防岩溶塌陷加筋垫层大比例模型试验及设计理论研究

 采用多层加筋垫层防治路基下部岩溶塌陷可降低工程造价、确保运营安全,其承载机制和设计方法仍有待深入研究。设计1∶5的大比例室内模型试验,通过实测塌陷过程中单层、三层及四层土工格栅加筋垫层应力–应变及变形量,分析路基中各层加筋体的变形特征,土拱效应与各层荷载分担比例,以及路基顶面沉降和底层加筋体挠度间的相关关系,结合测试成果,探讨多层加筋垫层设计中的关键问题及相关计算理论,试验结果与数据分析表明：采用多层加筋时,路基土拱拱脚将上移至顶层加筋体附近,出现“双层土拱效应”现象;多层加筋垫层中顶层加筋体所分担的荷载最大,而底层加筋体所承担的荷载较小,各层格栅荷载分布不均匀;路基顶面沉降变形与底层挠度间关系可采用不计入剪胀特性的方法简化计算;底层加筋体挠度控制路基表面的沉降发展,而顶层加筋体由于荷载分担比例较大,对承载力起控制作用。在试验成果基础上提出多层加筋垫层的设计流程,并进行工程实例分析,可供实际工程参考。     

抗条形沉陷的土工合成材料加筋体设计

基于土拱效应原理改进了条形土洞上路堤荷载传递中的侧向土压力系数和作用在洞上加筋体上的竖向土压力。对加筋体及上方土体的静力平衡进行分析,获得了滑移段和稳定段加筋体上下表面的竖向应力。对加筋体进行受力分析,获得了加筋体在土洞上方的最大挠度和最大拉力,以及锚固区的加筋体最小长度。进一步分析了各参数对加筋体最大挠度和锚固长度的影响。对比了最大挠度的试验值、数值模拟值和理论值,结果表明,本文理论值与试验结果吻合更好。     

土工格栅在岩溶区路基上的应用研究

岩溶溶洞灾害是交通建设主要工程地质问题之一,采用土工格栅加筋处治方法能够有效降低岩溶坍塌风险。文章采用PLAXIS2D有限元软件,将溶洞上方加筋体划分为临空段、过渡段及锚固段3个受力特征段,研究岩溶区加筋路堤的位移、应力分布规律。结果表明,在溶洞坍塌后,临空段上方路基荷载通过土拱效应传递到锚固段,能够有效防止岩溶突然坍塌的风险。     

桩承式加筋路堤的三维有限元分析方法

桩承加筋路堤可以提高地基的承载力、减小沉降和不均匀沉降,减小路基和路堤的侧向变形,提高桩土荷载分担比,降低工程成本,应用越来越广泛。本文使用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS进行了几何建模,对在路面荷载作用下的桩承式加筋路堤中加筋体拉应力、加筋体变形、路堤沉降、路堤侧向位移、桩身内力及桩身侧向位移的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,桩承式加筋路堤的沉降区域主要集中在路堤正下方的加固区附近。加筋体的最大变形和最大拉力发生在桩帽边缘处;桩间条带区域是加筋体的主要受力区域。路堤最大侧向位移发生在坡脚处和其下方的地基土附近,容易使边桩承受很大的弯矩和剪力从而造成桩身的破坏。     

桩承式加筋路堤土拱效应试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤中存在土拱效应,它影响着路堤的荷载传递和沉降变形性状,桩土应力比是反应土拱效应的重要参数。本文通过模型试验,研究了桩土相对位移、路堤高度、桩梁净间距、桩梁宽度及水平加筋体等因素对桩土应力比及路堤沉降的影响。结果表明:①桩土应力比随桩土相对位移的发展而变化,存在上限值和下限值;②路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大;桩梁宽度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比也越大;③使用水平加筋体能提高桩土应力比,提高的幅度与水平加筋体拉伸强度有关;④当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比小于1.4时,无论是否使用水平加筋体,路堤顶面均会出现明显的差异沉降;当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比大于1.6时,路堤顶面不会出现明显的差异沉降。该研究成果可为桩承式加筋路堤设计提供有益的参考。     

中低压缩性土地区桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

将桩承式加筋路堤技术应用于中低压缩性土地区高速铁路桥台和涵洞之间填方路基的处理,通过逐渐改变CFG桩桩长形成刚度均匀变化的地基加固区,严格控制线路纵向差异沉降。通过现场试验对桥台、涵顶和路基中心地基沉降进行了长期观测,同时对桩承式加筋路堤桩间土沉降、孔隙水压力、格栅上下表面土压力和格栅变形进行了长期监测分析。研究结果表明:桩承式加筋路堤可有效减小中低压缩性土地基沉降,总沉降小且很快趋于稳定;桩承式加筋路堤通过土拱效应和张拉膜效应将路堤荷载向桩帽传递,格栅下桩土应力比明显高于格栅上,张拉膜效应明显,格栅上桩土应力比接近1.0,土拱效应较弱;格栅在路肩处发挥的作用强于线路中心处。     

基于Hewlett土拱模型桩承式加筋路堤桩土应力比计算

桩土应力比是桩承式加筋路堤荷载传递以及地基沉降计算的重要参数。基于Hewlett土拱模型,单独分析拱顶或拱脚土单元,假设拱顶土单元处于极限状态(拱脚土单元处于弹塑性状态),以均匀超载模拟交通荷载,推导桩土应力比计算公式;基于抛物线模型,考虑筋-土界面摩擦以及地基反力,改进张拉膜效应分析方法,推导加筋条件下桩土应力比计算公式。最后与相关文献实测数据进行对比验证,结果表明该方法与相关文献实测结果除桩间净距为100mm存在误差外,变化规律基本一致,当桩间净距大于100mm时,误差不超过8%。     

路堤荷载下双向增强体复合地基受力机理分析

针对双向增强体加固软土路基的作用特点,分析了筋材—桩—桩间土在路堤荷载作用下荷载传递机理。根据位移和应力连续条件,将路堤填土和加固区作为统一的整体考虑,并将一定厚度水平向加筋垫层视为具有一定刚度的薄板,基于大挠度薄板理论模拟筋材的挠曲变形,同时考虑了路堤土拱效应和路基桩土相互作用,建立了路堤荷载作用下双向增强体复合地基受力模型和桩土应力比的有限差分解法。采用相关文献中的工程试验结果对本文的计算方法进行了验证,与其他计算结果进行比较分析,并综合分析了筋材抗拉模量、桩土差异沉降、桩净间距和路堤填土高度对桩土应力比的影响。结果表明采用本文方法计算出的桩土应力比更接近实测结果,说明该计算方法是合理的,可为工程实践提供理论参考。     

桩式加筋路堤

桩式加筋（GRPS）路堤作为一种有效手段已在国内外成功采用并解决了许多岩土工程问题。本文回顾了目前GRPS路堤的实际应用和设计情况，包括荷载传递机理、破坏模式、设计思路、数值分析和具体应用，研究表明GRPS路堤体系最适用于硬土或基岩上覆有软弱土层、新填土较厚、施工期较紧，及总沉降和不均匀沉降要求较严等情况。这种路堤形式常用于桥头段、路基拓宽及穿越软土的铁路或高速公路路基处理，它通过加筋减少桩顶承台覆盖率或加固置换比，达到经济的目的。桩顶承台或竖向增强体上荷载传递机理主要包括土体的土拱作用、土工膜张拉或刚性平台效应，及桩（或竖向增强体）与土体间的相对刚度差异。通过假定竖向滑动面，用刚性轴对称锥形、三棱柱体或半球体这三种常用的土拱模型，计算了土拱比和加筋体上平均竖向应力。目前较少有张拉膜理论可用于计算加筋体中产生的应变和拉力，基于桩式加筋路堤的复杂性，数值方法是进行分析的有效方法。     

筒桩桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

为了进一步明确筒桩桩承式加筋路堤的工作机制,在广州绕城高速公路九江—小塘段进行现场试验。试验结果证明,筒桩单桩竖向承载力大,均以刺入方式破坏,并且筒桩单桩复合地基承载力大,沉降小。筒桩桩承式加筋路堤荷载传递机制主要受"土拱效应"和"拉膜效应"控制,桩土应力比随路堤荷载以及桩顶与桩间土之间沉降差的变化而变化。路堤荷载下筒桩复合地基,总沉降小,桩帽上和桩间土上的土体存在沉降差,沉降差的发展可以反映土拱效应的发挥程度。另外,路堤荷载在地基土中产生的超孔隙水压力很小,且随深度迅速减小,地下6.0m处超孔压已接近0。路堤侧向变形小且随深度迅速减小,最大侧向变形发生在地下3.0～4.5m处。     

Stability analysis of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft ground

This study focuses on the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soil. An upper-bound limit state plasticity failure discretization scheme (known as discontinuity layout optimization (DLO)), which determines the embankment stability without pre-assuming a slip surface, is used. The relationships between the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments and various influencing parameters, including the soil strength, geometric configuration, reinforcement strength, and area replacement ratio, are analysed. It is found that geosynthetics provide a significant contribution to embankment stability. Two failure mechanisms of geosynthetics (i.e., rupture failure and bond failure) are revealed and the effect of geosynthetics on embankment stability is governed by the failure mode. The application of stone columns mitigates the risk of geosynthetic failure. To provide an analytical solution for primary design in engineering practice, an approach based on the limit equilibrium method is proposed. Validations are performed with the DLO solution to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the developed analytical approach.     

基于分段荷载传递法的桩网路堤结构荷载效应整体分析模型

为了系统分析桩网支撑路堤结构的荷载传递效应,首先基于单元分析模型和Marston埋管理论,考虑到路基荷载应力重分布时竖向应力水平和界面剪切强度发挥的影响,采用分段平衡控制方程结合边界位移协调的方法,建立了路基荷载传递分析的分段解析模型;在此基础上,考虑垫层加筋的张拉膜效应影响,结合复合地基桩土相互作用的简化分段分析,根据应力、位移连续性条件,建立路基–加筋(网)垫层–刚性桩复合地基联合作用的桩网支撑路堤结构荷载效应整体计算模型并给出求解方法,明确了桩、土间的荷载分担。通过与工程实测结果的对比,验证了该计算模型的可靠性,并算例分析了路基模型界面剪切强度发挥、筋材兜提效应和垫层材料性能等因素的影响规律,可为桩网支撑路堤结构荷载传递机制的研究提供参考。     

Design of geosynthetic reinforced column supported embankments using an interaction diagram

Geosynthetic reinforced column supported embankments predominantly utilise two mechanisms to transfer embankment loads towards column heads, soil arching and membrane actions. When undertaking the design of column supported embankments, it is common practice to perform a two-step design, whereby the arching actions are estimated independently of the subsoil deformation and membrane actions. This approach is unable to capture the deformation dependency exhibited by both arching and membrane actions. This paper presents deformation dependent arching and membrane action models and implements them within an interaction diagram. It is shown that an interaction diagram-based design approach is capable of performing an ultimate and serviceability limit state design of a geosynthetic reinforced column supported embankment. In contrast, most existing analytical design methods only consider the ultimate limit state. The proposed method is applied to a design example where the benefits of such a design approach are demonstrated.     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

Field testing of geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported earth platforms constructed on soft soil

This paper is focused on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported (GRCS) earth platforms in soft soil. By analyzing the data of a 15-month long field monitoring project, the bearing behavior and effectiveness of GRCS earth platforms are discussed in detail. It can be found that the soil arching is generated when the filling reaches a certain height. The measured pressure acting on the soil in the center of four piles was smaller than that acting on the soil between two piles. The elongation and the tension of the geogrid located in the soil between piles are both larger than the corresponding values on the pile top. The skin friction of piles is relatively small in the soil layer with low strength and the load transfer of the axial force in those layers is significant; meanwhile, the opposite situation occurs in the soil layer with high strength. The pore water pressure at shallow locations increases slightly with the filling height and is greatly affected by the increasing filling load. The layered settlement is directly proportional to the filling height, and the corresponding amount is relevant to the locations and the properties of specific soil layers. Additionally, the lateral displacement of the embankment increases with greater loading and decreases with increased depth. These suggest that the use of GRCS system can reduce lateral displacements and enhance the stability of an embankment significantly.     

基于蒙特卡罗法的加筋路堤稳定可靠性分析

软土路基上加筋路堤的稳定性可以采用圆弧滑动极限平衡法进行分析,加筋路堤的破坏可以归纳为圆弧内加筋的破坏、圆弧外加筋的破坏以及加筋路堤的整体破坏,建立了计算加筋路堤稳定系数K的3个不同的稳定系数表达式,运用蒙特卡罗法对设计参数随机变量与加筋土路堤稳定可靠指标的关系进行分析,通过数值计算发现密度越小,黏聚力、内摩擦角、筋材抗拉强度和筋土摩擦角越大,加筋土路堤稳定性越好,因此,在加筋土路堤可靠性设计中建议采用密度小、黏聚力和内摩擦角大的填料以及高强度筋材,并且重点考虑内摩擦角的变异水平。     

Field study and numerical modelling for a road embankment built on soft soil improved with concrete injected columns and geosynthetics reinforced platform

Generally numerical modelling can provide an accurate and cost-effective approach to understand the behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankment. When the problem geometry cannot be simplified to the two-dimensional plane-strain or axisymmetric, a full three-dimensional solution is required to obtain sensible results. This study presents a modelling of the geosynthetic-reinforced composite ground supporting a road embankment. Response of soft soil is captured by adopting Modified Cam-Clay model. In addition, Hoek-Brown constitutive model is considered to simulate non-linear stress-dependent yield criterion for Concrete Injected Columns (CIC) that describes shear failure and tensile failure by a continuous function. To assess whether the proposed numerical model can capture real behaviour of composite ground, field monitoring data of deep soft clay deposit improved by CIC from Gerringong Upgrade is used to validate the model. The settlement and lateral displacements of ground, stress transferred to column, and pore water pressure results for the embankment during and after the construction, measured using the field instrumentations including settlement plates, inclinometers, earth pressure cells on CIC, and pore pressure transducers, are compared with numerical predictions. In addition, the numerical results provide insights to investigate load transfer mechanism in the composite ground, capturing response of soil – column - embankment system.     

土工格栅加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力分析

土工合成材料加筋土桥台可以有效减小桥梁与路基之间的差异沉降,避免“桥头跳车”现象的发生。为了计算土工合成材料加筋土复合体在设计中承受荷载的安全冗余度,对其极限承载能力进行了分析。首先讨论了评价加筋土复合体极限承载能力的计算公式,并提出了该公式是否适用于评价加筋细颗粒土复合体承载性能的问题。然后在平面应变的条件下,进行了5组土工格栅加筋砂土模型试验和1组无加筋模型试验,考虑了加筋间距和筋材强度对加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力的影响,并将试验结果与公式的计算结果进行对比,发现该公式低估了加筋砂土的承载能力。基于莫尔库仑破坏准则,并假定加筋土的破坏面符合朗肯破坏面,提出了预测加筋砂土极限承载能力的分析模型,并将模型的计算值与试验值进行对比,发现两者基本吻合。