季节性冻土中土工格栅加筋特性试验研究

针对东北地区典型粉质黏土,通过一系列土工格栅在冻土中的拉拔试验,重点分析了土壤含水率及冻融循环作用对土工格栅加筋性能的影响,并基于拉拔摩擦强度、表观摩擦系数、界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力等理论,对试验数据进行了详细分析。研究发现:含水率对土工格栅加筋效果存在明显抑制作用,含水率从20%提高至32%时,筋土界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力均减小60%以上。而当含水率一定时(w=24%),冻融循环作用反而提高了土工格栅的加筋效果,经历7次冻融循环后,土工格栅加筋效果增幅为30%左右,主要是横肋前端承被动阻力的提高,而筋土间界面摩擦阻力变化不大。上述试验成果可为土工格栅在冻土地区的推广应用提供一定的理论依据。     

基于黏聚力模型的土工格栅筋土界面作用模拟方法

黏聚力模型被广泛应用于金属构件断裂过程的数值模拟。为深入分析土工格栅筋土界面关系,在格栅纵肋处采用罚函数法,在格栅横肋处采用黏聚力模型,并基于土工格栅横、纵肋条拉拔试验数据确定相关模型参数,进而对土工格栅整体拉拔试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明:黏聚力模型能有效地模拟格栅横肋的被动阻抗作用;格栅横肋前的土体破坏模式与Jewell提出的冲剪破坏模式相吻合;格栅横肋发挥的被动阻抗作用约占整体拉拔力的71%;采用黏聚力模型的筋土界面模拟方法与传统界面模拟方法相比更加准确。     

土工格栅横肋与纵肋加筋机理研究

通过室内格栅横、纵肋独立拉拔试验,针对不同的法向荷载和拉拔速度,分别对土工格栅横肋与纵肋的加筋机理进行了研究.结果表明：格栅纵肋所产生的摩擦阻力在拉拔初期迅速增大,并且随着有效应力的增大呈线性增长趋势,拉拔速率对其影响并不大;格栅横肋所产生的被动阻力增长相对较缓,在达到最大值之前需要一定的筋土相对位移,并且随着有效应力和拉拔速率的增大,被动阻力变化明显,其破坏模式逐渐由冲剪破坏转为常规剪切破坏.     

土工格栅与铜矿尾矿界面作用特性的实验研究

钢塑复合土工格栅的加筋效果好于其它筋材的原因在于其表面结构特性,在生产过程中塑料表面处理时,肋条压制成粗糙的花纹,以增强格栅表面的粗糙程度,提高CATT钢塑复合土工格栅与土体的摩擦系数。它与土之间不仅存在表面摩擦力,而且还存在镶嵌咬合力,从而增强加筋土体的稳定性。文中以不同规格的钢塑复合土工格栅作为加筋材料,以有色金属铜矿的尾矿作为填料土,通过拉拔实验,研究钢塑复合土工格栅与铜矿尾矿填料土的界面作用特性,获得了筋——土之间的剪切强度系数（C、ψ）、似摩擦系数f^＊等结果,并对它们的影响因素进行了分析与探讨。     

土工格栅 黏性土界面特性的拉拔试验分析

筋土界面特性是影响加筋土结构性能的重要因素之一,利用中型拉拔模型试验分析了界面正应力和黏性土含水量对格栅黏性土界面相互作用特性的影响,试验结果表明黏性土含水量对格栅极限抗拔力、界面黏聚力和摩擦系数影响明显。不同界面正应力下格栅极限抗拔力在含水量较小时差别显著,随着黏性土含水量增加,格栅极限抗拔力和界面摩擦系数呈现减少趋势,而筋土界面间黏聚力先增大后减小,且当含水量达到塑限含水量时,三者均趋于稳定。格栅抗拔力位移曲线均经历线性和非线性增加以及拉拔极限阶段,并随含水量增加,抗拔力位移曲线由线性增长向极限状态发展的中间阶段逐渐缩短。在拉拔最大载荷下持续一段时间后卸载,发现格栅的横肋应变有增大的趋势,而纵肋应变呈现减小的趋势。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

加筋土的拉拔摩擦试验研究

本文通过筋土之间的拉拔摩擦试验研究,分析了四种筋材在同一填料以及一种筋材在三种不同填料中的筋土界面摩擦系数的变化情况,并分析了筋材摩阻强度的变化规律。试验结果表明:在同种填料中,土工网和土工格栅较土工布、土工带界面摩擦系数高;同种筋材在粗颗粒填料中界面摩擦系数较细颗粒填料中大。拉拔试验的剪切应力与剪切位移具有明显的非线性特征,在开始阶段剪切应力有明显的增加,然后达到峰值并趋于稳定;随着法向应力的增加,界面的剪切应力的峰值以及对应的拉拔位移量也相应的增加。研究结果可为今后加筋土的研究及应用提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

压实度对红层泥岩土中土工格栅拉拔性能影响的试验研究

通过室内拉拔试验,研究压实度对土工格栅与红层泥岩界面拉拔性状的影响,试验结果表明,土工格栅在红层泥岩中主要表现为拔出破坏。随着压实度的增大,在一定程度上提高筋土界面的峰值剪应力;在压实度一定的情况下,随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面剪应力峰值增大,其对应的剪切位移减小。由于土与土工格栅接触面的剪胀造成该类接触面的界面剪应力峰值与竖向应力不再是线性关系。     

预应变土工格栅与砂垫层界面特性试验研究

采用拉拔试验研究了预应变土工格栅与砂垫层的界面特性,通过对比分析试验结果,对法向应力、垫层厚度和预应变初值对筋土界面特性的影响进行了研究,结果显示:砂垫层厚度为5 cm时,低应力条件下预应变土工格栅与普通格栅的拉拔阻力峰值相差不大,随着法向应力的增大,预应变土工格栅的抗拔性逐渐优于普通格栅,而应变软化现象也愈明显;法向应力为50 kPa时,垫层厚度的增大对格栅抗拔性有一定提高,当厚度达到15 cm后提高效果明显减弱,且高预应变水平的土工格栅随着垫层厚度的增大会出现应变软化现象。最后通过数据拟合得到了界面抗剪强度包络线,预应变加筋法能显著提高格栅与砂垫层界面似摩擦系数,减小界面似粘聚力,可为预应变加筋法的推广提供参考。     

新型可视土工拉拔试验仪的研发与应用

研制了一台新型可视自动采集数据的土工拉拔试验装置,可用于多种土工材料和填料作用下的拉拔试验。该装置改进了加载系统和反力系统,实现了拉拔界面的可视与数据采集的自动化,并可量测土工材料不同嵌固长度处的位移,获取土工材料变形值,探索筋土作用过程中筋材受力机理及界面土体位移变化规律。使用新研制的试验装置开展了以砾类粗粒土为填料的格栅拉拔试验,结果表明:上覆荷载增大,土中格栅的应变变小,土体与格栅的界面摩擦和嵌固作用越显著;筋土界面处土体颗粒存在平移及转动两种运动模式,且界面处土体形成稳定的位移集中带。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。     

Influence of cyclic tensile loading on pullout resistance of geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil

This paper deals with some results of a wide experimental research carried out in order to study factors affecting cyclic and post-cyclic pullout behaviour of different geogrids embedded in a granular soil. The new test procedure developed (multistage pullout test) and the relative results are described. In particular, test results obtained using the constant rate of displacement (CRD) and the multistage pullout tests highlighted the influence of the different factors involved in the research (cyclic load amplitude and frequency, vertical confining stress, geogrid tensile stiffness and structure) both on the peak pullout resistance and on the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the interface.     

Pullout characteristics and conceptual model of gabion reinforcement

The reinforced gabion wall on the west line of Xiangtan to Hengyang highway in Hunan province was studied with the large scale pullout model tests and numerical simulations to obtain the interface friction characteristics between the double twisted hexagonal gabion mesh(2.2 mm and 2.7 mm respectively) and red sandstone. The experimental results showed that the pullout displacement-shear stress curve could be roughly divided into 3 sections:the rapid growth,the steady progression and the yielding sections. The thinner gabion mesh led to the higher peak shear stress,larger cohesion and friction angle under the same normal stress. The pullout displacement-shear stress curve from the numerical simulation had two sections,namely,the rapid growth of shear stress and the yielding of gabion mesh. Under the same conditions,the 2.2 mm meshes resulted in the larger drawing coefficient and pseudo-friction coefficient and thus presented the better interface friction properties. The conceptual model suggested that the proportion of pullout force shared by the horizontal bars and longitudinal bars relied on the magnitude,the length,the coefficient of earth pressure and the friction factor,etc. The pullout bearing resistance on the transversal bars(T_1) comprises the largest proportion of the total resistance(about 62%–72%),on the other hand,the proportions of the annular pullout friction on the longitudinal bars(T_2) and the interface friction acting on the surfaces of all nodes(T_3) both grow against T_1 when the normal stress increases.     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Pullout behavior of a bearing polymeric strap under monotonic and cyclic tensile loads

Soil-reinforcement interaction consists of three factors including frictional resistance, shear strength of the soil and passive resistance. In the ordinary polymeric strap (PS) reinforcement, only frictional resistance contributes to pullout resistance. In this study, in order to develop passive resistance in the soil, a number of angles as transversal elements were attached to PS reinforcement, which is called bearing polymeric strap (BPS). The post-cyclic pullout behaviour of the BPS is evaluated using a large-scale pullout apparatus adopting multistage pullout (MSP) test and one-stage pullout (OSP) test procedures. The results show that a spacing-to-high ratio of angles equal to 3.33 gives the maximum pullout resistance. MSP tests were performed on the BPS with an optimum arrangement to evaluate the influence of various factors including cyclic tensile load amplitude, load frequency and number of load cycles, and also the influence of vertical effective stress on the pullout resistance and the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the soil-BPS interface. Moreover, for BPS system with a single isolated transverse member, the bearing capacity factor N_q was calculated using equations based on three failure modes and it was found that the N_q calculated in the punching shear failure mode makes the best prediction.     

土工格栅与土相互作用的有限元分析

本文提出了土工格栅在拉拔状态下与土相互作用的有限元分析方法。土对格栅的阻力可用非线性弹簧来模拟，弹簧的非线性特性曲线可通过专门设计的小型拉拔试验槽来测定。简要介绍了威尔士大学按试行的欧洲标准研制的大型土工格栅拉拔试验设备。有限元分析结果与用该设备进行的试验结果有很好的一致性。     

Pullout behavior of polymeric strip in compacted dry granular soil under cyclic tensile load conditions

Assessment of the reinforcement behavior of soil under cyclic and monotonic loads is of great importance in the safe design of mechanically stabilized earth walls. In this article, the method of conducting a multistage pullout (MSP) test on the polymeric strip (PS) is presented. The post-cyclic behavior of the reinforcement can be evaluated using a large-scale pullout apparatus adopting MSP test and one-stage pullout (OSP) test procedures. This research investigates the effects of various factors including load amplitude, load frequency, number of load cycles and vertical effective stress on the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the soil-PS interface and the pullout resistance of the PS buried in dry sandy soil. The results illustrate that changing the cyclic tensile load frequency from 0.1 Hz to 0.5 Hz does not affect the pullout resistance. Moreover, the influence of increasing the number of load cycles from 30 to 250 on the peak pullout resistance is negligible. Finally, the effect of increasing the cyclic tensile load amplitude from 20% to 40% on the monotonic pullout resistance can be ignored. The peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the soil-PS interface under monotonic and cyclic load conditions decreases with the increase in vertical effective stress.