Fingerprint classification using one-vs-all support vector machines dynamically ordered with naı¨ve Bayes classifiers

Fingerprint classification reduces the number of possible matches in automated fingerprint identification systems by categorizing fingerprints into predefined classes. Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely used in pattern classification and have produced high accuracy when performing fingerprint classification. In order to effectively apply SVMs to multi-class fingerprint classification systems, we propose a novel method in which the SVMs are generated with the one-vs-all (OVA) scheme and dynamically ordered with na?¨ve Bayes classifiers. This is necessary to break the ties that frequently occur when working with multi-class classification systems that use OVA SVMs. More specifically, it uses representative fingerprint features as the FingerCode, singularities and pseudo ridges to train the OVA SVMs and na?¨ve Bayes classifiers. The proposed method has been validated on the NIST-4 database and produced a classification accuracy of 90.8% for five-class classification with the statistical significance. The results show the benefits of integrating different fingerprint features as well as the usefulness of the proposed method in multi-class fingerprint classification.     

指纹图像处理中方向信息的研究

指纹自动识别已成为个人身份识别的有效手段。指纹图像的方向信息对指纹的预处理、分类及匹配有着重要的作用。该文介绍了一种直接利用指纹灰度信息进行指纹图像方向图计算的方法，实验结果表明，它是行之有效的。     

Fingerprint image analysis for automatic identification

Most of the papers on fingerprints deal with classification of fingerprint images. Fingerprint databases being large (in the range of millions), the effort in matching of fingerprints within a class or when the class is unknown, is very significant. This requires fingerprint image analysis and extraction of the “minutiae” features, which are used for matching FPs. In this paper a scheme of preprocessing and feature extraction of fingerprint images for automatic identification is presented, which works even if the pattern class is unknown. The identification of fingerprints is based on matching the minutiae features of a given finger-print against those stored in the database. The core and delta information is used for classification and for registration while matching. These algorithms have been tested for more than 10,000 fingerprint images of different qualities. The results are manually verified and found to be very good for practical application. A few sample results are presented.     

Fingerprint classification based on Adaboost learning from singularity features

Fingerprint classification is an important indexing scheme to narrow down the search of fingerprint database for efficient large-scale identification. It is still a challenging problem due to the intrinsic class ambiguity and the difficulty for poor quality fingerprints. In this paper, we presents a fingerprint classification algorithm that uses Adaboost learning method to model multiple types of singularity features. Firstly, complex filters are used to detect the singularities. For powerful representation, we compute the complex filter responses of the detected singularities at multiple scales and a feature vector is constructed for each scale that consists of the relative position and direction and the certainties of the singularities. Adaboost learning method is then applied on decision trees to design a classifier for fingerprint classification. Finally, fingerprint class is determined by the ensemble of the classification results at multiple scales. The experimental results and comparisons on NIST-4 database have shown the effectiveness and superiority of the fingerprint classification algorithm.     

Fingerprint reference point identification based on chain encoded discrete curvature and bending energy

Reference point identification is important in automatic fingerprint recognition system as it can be used to align fingerprints in a correct orientation in spite of the possibility of different transformations in fingerprint images. It is also used in fingerprint classification, as it is desirable to classify fingerprint images for forensic type applications which require the input image to be verified against a large database. The important feature information useful for classification is centered near the reference point. Most of the current approaches for identifying the reference point either require determining ridge orientation or use some complex filters. These methods either operate on 2D (two dimensional) or are not robust to rotation or cannot be applied to every class of fingerprint image. This paper proposes a method to reliably identify unique reference point that operates in 1D (one dimensional). The method treats the fingerprint ridges as a non-overlapped sequence of chain code segments. A modified k-curvature method has been proposed to find the high-curvature area of fingerprint ridges. The reference point localization is based on the property of the ridge’s bending energy. The proposed method is tested on FVC2002 and FVC2004 standard datasets, and the experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately locate reference point for all types of fingerprint images.     

基于Gabor滤波的指纹图像增强算法

由于指纹的唯一性和不变性,指纹识别已成为当前最流行、最方便、最可靠的个人身份认证技术之一。指纹识别一般包括指纹采集、图像预处理、特征提取及特征匹配等几个步骤。其中图像预处理中的图像增强是最为关键的环节,直接影响特征提取与特征匹配。提出了一种基于Gabor滤波的指纹图像增强算法。阐述了Gabor滤波器的定义及其在指纹图像增强中的应用。对指纹图像方向图提取方法和频率计算方法作了改进尝试。实践表明,该方法是有效的、实用的。     

On fingerprint pattern recognition

Stochastic languages have been used for fingerprint classification⁽²⁾. In this note we observe that it is not possible to classify the fingerprint patterns in the absence of accurate registration of the fingerprint.Use of features like downward fork, upward fork, end, etc. have been suggested⁽⁴⁾ for fingerprint classification. It is noted that some of the results are either incorrect or incomplete. Limitations of the various algorithms are presented.     

指纹图像方向提取方法的研究

指纹自动识别是图像处理技术、模式识别技术与计算机数据库技术的综合应用。指纹图像的方向信息对指纹的预处理、增强、分类及匹配有着重要的作用。因此，在指纹自动识别系统中具有重要的研究价值。文中在金字塔表示法的基础上提出了一种新的指纹图像方向提取方法。该方法通过改进局部方向的估计方法、确定传递权值等方式，提高指纹图像提取方向信息的准确性。实验表明，这种方法对指纹图像噪声有很好的健壮性，且在质量较差的指纹上提取方向信息的准确性方面相对于常用的局部梯度算法来说有明显提高。     

一种基于梯度的健壮的指纹方向场估计算法

作为指纹的全局特征,指纹方向场在自动指纹识别系统中发挥了非常重要的作用.提出了一种基于梯度的健壮的指纹方向场估计算法,新算法首先归一化点梯度向量并计算块梯度向量及相应的块一致性;然后估计噪声区域;最后采用基于迭代的方法,重新估计所有块梯度向量并将梯度向量场转化为方向场.实验结果表明,与已有基于梯度的指纹方向场估计算法相比,新算法具有更高的准确性及抗噪性能,并能较好地估计大块噪声内的方向场,是一种较为健壮的指纹方向场估计算法.     

基于宏观曲率的指纹特征提取和分类

特征提取是在自动指纹识别系统中重要的一步。为了有效地利用大量的指纹弯曲信息对指纹进行描述，提出了一种新算法。该算法通过综合邻近几条指纹脊线的信息，求出了一种能反映指纹宏观弯曲规律，并对单条指纹曲线的不规则不敏感的特征。随后提出了一种基于这些特征的指纹分类方法，实验结果表明，该算法提取出的特征清楚的描述了 纹脊线的弯曲规律，同时对噪声不敏感，可作为指纹识别的辅助特征。新的分类方法可以减少指纹匹配的搜索空间。     

Fingerprint classification based on decision tree from singular points and orientation field

In this study, a high accuracy fingerprint classification method is proposed to enhance the performance in terms of efficiency for fingerprint recognition system. The recognition system has been considered as a reliable mechanism for criminal identification and forensic for its invariance property, yet the huge database is the key issue to make the system obtuse. In former works, the pre-classifying manner is an effective way to speed up the process, yet the accuracy of the classification dominates the further recognition rate and processing speed. In this paper, a rule-based fingerprint classification method is proposed, wherein the two features, including the types of singular points and the number of each type of point are adopted to distinguish different fingerprints. Moreover, when fingerprints are indistinguishable, the proposed Center-to-Delta Flow (CDF) and Balance Arm Flow (BAF) are catered for further classification. As documented in the experimental results, a good accuracy rate can be achieved, which endorses the effectiveness of the fingerprint classification scheme for the further fingerprint recognition system.     

A comparative study on feature extraction for fingerprint classification and performance improvements using rank-level fusion

Fingerprint classification represents an important preprocessing step in fingerprint identification, which can be very helpful in reducing the cost of searching large fingerprint databases. Over the past years, several different approaches have been proposed for extracting distinguishable features and improving classification performance. In this paper, we present a comparative study involving four different feature extraction methods for fingerprint classification and propose a rank-based fusion scheme for improving classification performance. Specifically, we have compared two well-known feature extraction methods based on orientation maps (OMs) and Gabor filters with two new methods based on "minutiae maps" and "orientation collinearity". Each feature extraction method was compared with each other using the NIST-4 database in terms of accuracy and time. Moreover, we have investigated the issue of improving classification performance using rank-level fusion. When evaluating each feature extraction method individually, OMs performed the best. Gabor features fell behind OMs mainly because their computation is sensitive to errors in localizing the registration point. When fusing the rankings of different classifiers, we found that combinations involving OMs improve performance, demonstrating the importance of orientation information for classification purposes. Overall, the best classification results were obtained by fusing orientation map with orientation collinearity classifiers.     

指纹自动识别系统中的预处理技术

预处理是指纹自动识别过程中的第一步，它的好坏直接影响着指纹自动识别的系统的效果。文中分灰度去噪，二值化，二值滤波法噪，细化等几部分。详细分析了介绍了指纹自动识别系统中的预处理技术，文中所介绍的算法都是经实践证明并取得了很好的效果的，具有很高的使用及参考价值。     

Determination of vitality from a non-invasive biomedical measurement for use in fingerprint scanners

Fingerprints are the oldest and most widely used biometrics for personal identification. Unfortunately, it is usually possible to deceive automatic fingerprint identification systems by presenting a well-duplicated synthetic or dismembered finger. This paper introduces one method to provide fingerprint vitality authentication in order to solve this problem. Detection of a perspiration pattern over the fingertip skin identifies the vitality of a fingerprint. Mapping the two-dimensional fingerprint images into one-dimensional signals, two ensembles of measures, namely static and dynamic measures, are derived for classification. Static patterns as well as temporal changes in dielectric mosaic structure of the skin, caused by perspiration, demonstrate themselves in these signals. Using these measures, this algorithm quantifies the sweating pattern and makes a final decision about vitality of the fingerprint by a neural network trained by examples.     

指纹识别技术的研究

由于人体指纹具有唯一性和不变性,使得指纹识别与传统身份识别的方法相比具有更高的安全性和易用性.本文阐述了生物特征识别的发展历史、应用背景,并着重介绍指纹识别系统的工作流程、分类及研究现状.     

指纹图像多尺度分类字典稀疏增强

目的 自动指纹识别系统大多是基于细节点匹配的,系统性能依赖于输入指纹质量。输入指纹质量差是目前自动指纹识别系统面临的主要问题。为了提高系统性能,实现对低质量指纹的增强,提出了一种基于多尺度分类字典稀疏表示的指纹增强方法。方法 首先,构建高质量指纹训练样本集,基于高质量训练样本学习得到多尺度分类字典;其次,使用线性对比度拉伸方法对指纹图像进行预增强,得到预增强指纹;然后,在空域对预增强指纹进行分块,基于块内点方向一致性对块质量进行评价和分级;最后,在频域构建基于分类字典稀疏表示的指纹块频谱增强模型,基于块质量分级机制和复合窗口策略,结合频谱扩散,基于多尺度分类字典对块频谱进行增强。结果 在指纹数据库FVC2004上将提出算法与两种传统指纹增强算法进行了对比实验。可视化和量化实验结果均表明,相比于传统指纹增强算法,提出的方法具有更好的鲁棒性,能有效改善低质量输入指纹质量。结论 通过将指纹脊线模式先验引入分类字典学习,为拥有不同方向类别的指纹块分别学习一个更为可靠的字典,使得学习到的分类字典拥有更可靠的脊线模式信息。块质量分级机制和复合窗口策略不仅有助于频谱扩散,改善低质量块的频谱质量,而且使得多尺度分类字典能够成功应用,克服了增强准确性和抗噪性之间的矛盾,使得块增强结果更具稳定性和可靠性,显著提升了低质量指纹图像的增强质量。     

Fingerprint classification by directional image partitioning

In this work, we introduce a new approach to automatic fingerprint classification. The directional image is partitioned into “homogeneous” connected regions according to the fingerprint topology, thus giving a synthetic representation which can be exploited as a basis for the classification. A set of dynamic masks, together with an optimization criterion, are used to guide the partitioning. The adaptation of the masks produces a numerical vector representing each fingerprint as a multidimensional point, which can be conceived as a continuous classification. Different search strategies are discussed to efficiently retrieve fingerprints both with continuous and exclusive classification. Experimental results have been given for the most commonly used fingerprint databases and the new method has been compared with other approaches known in the literature: As to fingerprint retrieval based on continuous classification, our method gives the best performance and exhibits a very high robustness     

基于奇异点邻近结构的快速指纹识别

将指纹识别中分类和匹配过程相结合,提出了一种包含奇异点周边的方向场和细节点等特征的奇异点邻近结构.该结构利用奇异点周边识别信息集中的特点,大大减少了匹配的计算量,并能够同时作为指纹分类和比对的特征,直接应用于指纹的连续分类和快速匹配过程,实现对大容量指纹数据库的快速识别.在NIST和FVC2004数据库上的测试结果显示,该算法在保证自动指纹识别系统(automatic fingerprint identification system,简称AFIS)的识别准确性的同时,还使得指纹在线识别系统的1:N辨识速度有显著的提高.     

Physiological and behavioral lip biometrics: A comprehensive study of their discriminative power

Compared with other traditional biometric features such as face, fingerprint, or handwriting, lip biometric features contain both physiological and behavioral information. Physiologically, different people have different lips. On the other hand, people can usually be differentiated by their talking style. Current research on lip biometrics generally does not distinguish between the two kinds of information during feature extraction and classification and the interesting question of whether the physiological or the behavioral lip features are more discriminative has not been comprehensively studied. In this paper, different physiological and behavioral lip features are studied with respect to their discriminative power in speaker identification and verification. Our experimental results have shown that both the static lip texture feature and the dynamic shape deformation feature can achieve high identification accuracy (above 90%) and low verification error rate (below 5%). In addition, the lip rotation and centroid deformations, which are related to the speaker's talking mannerism, are found to be useful for speaker identification and verification. In contrast to previous studies, our results show that behavioral lip features are more discriminative in speaker identification and verification compared to physiological features.     

单芯片微小型指纹识别系统设计与实现

嵌入式指纹识别产品的推广应用一直受到成本和体积因素的制约。提出一种基于ARM7处理器芯片LPC2106为核心的单芯片嵌入式自动指纹识别系统设计方案,给出了系统组成的电路结构,运用了一种高效率的嵌入式指纹图像拼接及识别算法软件,并设计出用于改善指纹识别性能的指纹引导槽方案。结果表明,2秒内能完成20个指纹用户的识别,在认假率为十万分之一时,拒真率不超过百分之三,达到国家有关标准的要求。该产品体积小,价格只有同类产品的约三分之一,可应用于指纹门锁、指纹保险箱、指纹遥控器等领域。