砂土微生物固化过程中尿素的影响研究

砂土固化技术可改善砂土力学特性,被广泛应用于工程中,而在菌种培养液中添加尿素可大大加快固化反应提高砂土固化效率。开展了在菌种培养液中添加尿素分析其对砂土固化影响的试验研究。首先将尿素添加方式分为灭菌前加尿素、灭菌后加尿素和不加尿素3种,研究不同方式对菌种生长和脲酶活性的影响;再控制不同尿素添加量对比分析得到适合的尿素添加量以便后续研究;然后在砂土固化试验中采用灭菌后加尿素的方式研究其对砂土固化的影响;最后通过控制砂柱长度、胶凝液灌注速度和砂土颗粒粒径等因素,得到各因素对砂柱固化效果的影响。结果表明培养液中添加尿素可提高脲酶活性,但稍微抑制菌种生长;适合的尿素添加量为5~20 g/L;灭菌后添加尿素能显著提高灌注部位的强度,但长砂柱却因强度不均而整体强度较低;灌注速度越快,整体强度越高;添加20 g/L尿素时,整体强度随颗粒粒径增大而增大,因此,该方法适用于粗砂。研究成果对后期砂土固化技术的应用具有重要指导意义。     

低温条件微生物MICP沉淀产率试验研究

低温导致微生物固化沉淀产率低,制约着该技术的应用。选取巨大芽孢杆菌,通过控制不同温度和pH值分析该菌种的生长繁殖特性和脲酶活性,并研究不同温度条件下的碳酸钙沉淀产率,通过采用营养液中添加尿素和低温驯化两种方法来提高低温条件下较低的沉淀产率,最后通过砂土固化试验,对比研究尿素添加方法和低温驯化对固化效果的影响。结果表明:温度越高,巨大芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖越快,脲酶活性越强,低温明显抑制其生长繁殖和脲酶活性;pH为8时,巨大芽孢杆菌生长繁殖最快,且脲酶活性最强;温度越高,沉淀产率越大;营养液中添加尿素和对巨大芽孢杆菌进行低温驯化都可以明显提高生长繁殖速度和沉淀产率,可以有效解决低温条件下碳酸钙沉淀不足问题,而将两者结合起来,沉淀产率提升更为明显;营养液中添加尿素和低温驯化都能提高砂土固化效果,而同时采用这两种方法固化效果提升更明显,该研究能有效解决低温条件沉淀少阻碍实际工程应用的问题,为后续低温条件微生物固化技术的应用打下基础。     

微生物固化砂柱效果电阻率评价研究

目前尚没有简便可行的方法对现场微生物固化效果进行评价,因此,提出采用便捷无损的电阻率法评价砂土的固化效果.首先对微生物固化砂柱的电阻率与孔隙率、含水率和碳酸钙含量的关系进行研究,然后研究了电阻率和无侧限抗压强度的关系,并提出综合参数N表示固化砂柱的孔隙率、含水率和碳酸钙含量,研究综合参数与固化砂柱电阻率和无侧限抗压强度...     

微生物固化砂土强度增长机理及影响因素试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但其固化效果易受诸多因素影响。基于不同胶结水平微生物固化砂土试样,开展固结排水三轴剪切试验和扫描电镜测试,探讨了MICP技术的固化效果及其相关机理;在此基础上,研究了胶结液浓度、砂土初始密实度、胶结液浓度配比等因素对微生物固化砂土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随着胶结水平的提高,微生物固化砂土试样强度提高,试样的脆性也越显著。微生物固化砂土强度的增长主要源于碳酸钙晶体对土体黏聚强度的提高。微生物固化砂土的强度主要包括土骨架强度和碳酸钙晶体胶结强度两部分,前者受土体性质及相关参数影响,后者主要取决于碳酸钙晶体的含量。采用合适的砂土初始密实度,适当提高胶结液浓度以及胶结液中尿素的浓度占比,均可提高微生物固化砂土试样的胶结强度。     

菌液浓度对SHMP改性微生物碳化活性MgO法固化黏土强度与微观结构影响

每年清淤疏浚过程都不可避免地会产生大量软弱土,亟须探寻环保有效的固化方法来对这些软土进行固化处理。微生物碳化活性MgO技术在土体改性中有着较好的应用前景与可持续性,将六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)、活性MgO以及巴氏芽孢杆菌诱导尿素水解过程引入到软土固化中,制备了不同稀释程度菌液的高初始含水率三轴试样,开展了无侧限抗压强度实验与扫描电镜实验,探讨了不同稀释程度菌液对固化试样的强度及微观胶结结构的影响。研究结果表明：泥浆状态的试样强度在养护1 d后即可显著提高,最高可超1 MPa;菌液浓度的下降使得试样的强度逐渐下降、胶结结构更加稀疏、颗粒间更加松散;当菌液稀释3倍后固化试样的强度接近无菌组试样的强度,表明菌液可作适当稀释使用,但稀释倍数不宜超过2倍。     

紫外诱变产脲酶菌株加固粉土的试验研究

为提高微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术的固化效果,采用紫外诱变技术对产脲酶菌株进行改良,筛选出优良菌株。随后结合先拌和菌液后滴注胶结液(尿素和氯化钙)的方式,运用改良后菌株来固化粉土。通过无侧限抗压强度试验、碳酸钙含量测定和微观试验分析,来对比诱变前后菌株固化粉土的效果。结果表明:紫外诱变技术可以有效改良产脲酶菌株的性能,使菌株的脲酶活性、矿化生成的碳酸钙含量得到提高;使用紫外诱变后菌株来固化粉土,可显著提高土体的无侧限抗压强度。该研究从源头来选育优良菌株,有效提高了MICP技术的固化效果。     

砂土介质中微生物诱导封堵试验研究

土木水利工程中的安全隐患与工程对环境造成的不良影响中,相当一部分与渗漏问题有关。微生物封堵技术的最新研究表明,为岩土中微生物提供合适的营养物质,可以在相对较短时间内产生有效的微生物成因封堵。对带有渗漏孔的2个砂柱进行微生物诱导封堵试验,2个砂柱中分别添加马铃薯液和葡萄糖溶液,并与通水的砂柱作对比。添加马铃薯液的砂柱,在营养液充足的情况下3周内透水能力降低到原来的1/50,而且封堵发生在渗漏处。添加葡萄糖溶液的砂柱,透水能力未明显改变。添加葡萄糖溶液的砂柱改添马铃薯液后,渗漏处同样被封堵。采用加大水头的方法测试了封堵稳定程度,在渗流系统的水力坡降由0.267加大到1.067的过程中,封堵最终失效。试验表明,砂土中微生物诱导封堵技术能够将渗漏源探查和封堵合二为一,且在入水口水头变大的情况下仍能保持稳定。     

一种高效碳酸盐矿化菌的筛选及砂土固化试验研究

从盐湖附近分离筛选出多株菌,通过诱导碳酸盐沉积能力测定,最终选出诱导碳酸盐沉积能力最强的菌株X-NM1,经16S rDNA分析鉴定为表皮葡萄球菌。其诱导生成的碳酸钙沉积量为16.8 g/L,脲酶活性为3.35 mM/min,其矿化产物为类球状方解石晶体。进一步将该X-NM1通过砂土固化试验,考虑不同灌浆次数对砂柱固化的效果。结果表明：随着灌浆循环次数的增加,砂柱试样的渗透系数、孔隙率不断下降,而干密度、孔隙填充率、单轴抗压强度及碳酸钙含量逐步增大。3次灌浆后,得到的砂柱样品外观结构完整,干密度为1.99 g/cm³、渗透系数为3.60×10^-4 cm/s、孔隙率为26.35%、孔隙填充率为15.42%、单轴抗压强度为2.52 MPa、CaCO₃含量达24.5%,表明X-NM1具有优良的诱导碳酸钙沉积能力。     

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积固化建筑渣土抗风蚀扬尘影响因素的试验研究

为研究钙源、胶结液浓度、菌液浓度、温度和胶结液pH值等对微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)固化渣土抗风蚀和扬尘的影响,开展了单因素正交MICP固化建筑渣土试验和风洞试验,同时辅以X射线三维显微镜和X射线衍射等微观手段。试验结果表明：以氯化钙为钙源,胶结液浓度为0.5 mol/L,菌液浓度(OD₆₀₀值)为4.0,温度为20～40℃,中性或弱碱性环境下MICP固化建筑渣土抗风蚀效果教佳;MICP固化建筑渣土的易溶盐含量和pH值最大增幅分别为0.92%和0.20,MICP固化建筑渣土兼具环境友好的特性。     

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积技术加固红层黏土夹层的试验

针对西南地区红层斜坡中结构面易受水流侵扰,形成软弱夹层,致使抗剪强度显著下降,影响斜坡稳定性等问题,提出采用注射巴氏芽孢杆菌液诱导软弱夹层固化,以达到防渗加固的目的。对固化前、后的试样进行变水头渗透试验和直接剪切试验的结果表明:菌液能有效地诱导夹层物质中产生碳酸钙晶体,使土体渗透性显著下降;固化后试样的抗剪强度增加,且呈现出脆性破坏特征。     

Compressibility of biocemented loose sands under constant rate of strain,loading, and pseudo K0-triaxial conditions

The compressibility behavior of loose sands treated with Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is presented in this paper. The paper discusses the strain rate effects and evolution of at-rest earth pressure coefficient and elastic shear modulus during $K_0$-loading. The soil samples were prepared in a triaxial cell in which a biological solution containing the ureolytic bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii was injected and held under a small back pressure. Cementation treatments were injected following an alternated top and bottom sequence. The constant rate of strain, constant rate of loading, and pseudo $K_0$-triaxial tests were performed at different strain and stress rates. On-specimen internal instrumentation consisting of a submersible load cell, three Hall Effect transducers, and vertical Bender Elements were used to control radial strains during $K_0$-loading and measure small-strain shear modulus changes. Based on shear wave velocity measurements, the MICP-treated sand was lightly cemented and displayed soil-like behavior. The experimental results demonstrated a significant reduction in soil compressibility after MICP treatment. The material response was remarkably similar for every tested strain rate. The very small values of axial strains measured for the biotreated samples in relation to untreated control specimens for vertical effective stress levels below 200 kPa is evidence of the suitability of this treatment and shows its potential for use in field applications at relatively shallow depths.     

Soil improvement using plant-derived urease-induced calcium carbonate precipitation

This study addresses a soil improvement technique using plant-derived urease-induced calcium carbonate (CC) precipitation (PDUICCP) as an alternative to microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). A crude extract of crushed watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds was used as the urease source along with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and urea (CO (NH₂)₂) for CC precipitation. Test specimens (φ?=?2.3?cm, h?=?7.1?cm) made from commercially available Mikawa sand (mean diameter, D₅₀?=?870?µm) were cemented, and estimated unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of several kPa to MPa was obtained by changing the concentration of CaCl₂- urea, urease activity, curing time, and temperature. The increase of curing time and that of the CaCl₂-urea concentration from 0.3?M to 0.7?M caused an increase in estimated UCS value. The average estimated UCS obtained after 14?days’ curing time for 0.7?M CaCl₂-urea and 3.912 U/mL urease was around 3.0?MPa and for 0.3 and 0.5?M CaCl₂-urea and 0.877 U/mL urease, it was around 1.5–2.0?MPa at 25?°C. By changing each of the abovementioned parameters, it may be possible to apply this method for strength improvement of loose sand, to mitigate the liquefaction, protection and restoration of limestone monuments and statuaries, and artificial soft rock formations. Crude urease from crushed watermelon seeds has the potential to replace commercially available urease for carbonate precipitation and for use as a low environmental impact type soil improvement method.     

碳化法制备纳米碳酸钙的研究

利用氯化钙、氨水和二氧化碳为原料,采用碳化法制备纳米碳酸钙。考察了反应温度、CaCl2溶液浓度、CO2气体流量、添加剂等因素对碳酸钙粒子平均粒径、形貌和反应时间的影响,并用XRD和TEM对产物进行了表征。结果表明,使用一定种类添加剂,在20℃、0.4mol/L的CaCl2溶液和6mL/min流量的CO2条件下,可制得粒度分布均匀、分散性好、平均粒径为45nm左右的球形纳米碳酸钙。     

Effect of pH and temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation by CO2 removal from iron‐rich water

In the present work, the effect of temperature and solution pH on calcium carbonate precipitation from iron‐rich waters was investigated. Calcium carbonate was precipitated by CO₂ removal. The increase in the temperature or the solution pH leads to the acceleration of calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth. Iron addition retards the formation of calcium carbonate crystals and enhanced the precipitation in the bulk solution. At high supersaturations, the inhibition effectiveness of iron is small and it could be improved by lowering the solution pH. The results of the present work show that it is possible to reduce or completely prevent scale formation in different water treatment processes by controlling the operating parameters which favourably affects the water treatment costs, increases the equipment life and allows increased product water recovery.     

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Raj...     

Application of pulsed spark discharge for calcium carbonate precipitation in hard water

The effect of underwater pulsed spark discharge on the precipitation of dissolved calcium ions was investigated in the present study. Water samples with different calcium hardness were prepared by continuous evaporation of tap water using a laboratory cooling tower. It was shown that the concentration of calcium ions dropped by 20-26% after 10-min plasma treatment, comparing with no drop for untreated cases. A laser particle counting method demonstrated that the total number of solid particles suspended in water increased by over 100% after the plasma treatment. The morphology and the crystal form of the particles were identified by both scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Calcite with rhombohedron morphology was observed for plasma treated cases, comparing with the round structure observed for no-treatment cases. It was hypothesized that the main mechanisms for the plasma-assisted calcium carbonate precipitation might include electrolysis, local heating in the vicinity of plasma channel and a high electric field at the tip of plasma streamers, inducing structural changes in the electric double layer of hydrated ions.