Thermal Effects on Net Protein Ratio of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Net protein ratio (NPR), predicted-protein efficiency ratio (P-PER), relative NPR (RNPR), and corrected RNPR (CRNPR) of thermally processed red kidney beans were estimated in rats and compared to in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (AAS_IVDP), and computed-protein efficiency ratio (C-PER). Thermal processing had a significant effect on protein intake, NPR, P-PER and CRNPR values of beans. Changes in protein intake suggest that heat processing had an effect on the palatability of the beans. Home-cooked beans and commercially canned beans had higher NPR values than beans autoclaved at 128°C for 20 min, while beans autoclaved at 121°C for 10–90 min had intermediate values. High correlation coefficients between P-PER and C-PER, CRNPR and C-PER, and CRNPR and AAS_IVDP (r=0·990, 0·992 and 0·960, respectively, P<0·001) were observed.     

Thermal Effects on in vitro Protein Quality of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Significant thermal effects on in vitro protein quality of red kidney beans were observed. Beans autoclaved at 121°for 10 and 20 min, and common home-cooked beans had improved protein quality. Uncooked beans, and those autoclaved at 128°for 20 min and at 121°for 90 min had reduced protein quality compared to canned beans and those autoclaved at 110°for 20 min and at 121°for 40 and 60 min. Amino acid scores, essential amino acid index and available lysine (%), corrected for in vitro protein digestibility gave comparable results in evaluation of protein quality. Specific lysine, methionine, cysteine and other amino acid ratios overestimated protein quality.     

Phytate Reduction in Brown Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Brown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to treatments to evaluate effects of pH, temperature, CaCl₂, tannase and fermentation on degradation of phytate. Soaking was performed at 21°C, 37°C and 55°C at pH 4.0, 6.0, 6.4, 7.0, and 8.0. Optimal conditions for phytate degradation were pH 7.0 and 55°C. After soaking 4, 8 or 17 hr at these conditions 79%, 87% and 98% of phytate was degraded, respectively. Addition of tannase enhanced reduction of phytate. Fermentation of presoaked whole beans resulted in reduction of 88% of phytate after 48 hr.     

Antioxidant Potential of Pea Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

ABSTRACT: Four bean varieties ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (white kidney, red pinto, Swedish brown, and black kidney) and their hull fractions were extracted with 80% acetone and evaluated for their phenolic contents and antiradical activities. Total phenolic content of bean hulls and whole seed extracts ranged from 6.7 to 270 and 4.9 to 93.6 mg/g extract as catechin equivalents, respectively. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay revealed that the antioxidant capacity of red, brown, and black whole seed extracts was in the same order of magnitude with little variation. TEAC values of red and brown whole seed extracts were superior to that of black whole seed extract. On the basis of the total phenolic content and TEAC values, it can be deduced that colored beans possess superior antioxidative activity compared with white beans. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity of different bean extracts ranged from 58% to 67% at 50 ppm and 65% to 76% at 100 ppm. The corresponding superoxide radical scavenging capacity was 24% to 29% at 50 ppm and 53% to 60% at 100 ppm. The 2,2–diphenyl-1–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of black bean whole seed extracts was 22% at 50 ppm, whereas the other extracts showed 100% scavenging of this radical at both 50 and 100 ppm levels. The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of the bean extracts at 50 and 100 ppm were 12% to 29% and 32% to 49%, respectively. All extracts used prevented human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation by 61.4% to 99.9% at 2 to 50 ppm level as catechin equivalents.     

浸泡处理对红芸豆的物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响

以红芸豆为原料,探讨不同浸泡温度(25、45、65℃)对芸豆物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明:芸豆在浸泡过程中,随着浸泡温度升高与时间延长,其吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物溶出率等均呈增加的趋势,平衡吸水率常数则呈下降趋势;浸泡温度的提高有利于达到浸泡平衡及缩短浸泡时间。在加工性能方面,45℃下浸泡可显著缩短煮豆时间并提高煮熟红芸豆的品质。     

Interpretation of the force deformation curves of soaked red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In this study, the textural patterns of red kidney beans soaked in water at 20, 30, 40 and 60 °C are reported. Texture (hardness) was measured instrumentally by cutting with a wedge-type blade mounted on an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a speed of 200 mm min⁻¹. The general trend of the force deformation curves was similar for all of the soaking temperatures studied throughout the soaking process. At initial stages of hydration, textural changes were a function of the soaking time. However, once the hydration process attained equilibrium, changes in texture became minimal and were within the range of 34 ± 2 N, regardless of the soaking temperature and hydration time. The force deformation curves were influenced by the presence of a large cavity between the two cotyledons of red kidney beans. Interpreting textural patterns of soaked beans would provide a better control of the water absorption process, which subsequently influences changes in texture.     

The Effect of Micronization Operational Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Micronization conditions for processing navy beans were evaluated relative to micronizer outlet temperature, final moisture content, hardness, soluble protein, hydration capacity, and density using a full factorial experiment. Processing variables included conveyer bed slope (SL), setting of gas‐air mixture valve (GS) or gas/air ratio, and distance between conveyer bed and infrared radiation source (DS). As SL and the gas/air ratio increased, the final temperature of the micronized navy beans increased but bean moisture content was reduced. The percent soluble protein and hydration capacity also were reduced as SL increased. The contribution of DS to the characteristics of beans micronized under these conditions was minimal. Recommended conditions were best determined based on outlet temperature.     

Processing of Sugar-Coated Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): Fate of Oligosaccharides and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and Evaluation of Sensory Quality

ABSTRACT:  The present study was undertaken to expand the uses of red kidney beans beyond traditional products such as sugar-coated beans—a popular snack food in many Asian countries. Beans were soaked for 12 h (initial temperature 77 °C, end temperature 24 ± 1 °C) and then cooked in boiling water (approximately 99.3 °C) for 14 min. Finally, the cooked beans were sugar-coated by dipping in 20%, 35%, or 50% sugar syrup (w/w) for 45 min at 70 °C and excess syrup was drained at the end of the process. Beans were analyzed for oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose) and lectins, as phytohemagglutinating (PHA) activity, at predetermined intervals during processing. A 105-member consumer panel evaluated bean quality for texture, color, sweetness, flavor, and overall acceptability. Most of the weight (81.1% of total) was gained during the 1st h of soaking. There was a significant reduction in raffinose (80.8%) and stachyose (83.4%) after 12 h of soaking. Cooking, which further reduced raffinose for a combined total of 95.8%, had no effect on stachyose. The lectins decreased by about 90% in cooked beans, with over half of inactivation occurring during soaking. On a hedonic scale of 1 to 9 (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely), all 3 bean samples scored above 5 for all the sensory attributes tested. Beans coated with 50% sugar syrup were rated best overall, with a score of 6.1. Frequency distribution of overall acceptability scores showed that 59% to 70% of the panelists rated different bean samples at a score of 6 or higher.     

Changes in the Functional Properties and Antinutritional Factors of Extruded Hard-to-Cook Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris,L.)

ABSTRACT: The biochemical and functional properties of 2 hard-to-cook common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were investigated after the extrusion process. Beans of BRS pontal and BRS grafite cultivars were milled and extruded at 150 °C, with a compression ratio screw of 3 : 1, 5-mm die, and screw speed of 150 rpm. Extrudate flours were evaluated for water solubility (WS), water absorption index (WAI), oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC), emulsifying activity (EA), antinutritional factors, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility. Results indicated that the extrusion significantly decreased antinutrients such as phytic acid, lectin, α-amylase, and trypsin inhibitors, reduced the emulsifying capacity and eliminated the FC in both BRS pontal and BRS grafite cultivars. In addition, the WS, WAI, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility were improved by the extrusion process. These results indicate that it is possible to produce new extruded products with good functional and biochemical properties from these common bean cultivars.     

Assessing Potential Effects of Inulin and Probiotic Bacteria on Fe Availability from Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Caco-2 Cells

ABSTRACT:  Inulin, a prebiotic, may enhance intestinal Fe absorption. Our objective was to assess the effects of supplemental inulin and 2 probiotic bacteria ( B. infantis and L. acidophillus ) on Fe availability to Caco-2 cells from common white and red beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Cooked beans were mixed or not with supplemental inulin (4%, w/w), and then subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (pepsin, pH 2; pancreatin, pH 7.2). Subsequently, the digests were incubated overnight with and without B. infantis or L. acidophilus . Ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells was used to evaluate Fe uptake. Total soluble phenols (Folin–Ciocalteau) and phytate (HPLC-electrochemical detection) were quantified, and the flavonoids profile (HPLC-PDA/UV detection) was monitored in the digests. Supplemental inulin did not affect Fe uptake from white nor red beans. Incubation with B. infantis increased total soluble phenols (TSP) in the digests and decreased Fe uptake. Incubation with L. acidophilus decreased TSP in the digest and increased Fe uptake. Variations in Fe uptake were not associated with soluble phytate concentrations in the digests. The largest change in flavonoids profile were found in the digests incubated with L. acidophilus , which decreased the soluble concentration of astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside). These results suggest that certain probiotics could increase Fe uptake from common beans.     

Effects of Vacuum Hydration on the Incidence of Splits in Canned Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Dry red kidney beans were canned using two different pretreatments: soaking for 12 hr at 20°C, and vacuum hydration for 5 min followed by soaking for 2 hr at temperatures from 45-59.1°C. Samples were then packed, processed to commercial sterility, and tested for percentage of split beans after processing. Vacuum hydration pretreatments greatly decreased the incidence and severity of splitting in the canned product and accelerated water uptake while retaining the same moisture content after soaking as the conventional soak treatment. Vacuum-hydrated beans gained less moisture during retorting than conventionally treated samples.     

Proteins isolated from Ganxet common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landrace: techno-functional and antioxidant properties

Ganxet protein isolates (GPI) were assessed for antioxidant and functional properties including emulsifying and foaming capacity. The protein content and water activity (a_w) value of GPI were 91.08 ± 4.15% and 0.248 ± 0.008%, respectively. The oil- and water-holding capacities of GPI were calculated as 2.76 ± 0.33 and 1.25 ± 0.11 g g⁻¹ of GPI, respectively (P < 0.05). Foaming and emulsifying properties were found to be pH-dependent (P < 0.05). The highest foaming capacity values were observed at pH 8.0 and 10.0 and were calculated as 86.25 ± 5.30% and 78.75 ± 1.77%, respectively. In addition, the generated emulsions were found to be stable, especially at pH 8.0 and 10.0 with emulsion stability values of 94.1 ± 0.0 and 93.9 ± 0.1, respectively (P < 0.05). Results obtained in the current study demonstrate the potential applications of Ganxet-derived proteins as techno-functional ingredients for the development of novel foods.     

糖苷化对芸豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

本研究通过干热接枝反应制备糖苷化芸豆蛋白,探讨了不同的蛋白与糖摩尔比对糖基化反应和芸豆蛋白物化性质及功能特性的影响.研究结果表明:适度的蛋白与糖摩尔比有利于糖苷化反应,蛋白与乳糖摩尔比为1:30时,糖苷化度是48%,而蛋白与乳糖摩尔比是1:100时,糖苷化度仅为14%.干热处理诱导芸豆蛋白质的变性和聚集,这一点在蛋白的溶解度和排阻色谱分析中得到证实,表现为降低蛋白质溶解度(pH 2～10)和排阻色谱峰的总积分面积(pn 7.0).糖基化反应可以抑制干热过程中蛋白质的变性和聚集行为,在中性偏碱性以及极端酸性(pH 2～3)条件下,糖苷化蛋白具有较高的蛋白溶解度(相对于干热处理的芸豆蛋白).在较高糖苷化程度条件下(蛋白质与乳糖摩尔比为1:30),糖苷化显著改善芸豆蛋白质的溶解度(pH 4～6).此外,乳糖与蛋白质共价连结,这一点在排阻色谱分析中的得到证实.     

Nutritional and Health Perspectives of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): An Overview

Beans, the variants of Phaseolus vulagris, are nutritionally and economically important food crop in each part of the world. Besides providing nutrients such as multifaceted carbohydrates, elevated proteins, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins, these also contain rich variety of polyphenolic compounds with prospective health benefits. This review mainly focuses the important nutritional aspects of beans as well as their contribution in decreasing the risks of chronically degenerative diseases.     

Total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of eclipse black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by processing methods

ABSTRACT:  The effects of soaking, boiling, and steaming processes on the phenolic components and antioxidant activity of black beans were investigated. All processed beans exhibited significantly ( P < 0.05) lower antioxidant activities than raw beans in total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). Steaming processes resulted in a greater retention of TPC and ORAC values than the boiling processes. Pressure boiling shortened processing time compared to regular boiling, resulted in insignificant differences in TPC, but significantly increased in ORAC as compared to the regular boiling method. Pressure steaming resulted in significant decreases in TPC, DPPH, while significantly increased in ORAC compared to regular steaming. Greater TPC, DPPH, and ORAC values were detected in boiling water than in the soaking and steaming water. Mass balance analysis showed that boiling caused more dry solid loss than steaming. All of these results indicated that processing methods significantly changed contents and activities of antioxidant components of black beans. Steam processing exhibited several advantages in appearance and texture of the cooked product, shortening processing time, and in greater retention of TPC and antioxidant activities. Steam processing may be used to develop high-quality health-promoting black bean products.     

Differentiating the Lectin Activity in Twenty-Four Cultivars of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Hemagglutination activity of 24 cultivars of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was estimated with rabbit, rat, bovine, and human erythrocytes. Net protein utilization (NPU) evaluated the nutritional toxicity to weanling rats of the beans fed at 10% protein. Nonprotein and 10%-casein control diets were included. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated lectin-containing beans. Beans evaluated (in or-der of decreasing lectin activity) were: Aurora, Sanilac, Royal Red, Red Kloud, Roza, Rufus, Harris, Viva, Fiesta, Black Turtle Soup, Chief, Hyden, UI-59, Sutter; (nontoxic): Blue Mountain, GN-1140, Holberg, Nodak, Olathe, Pindak, JM-126, NW-410, NW-590, UI-114. This study shows that combined hemagglutination tests and SDSPAGE enable rapid screening of dry beans for toxic lectins.     

Physiological traits related to terminal drought resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

BACKGROUND: A major problem in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) agriculture is the low yield due to terminal drought. Because common beans are grown over a broad variety of environments, the study of drought‐resistant genotypes might be useful to identify distinctive or common mechanisms needed for survival and seed production under drought. RESULTS: In this study the relationship between terminal drought resistance and some physiological parameters was analysed using cultivars contrasting in their drought response from two different gene pools. Trials were performed in three environments. As expected, drought treatments induced a decrease in leaf relative humidity and an increase in leaf temperature; however, when these parameters were compared between susceptible and resistant cultivars under optimal irrigation and drought, no significant differences were detected. Similar results were obtained for chlorophyll content. In contrast, analysis of relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance values showed reproducible significant differences between susceptible and resistant cultivars grown under optimal irrigation and drought across the different environments. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that drought‐resistant cultivars maximise carbon uptake and limit water loss upon drought by increasing stomatal closure during the day and attaining a higher RWC during the night as compared with susceptible cultivars, suggesting a water balance fine control to achieve enough yield under drought. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Processing on Anti-nutritional Factors of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Grains

The effect of different processing methods (soaking in water or solutions of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, soaking plus cooking, and germination) on anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, total polyphenols, tannins, and hydrocyanic acid) of red kidney bean was studied. The anti-nutritional factors were reduced significantly (P < 0.001) with processing techniques. Cyanide contents were most effectively (25%) reduced by cooking after soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by germination. The most drastic effect was noted on tannin contents. Cooking after soaking in either citric acid or sodium bicarbonate solutions almost eliminated it. However, simple soaking in water did not result in any reduction in tannin contents. Reduction in total polyphenols was 78.7% with cooking after soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution. Phytic acid contents were reduced only with germination treatment (42.6%), while the other treatments did not bring about any large reduction.     

Kinetics of Frozen Stored Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Quality Changes: Texture, Vitamin C, Reducing Sugars, and Starch

ABSTRACT: Texture, vitamin C, reducing sugars, and starch quality changes of frozen green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied for 250 d at storage temperatures of−7,−15, and−30 °C. All studied parameters suffered significant changes during frozen storage. Texture loss was described by a fractional conversion model, while ascorbic acid and starch evolution were successfully modeled with first-order reaction kinetics. Dehydro-ascorbic acid (DHAA) degraded only 8% during storage time, and thus frozen storage well preserves total vitamin C. The low estimated Arrhenius activation energies of texture, starch, and ascorbic acid losses emphasize that low temperatures do not substantially reduce degradation rates.