 mm  mg^?1 sample with Pep‐Pan. The peptides released from the protein during hydrolysis were responsible for the observed ACE inhibition and antioxidant activities. Nitrogen solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity and foam stability were measured for limited hydrolysis produced with Flavourzyme and pancreatin at 15 min. The hydrolysates exhibited better functional properties than the protein concentrate.     

Anti‐obesity effect of Liupao tea extract by modulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice

Liupao tea (LPT) is traditional dark Chinese tea. The effect of LPT extract on high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice was investigated systematically. The results showed that LPT extract could reduce body weight and significantly alleviate liver damage and fat accumulation. LPT could also decrease the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and increase the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) in the liver. It also decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐6 and increased the serum levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐10 and IL‐4. Moreover, LPT improved the levels of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver. Moreover, LPT could upregulate the mRNA and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPAR‐α), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1(CPT1), and cholesterol 7 alpha‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and downregulate those of PPAR‐γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha (C/EBP‐α) in the liver. It also increased the mRNA expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), CAT, gamma‐glutamylcysteine synthetase 1 (GSH1), and GSH‐Px. The components of LPT extract include catechin, rutin, taxifolin, and astragalin, which possibly have a wide range of biological activities. In conclusion, our work verified that LPT extract possessed an anti‐obesity effect and alleviated obesity‐related symptoms, including lipid metabolism disorder, chronic low‐grade inflammation, and liver damage, by modulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.