PEG辅助的溶胶凝胶法制备多孔ZnO薄膜

以醋酸锌为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,二乙醇胺为络合剂,通过聚乙二醇(PEG)辅助的溶胶--凝胶法在玻璃基片上制备了ZnO多孔薄膜.利用IR、TG-DTA、XRD及SEM等测试方法对薄膜的结构和特性进行了分析.探讨了样品在溶胶-凝胶及煅烧过程中的物理化学变化.研究了前驱体浓度、PEG2000加入量对薄膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明,当Zn2 的浓度为0.6mol/L的溶胶在70℃水浴时,加入PEG2000后,有利于ZnO多孔结构的形成,而且孔尺寸及密度也随PEG加入量的增大而增大.     

不同过渡层对PMMA基底沉积ZAO薄膜特性的影响

采用磁控溅射技术,分别使用SiO_2、SiON、Al2O_3、AlON作为过渡层,在有机玻璃(PMMA)基底上制备了ZAO薄膜。利用紫外-可见光谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和划痕仪对不同过渡层上制备的ZAO膜层的光电特性、薄膜结构、表面形貌及附着力进行了研究。结果表明,不同的过渡层对400~800nm波长范围内的光的透过率影响不大,在不同过渡层上制备的ZAO薄膜均展现了c轴择优取向。过渡层的添加不仅提高了ZAO薄膜的表面粗糙度和电阻,而且进一步提升了ZAO薄膜与PMMA基底的附着力。     

聚乙二醇对纳米多孔二氧化硅薄膜性能的影响

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为添加剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为先驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法、结合 旋转涂胶和超临界干燥等工艺在硅片上制备了纳米多孔SiO₂薄膜.利用FTIR、TG-DTA、 AFM和椭偏仪研究了该SiO₂薄膜的性能.与未加.PEG的SiO₂薄膜相比,加入PEG得到 的SiO₂薄膜表面粗糙度增大,但孔隙率较高,介电常数可降至2.0以下.PEG参与并修饰了 TEOS的溶胶-凝胶过程.加入PEG制备的SiO₂薄膜因含有Si-OH基团而呈亲水性,该薄 膜经三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)修饰后为疏水性.     

单层二氧化铪（HfO2）薄膜的特性研究

利用电子束蒸发、离子束辅助沉积和离子束反应溅射三种制备方法制备了单层HfO2薄膜,对薄膜样品的晶体结构、光学特性、表面形貌以及吸收特性进行了研究。实验结果表明,薄膜特性与制备工艺有着密切的关系。电子束蒸发和离子束反应溅射制备的薄膜为非晶结构,而离子束辅助制备的薄膜为多晶结构。电子束蒸发制备的薄膜折射率较低,薄膜比较疏松,表面粗糙度较小,吸收相对较小,而离子束辅助以及离子束反应溅射制备的薄膜折射率较高,薄膜的结构比较致密,但表面粗糙度较大,吸收相对较大。不同制备工艺条件下薄膜的光学能隙范围为5.30～5.43eV,对应的吸收边的范围为228.4～234.0nm。     

纯钛表面立方介孔SiO2薄膜诱导沉积碳磷灰石层

采用浸渍-提拉法在预处理纯钛表面制备立方介孔SiO₂薄膜, 通过评价体外诱导类骨碳磷灰石层形成能力研究其生物活性。利用小角X射线衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱、N₂吸附、电镜和能谱等测试技术对模板剂去除前后、模拟体液浸泡前后介孔薄膜结构、组成与形貌进行了研究; 利用固体表面Zeta电位仪研究薄膜表面荷电性质。结果表明, 介孔薄膜具有三维立方介孔结构, 在模拟体液(1.5SBF)中浸泡14 d即能诱导碳磷灰石层在其表面沉积, 显示出良好的生物活性。介孔薄膜独特的孔道结构以及孔表面Si-OH在体液中呈负电性对其生物活性起关键作用。     

PEG1000用量对多孔TiO_2薄膜结构及光催化性能的影响

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,PEG1000为模板剂,乙酰丙酮为稳定剂,制备了TiO2溶胶,通过浸渍-提拉法在载玻片上制备了多孔TiO2薄膜。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、紫外-可见透射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、N2吸附-脱附等对TiO2薄膜的晶相结构、表面形貌、化学组成及TiO2粉体的BET比表面积和孔径分布进行了表征。考察了TiO2薄膜对甲基橙的光催化降解活性。实验结果表明,TiO2薄膜催化剂的晶型为锐钛矿型,Ti以Ti4+形式存在。随着PEG1000添加量的增加,薄膜表面形貌变得粗糙,孔数量先增加而后下降;多孔TiO2薄膜在紫外区域内的吸收边沿向短波方向移动,薄膜透射率也发生波动,但薄膜的厚度基本不变。当PEG1000添加量为2.0g时,薄膜中存在大量的介孔,薄膜的比表面积最大,光催化性能最佳。     

PEG对二氧化钛薄膜的微观结构和染料吸附性能的影响

用PEG作为添加剂,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔二氧化钛薄膜,通过改变热处理温度和PEG的添加量获取不同微观结构的二氧化钛薄膜,进而研究制备条件对染料吸附的影响。样品的X射线衍射、折射率、扫描电镜(SEM)和吸收光谱的测试结果表明,PEG加入越多,气孔率越大．染料的吸附量越多。另外,热处理温度为500℃时染料的吸附量最好。     

多弧离子镀镀制掺氮二氧化钛薄膜及其光吸收特性的研究

利用多弧离子镀在玻璃衬底上制备了TiO2薄膜和氮掺杂的TiO2薄膜样品，并对样品进行了220～500℃温度的热处理，通过X射线衍射（XRD）以及UV—Vis分光光度计等测试手段对热处理前后的样品的结构、光吸收特性进行了分析。结果表明：制备出的薄膜为非晶态结构，热处理后向锐钛矿、金红石相转变。理想工艺下镀制的掺氮TiO2薄膜经400℃热后，TiO2薄膜的光吸收限可由385nm红移至500nm。     

复合模板剂自组装制备混晶纳米TiO2介孔材料及其性能研究

采用TiCh为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）、聚乙二醇（PEG400、PEG6000）及十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）两两组合为复合模板和结构导向剂,利用常压液相-水热合成两步反应制备了纳米混晶TiO2介孔材料。XRD分析结果表明,产品为金红石-锐钛矿的混晶结构;TEM观察,样品是由均匀球形颗粒组装成的无序介孔材料,一次粒径约为10～15nm;N2吸附-脱附等温曲线形状为Langmuir Ⅳ型,是典型的介孔结构吸附-脱附等温线,最可及孔径约为11nm。光催化性能实验表明,在40W目光灯照射60min后,该系列介孔材料可有效的降解工业废水中的有毒氰根含量和有机染料。研究结果还表明,采用CTAB-SDBS作为复合模板和结构导向剂时制得的介孔材料的孔结构和光催化降解性能较好。     

负载型TiO2光催化薄膜结构控制及光催化活性

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不锈钢丝网上负载TiO2薄膜,通过SEM、XRD和TG-DTA对其进行表征.研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)分子量及添加量、水加入量、涂膜次数和煅烧温度等工艺条件对样品光催化降解甲醛性能的影响.结果表明,通过工艺条件控制可得具有较高光催化活性的负载型TiO2光催化薄膜.在钛酸丁酯乙醇溶液中添加适量PEG600和水,经反应制备的TiO2溶胶,涂膜于不锈钢丝网表面,450℃煅烧后获得具有中孔结构的TiO2混晶薄膜,该薄膜对甲醛光催化降解率达90%以上.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from