基于首次着火循环的低温冷起动特性(Ⅱ)

在一台125cm^3单缸风冷电控喷射LPG发动机上,进行了单循环冷起动实验研究．通过分析发动机最初几个循环的瞬时转速、缸压以及HC排放,得到了发动机首次着火循环冷起动时的燃烧及排放情况．在对首次着火循环分析的基础上,研究了过量空气系数、环境温度、点火提前角和蓄电池电压对LPG发动机首次着火循环燃烧情况的影响．结果表明,蓄电池电压影响发动机冷起动首次着火循环的HC排放,同时对首次着火循环的起动转速也有影响;点火提前角对首次着火循环起动转速影响较大,但对单循环冷起动时的HC排放影响不大;LPG发动机首次循环可靠起动的最佳点火提前角为上止前10℃A．     

电控喷射LPG发动机冷起动失火特性

为加强冷起动阶段的排放控制,在一台125 cm3单缸电控喷射LPG点燃式发动机上进行了冷起动失火特性的试验研究.通过程序设计,以电控断点火方式造成发动机在所设定循环的完全失火,研究了冷起动过程不同循环在单循环失火、连续两循环失火和连续三循环失火的起动转速和HC排放,并对冷起动前120循环在不同失火率时的HC排放进行了研究.通过试验找到了影响LPG发动机冷起动过程起动转速和HC排放的关键着火循环,即理想的首次着火循环及其次循环.发动机理想的首次着火循环失火对起动时的HC排放和转速影响最大.在首次着火循环的下一循环失火对起动HC排放影响次之,而其余循环的失火对起动HC排放影响基本相同.提高起动初期发动机转速有利于后续循环的稳定运行.HC排放与失火率呈一定比例关系.失火率增加1倍时,HC排放升高约1倍.当失火率超过500/时,HC排放总量急剧升高.     

基于循环控制的LPG电喷发动机冷起动初探

基于循环控制策略，利用单循环和多循环燃烧分析方法研究了LPG发动机的冷起动特性。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电控喷射点燃式发动机上进行。通过对冷起动循环的缸压和瞬时转速的实对测量和分析，研究了LPG首次喷射脉宽及着火循环的关系对冷起动着火特性的影响，特别对如何实现可控循环着火进行了基于单次起动喷射脉宽的单循环和多循环燃烧研究。试验结果表明：冷起动首次着火循环对整个起动过程的HC排放及着火稳定性起着至关重要的作用；起动喷射脉宽对冷起动着火特性的影响最大，合理控制起动喷射脉宽和喷射时刻，即可实现“即喷即着”的理想可控循环着火。LPG首次着火循环所需的混合气浓度约是稳定怠速时的2．2倍；单循环起动喷射脉宽起动与多循环起动脉宽起动相比，具有HC排放低和起动可靠性好的优点。在首次喷射之前空转几循环可以使发动机的首次着火循环序数提前，并能提高冷起动可靠性。     

基于循环控制的LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环NO瞬态排放特性研究

从循环控制的角度，详细研究了LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环NO瞬态排放特性。实验在一台电控LPG进气道喷射单缸风冷四冲程125cm^3发动机上进行。通过高速采集系统记录发动机首循环瞬态NO排放、瞬时缸压和转速，从实验结果中分析发动机NO瞬态排放与其他参数之间的关系。研究表明：在稀燃工况下NO排放能更准确地反映着火的发生，可以作为首循环着火的判断依据；NO排放和循环缸压都随过量空气系数先增大后减小，最大缸内爆发压力发生在略浓的混合气浓度，而最大NO排放发生在较稀的混合气浓度；NO瞬态排放随循环缸压在稀燃、过渡和浓燃区呈现出不同的变化规律，首循环最佳过量空气系数应控制在过渡区域。     

冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性试验研究

从循环控制的角度，详细研究了LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性。试验在一台电控LPG进气道喷射单缸风冷四冲程、125mL发动机上进行。通过高速采集系统记录发动机首循环瞬态HC排放、瞬时缸压和转速，分析了瞬态HC排放与其他参数之间的关系。研究表明：随着过量空气系数的变化，首循环瞬态HC排放在一个较宽的混合气浓度变化范围内平缓变化，并稳定在较低的水平。首循环瞬态HC排放的最小值出现在缸内燃烧最好的燃空当量比附近。当首循环混合气浓度过浓或者是过稀时，瞬态HC排放迅速增加。首循环瞬态HC排放随点火角度的推迟，其变化规律为先增加再减少，随点火角度不断推迟，在膨胀行程中氧化的燃料不断增加，当点火角度推迟到一定限值，缸内燃烧不能进行，瞬态HC排放急剧增加。     

LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧试验研究

基于循环控制,详细研究了LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧的燃烧及排放特性。试验在一台电控LPG进气喷射单缸风冷四冲程125 mL发动机上进行,采用膜式富氧方法实现富氧进气燃烧。研究表明:当过量空气系数大于0．7时,富氧进气燃烧缸压峰值与空气相比增加不显著,此后随混合气加浓,富氧进气燃烧缸压峰值开始明显大于常规空气进气燃烧;过量空气系数在0．4～0．876时,富氧进气燃烧与常规空气进气燃烧相比,HC排放没有较大降低,在此范围之外,富氧显著降低HC排放;过量空气系数在0．4～0．7,富氧与空气相比CO显著降低;富氧进气燃烧,使得首循环NO排放大幅增加;计算放热率发现,富氧燃烧速度比常规空气进气燃烧更快,放热更集中。     

点燃式发动机燃用不同燃料的冷起动着火特性

基于循环控制策略,在一台125 mL单缸四行程电控喷射点燃式发动机上,分别燃用汽油、LPG和甲醇3种燃料进行了冷起动瞬态工况着火特性的试验研究.在只喷射一次燃料的情况下,确保汽油、LPG和甲醇发动机可靠起动时,研究循环喷射量和环境温度的影响.试验结果表明,循环喷射量对汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动影响显著,合适的循环喷射量即可保证汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动;环境温度对甲醇发动机可靠起动影响最显著,循环喷射量次之,环境温度低于16 ℃时,不采取辅助起动措施,低喷射压力下喷多少燃料都不能使甲醇发动机起动;同一喷射时刻,汽油和LPG发动机可实现"即喷即着"的理想着火,甲醇发动机要比汽油和LPG发动机晚一个循环着火.     

冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放与进气道燃料输运特性的关系

从循环控制的角度,详细研究了液化石油气(LPG)点燃式发动机冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放和进气道燃料输运特性.研究结果表明,有一定比例的气态LPG燃料不能进入缸内,残留在进气道内.进气道残留的HC体积分数随首循环混合气空燃比的增加而增大,而残留比例随首循环混合气空燃比的增加而减少;进气道残留HC体积分数和比例随节气门开度的增加而降低;喷射相同燃料时,喷射时刻对残留HC体积分数和比例没有影响,但如果喷射发生在进气门开启之后,将导致燃烧的恶化.     

汽油醇混合燃料发动机冷起动排放特性研究

随着国Ⅲ及以上排放法规的实施,对发动机冷起动过程排放的控制显得越来越重要.在一台3缸进气道喷射汽油机上开展了不同环境温度下醇类汽油混合燃料对冷机起动及其后怠速暖机过程排放特性的研究.研究中设计了一种新颖的排放采样系统,测量了冷起动和暖机过程的HC和CO排放.甲醇汽油与乙醇汽油混合燃料排放对比发现:甲醇汽油具有更加优良的冷起动排放性能.分别在环境温度为5℃、15℃和25℃时进行了甲醇汽油对冷机起动及怠速暖机过程排放特性影响的研究.研究表明:在相同的环境温度下,HC和CO排放随着试验燃油中甲醇添加比例的增加明显降低;甲醇汽油对发动机冷机起动及暖机阶段HC和CO排放的改善在温度较低时表现的更为明显,环境温度为5℃,发动机燃用M30时,HC排放可降低40%,CO可降低70%.     

低压空气辅助喷射甲醇发动机冷起动试验研究北大核心CSCD

针对甲醇发动机难以形成浓度合适的混合气而造成冷起动困难的问题,以一台应用自主开发的进气道低压空气辅助喷射系统(air assisted port injection,AAPI)的单缸甲醇发动机为研究对象开展试验研究,探究不采用辅助措施通过AAPI喷射实现甲醇高雾化对甲醇发动机冷起动的影响及规律。试验表明AAPI明显加快了甲醇发动机冷起动前可燃混合气的形成速率。AAPI甲醇发动机着火前过量空气系数λ的平均变化率值和峰值变化率分别是普通喷射方式的3.2倍和2.26倍。点火时刻对AAPI甲醇发动机冷起动影响较大,为使AAPI甲醇发动机的冷起动性能最优,需配合合适的点火时刻,试验条件下最佳点火时刻为活塞压缩上止点前20°。AAPI甲醇发动机的冷起动性能受环境温度影响较大,随着环境温度的降低,甲醇发动机冷起动时间增长;不采用辅助措施,AAPI甲醇发动机在5℃时能实现可靠冷起动。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。