45碳钢低周疲劳与应力循环棘轮失效的实验研究

对调质处理的45碳素结构钢进行了应变循环低周疲劳实验以及应力控制棘轮失效实验．对于前者进行了带平均应变和不带平均应变的实验，以研究平均应变对低周疲劳特性的影响；对于后者研究了平均应力和应力幅值对棘轮失效的影响．应变循环实验表明：平均应变对循环饱和行为以及低周疲劳循环失效圈数并没有明显的影响，但对材料的循环初期循环塑性行为有影响．棘轮失效实验结果表明：当应力幅值较大而平均应力较小时，材料的棘轮失效主要归于较大塑性应变幅值引起的低周疲劳破坏；当平均应力较大而应力幅值相对较小时，材料的棘轮失效主要归于较大的棘轮应变引起的材料韧性破坏，其失效准则可以用最大单调极限应变来表征．     

316L奥氏体不锈钢非对称载荷下的疲劳与循环塑性行为

对316L奥氏体不锈钢非对称拉-拉疲劳载荷作用下的疲劳和循环塑性行为进行研究。通过疲劳寿命、循环应变幅、平均应变、平均应变率和失效应变的差异划分高、低应力区:在高应力区,平均应变、平均应变率和失效应变大,存在显著的循环塑性变形,疲劳寿命短;在低应力区,循环塑性变形累积有限,疲劳寿命显著增加。通过失效区域的显微组织观察和断口分析发现:在高应力区断口附近产生了大量的孔洞,断口以韧窝为主要特征;在低应力区存在疲劳裂纹,其扩展方向垂直于加载方向,断口由起裂点、疲劳裂纹扩展区、过渡区和快速断裂区组成。316L奥氏体不锈钢高应力区为循环塑性变形主导区,失效形式为循环塑性累积产生的韧性失效;低应力区为疲劳主导区,失效形式为疲劳裂纹扩展失效。     

T225NG钛合金的单轴棘轮行为研究

基于单轴常温与高温循环棘轮实验，研究了T225NG钛合金棘轮饱和、演化和破坏的一些特性，发展了一套描述高温棘轮循环的单轴饱和棘轮本构关系的方法，新方法克服了传统棘轮变形二元应力控制论带来的难题，描述方程结构简洁，建模简便、精度高，适合工程应用．研究表明：在常温应力循环下，当均值应力为半峰值应力时，T225NG钛合金会伴随棘轮饱和产生疲劳破坏，而当均值应力低于半峰值应力时，棘轮应变因局部损伤使材料较快达到疲劳破坏而不能达到饱和态。此外，常温应力循环下，单轴试样的低周疲劳寿命与幅值应力之间的关系符合幂律。     

镍基粉末冶金FGH95高温合金的拉伸及低周疲劳性能研究

在420～650℃的温度范围内,研究了PM FGH95高温合金在应变率0.0001～0.01 s-1范围内的拉伸性能及在不同应力比R=-1及R=0下的低周疲劳性能.拉伸试验结果表明:在此温度范围内,应变率对弹性模量、拉伸屈服强度及塑性模量的影响可以忽略不计;并且应变率自0.0001 s-1增大至0.01 s-1时,弹性模量、拉伸屈服强度及塑性模量受温度的影响也不明显.PM FGH95合金受材料微结构的影响很大,材料含有的微缺陷对其力学性能有非常不利的影响.LCF试验结果表明:PM FGH95合金是循环硬化材料.当应力比R=-1时,温度对LCF寿命的影响很小;但在应力比R=0时,LCF寿命受温度的影响很大,且随着温度的增加材料的低周疲劳寿命减小.SEM断口扫描发现,断裂表面有很多的解理面,但没有疲劳条带,且此断裂模式下没有明显的塑性变形,所以FGH95合金的低周疲劳寿命几乎是由裂纹萌生阶段决定的.     

一种新型粉末高温合金的低周疲劳行为与寿命预测模型分析

对一种新型第3代粉末高温合金A3在700℃、应变范围0.6%～1.4%试验条件下的低周疲劳性能进行了研究,分析了材料的循环滞后回线、Massing特性、循环应力应变响应、应变-寿命关系等特性。采用Manson-Coffin模型、拉伸滞回能模型、三参数能量模型对疲劳寿命数据进行拟合预测,结果表明Manson-Coffin模型的寿命预测精度最高,在3倍分散带以内。用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳源区观察,结果表明:低应变时疲劳源数量上呈现单源,高应变时呈多源特征;随应变量增大,疲劳源位置趋向于试样表面,裂纹扩展区面积减小,瞬断区面积增大。疲劳断口典型的3个区域观察结果表明:疲劳源四周存在较多河流状线,其为裂纹扩展方向,裂纹扩展区存在较多二次裂纹,瞬断区出现韧窝与解理断裂特征。A3合金的断裂模式主要为穿晶断裂。     

304不锈钢的高温单轴应变循环与棘轮行为

对３０４不锈钢分别进行了高温单轴奕变控制和应力控制下的系统循环试验,揭示和分析了循环应变幅值,应变幅值历史以及温度历史对循环特性的影响以及应力幅值,平均应力及其历史对循环蠕变（棘轮效应）的影响,研究表明,无论单轴应变循环特性还是非对称单侧应力下的棘轮效应不但依赖于当前温度和加载状态,而且依赖于其加载历史,得到３０４不锈钢高温单轴循环行为的一些有意义的结果。     

Zr及Zr—4合金的循环耗散能,分形维数与疲劳寿命的关系

测定了纯Ｚｒ及Ｚｒ－４合金在室温和４００℃下低周疲劳寿命曲线,分别选用循环塑性耗散应变能和疲劳断口表面分形维数作为疲劳损伤参量,根据Ｚｒ及Ｚｒ－４合金表现为循环硬化,饱和、再软化三阶段的特征,建立了不同变形阶段的累积塑性耗散应变能表达式。结果表明,不同塑性应变幅下循环塑性耗散应变能与疲劳寿命之间满足指数关系。疲劳断口表面分形分析表明：分形维数与疲劳寿命之间也满足指数关系,循环塑性耗散能、分形维数与     

Cr-Ni-Mo铸造热作模具钢热机械疲劳行为

研究了新型Cr—Ni—Mo铸造热作模具钢在应力控制下的热机械疲劳寿命、应力应变响应以及疲劳断裂特征。试验中发现，在相同的应力幅下，同相热机械疲劳寿命低于上限温度的等温疲劳寿命。疲劳过程中热作模具钢发生了循环软化和沿着拉伸方向的循环蠕变，热作模具钢的热机械疲劳裂纹往往穿晶萌生，沿晶扩展。     

铸造Ni基高温合金K417的高温低周疲劳行为

研究了铸造Ｎｉ基高温合金Ｋ４１７在６５０－９００℃温度范围内总应变控制条件下的低周疲劳性能和断裂行为。对应变－寿命数据和循环应力－应变数据进行了分析,进而给出了Ｋ４１７合金在不同实验温度下的应变疲劳参数。合金在循环形变过程中可表现为循环硬化,循环软化或循环稳定。     

一种镍基高温合金的低周疲劳性能

研究了一种镍基高温合金在不同温度下的低周疲劳性能,分析了疲劳断口。结果表明,该合金循环应力响应行为表现出对温度和外加总应变幅很强的依赖关系,不同的循环应力响应行为可归因于位错、强化相和合金元素间复杂的交互作用。合金疲劳寿命与温度、外加总应变幅、氧化损伤程度有关。疲劳断裂行为受外加应变幅和氧化影响很大。     

The fatigue response and fracture behavior of a spray atomized and deposited aluminum-silicon alloy

In this article the results of a recent study designed to improve our understanding of the cyclic fatigue and fracture characteristics of a spray atomized and deposited hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy are presented. Specimens of the alloy were cyclically deformed to failure at ambient temperature under fully reversed total strain amplitude controlled tension-compression loading. The alloy exhibited low cyclic plasticity and fatigue life under total strain amplitude controlled deformation. Cyclic stress amplitude controlled high-cycle fatigue characteristics were established at an elevated temperature (150 °C). The cyclic stress response, high-cycle fatigue life and fracture characteristics of the alloy are compared with a conventional ingot metallurgy processed counterpart and discussed in light of intrinsic microstructural features, nature and magnitude of stress, and ductility of the material.     

应变波形对Inconel 625合金低周疲劳性能的影响

在650℃以及拉压对称三角波(TR)、慢拉快压锯齿波(ST)和快拉慢压锯齿波(FT)3种应变波形下对Inconel625合金进行了低周疲劳实验,研究了合金在不同应变波形下的低周疲劳变形与断裂行为。结果表明:3种应变波形加载条件下,合金在0.3%～0.7%的外加总应变幅下均呈现循环硬化,其中在ST下的循环应力幅最高;采用锯齿波形时,由于拉伸蠕变分量和压缩蠕变分量的引入造成合金的疲劳寿命缩短;此外,合金的循环应力和应变之间呈现单斜率线性关系,且其塑性应变幅与弹性应变幅和疲劳寿命之间亦呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜对Inconel625合金在3种加载波形下的低周疲劳断口形貌进行观察,结果表明,Inconel 625合金的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展均是以穿晶方式进行的。     

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy in semi-solid state

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy were investigated in the high temperature solid and semi-solid states. The results show that temperature has almost no effect on the maximum tensile stress between 500 °C and 530 °C, and the maximum tensile stress decreases rapidly when the temperature is above 532 °C. The ductility decreases with increasing temperature and has an obvious fall when the temperature is above solidus temperature. This alloy almost has no ductility above 537 °C, and cannot sustain tensile stress above 550 °C. A brittle temperature range in which this alloy is prone to form microcracks was derived. The relation between microstructure, fraction solid and tensile properties were also investigated by examining the metallograph and fracture surface morphology of tested specimens, which could provide reference for forecasting the microcracks in this alloy occurring in semi-solid processing.     

P92钢焊缝金属高温低周疲劳行为分析

P92钢常用于锅炉高温、高压主蒸气管道等部件,其焊接接头性能的优劣直接关系到机组的安全可靠运行. 文中通过P92钢焊缝金属在630 ℃下的低周疲劳试验,研究了低周疲劳行为及其循环应力应变关系,采用塑性应变能密度对其低周疲劳进行了寿命预测,并根据断口形貌,分析了P92钢焊缝金属的断裂机理. 结果表明,P92钢焊缝金属表现出循环软化特征;其低周疲劳寿命与应变幅值满足Coffin-Manson关系;采用塑性应变能密度的方法可以很好地预测P92钢焊缝金属低周疲劳寿命. 二次裂纹密度的增加是其在高应变幅下寿命下降的主要原因.     

Synergistic Effects of Temperature,Oxidation and Stress Level on Fatigue Damage Evolution and Lifetime Prediction of Cross-Ply SiC/CAS Ceramic-Matrix Composites Through Hysteresis-Based Parameters

The damage development and cyclic fatigue lifetime of cross-ply SiC/CAS ceramic-matrix composites have been investigated at different testing temperatures in air atmosphere. The relationships between the fatigue hysteresis-based damage parameters, i.e., fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy, fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue peak strain and the damage mechanisms of matrix multicracking, fiber/matrix interface debonding, interface sliding and fibers failure, have been established. With the increase in the cycle number, the evolution of the fatigue hysteresis modulus, fatigue peak strain and fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy depends upon the fatigue peak stress levels, interface and fibers oxidation and testing temperature. The fatigue life S-N curves of cross-ply SiC/CAS composite at room and elevated temperatures have been predicted, and the fatigue limit stresses at room temperature, 750 and 850 °C, are 50, 36 and 30% of the tensile strength, respectively.     

Effect of dwell condition on fatigue behavior of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at 750 °C

The strain-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) and creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) tests of a newly developed Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.02Y (at.%) alloy were carried out at 750 °C in air. The hysteresis loop, cyclic stress response and life modeling as well as failure mechanism of the alloy were investigated in detail. It was revealed that the tensile and compressive mean stresses would generate when the dwell condition was introduced at minimum and maximum strain, respectively. In addition, the dwell condition, especially for the compressive dwell condition, would significantly decrease the fatigue life. The typical continuum damage accumulation(CDA) and modified CDA life models proposed in the present study were employed to predict both LCF and CFI life of the alloy, which showed that the modified CDA life model had a higher accuracy than the typical CDA life one. Moreover, only single crack initiation source was observed at 92% (i.e. 11/12) of LCF fracture while multiple crack initiation sources at 84% (i.e. 31/37) of CFI fracture. Apparently different from LCF specimen showing more transgranular appearance, CFI specimen shows more intergranular appearance.     

C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断裂特征研究

采用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对不同应力比、不同循环寿命下的C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断裂特征进行研究。结果表明:C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断口宏观可分为斜面状、棘轮状、锯齿状和平面状等4类断口形貌。斜面状和棘轮状断口一般出现在R>0、循环周次在105级以上的断口上；锯齿状断口一般出现在应力比R<0、循环周次在105级以上的断口上；平面状断口一般出现在循环周次在104级以下的断口上。在斜面状断口和棘轮状断口上，与轴向呈45°的扩展斜断面上为类解理特征，微观可见典型的疲劳条带特征；与轴向垂直的扩展断面主要为扭转磨损特征；瞬断区为韧窝断裂特征。斜面状断口、棘轮状、锯齿状断口疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展主要受切应力的作用。而平面状断口裂纹的萌生和扩展主要受平面拉应力作用。     

Grain growth behaviour and high strain rate tensile properties of gas tungsten arc welds in iridium alloy DOP–26

Abstract

The high strain rate tensile ductilities of gas tungsten arc welds in an Ir–0.3 wt-%W alloy containing 60 wt-ppm Th (designated DOP–26) have been determined at test temperatures of 900–1200°C. Within this temperature range, the welded specimens of DOP–26 exhibited tensile ductilities of 9–15%, independent of the test temperature. These values are comparable to those of unwelded DOP–26 tensile specimens tested at temperatures below 1000°C, but significantly lower than (approximately half) those of unwelded DOP–26 tested above 1000°C. Elongation measurements at points along the gauge length of tensile tested specimens indicated that ductility was fairly uniform across the base metal and weld regions. At a tensile test temperature of 900°C, fracture occurred in the base metal with a mixed intergranular–transgranular failure mode. At 980°C and above, fracture occurred along the grain boundaries in the centreline of the weld. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces revealed the presence of numerous secondary phase particles along grain boundaries in the weld region. These particles were rich in thorium and were identified as an Ir–Th eutectic phase (melting point ～2080°C) that formed as the weld pool cooled. These particles, and the larger grain size of the fusion zone compared with the base metal, contributed to the lower tensile ductilities of the welded specimens compared with unwelded specimens. Because high strain rate tensile ductility in this alloy is strongly dependent on grain size, the grain growth behaviour of welded specimens of the alloy was also studied. In as welded specimens, the average grain diameters (measured through the thickness of the specimens in a plane perpendicular to the welding direction) in the base metal, weld centreline, and fusion zone were ～21, 41, and 72 µm respectively. For annealing times up to 1065 h at 1400°C and up to 100 h at 1500°C, grain sizes in the weld centreline and in the fusion zone did not change significantly. For these same anneals the base metal grain size increased gradually to 45 and 58 µm for 1400 and 1500°C annealing respectively. The base metal grain sizes were comparable to previous data from unwelded specimens of this alloy. However, excessive grain growth for an annealing time of 250 h at 1500°C was observed and as yet is unexplained.     

Thermomechanical fatigue behaviours of a third generation γ-TiAl based alloy

In order to clarify the behaviours of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of a third generation γ-TiAl based alloy, the influence of related microstructural instability during TMF process on stress–strain response, fatigue life and fracture way under in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) loading mode was investigated. Cyclic softening at high temperature (>700 °C) arises from the dissolution of α₂ lamellae and recrystallization of γ phase. Cyclic hardening at low temperature (<550 °C) is caused by strong interaction between dislocations. As temperature increases, the mean stress and remained plastic strain range increase, leading to severe TMF damage. Owing to the formation of superfine γ grains in IP condition, a superimposed effect of creep and fatigue damage contributes to the TMF failure. OP loading mode brings about the coarsening of primary equiaxed γ grains. Fatigue damage displays the intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage fracture ways of coarse γ grains.     

Cyclic deformation behaviors of Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy during thermo-mechanical fatigue tests

Thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were carried out on the gamma-TiAl alloy in the temperature range of 500-800 °C under mechanical strain control in order to evaluate its cyclic deformation behaviors at elevated temperature.Cyclic deformation curves,stress-strain hysteresis loops under different temperature-strain cycles were analyzed and dislocation configurations were also observed by TEM.The mechanisms of cyclic hardening or softening during thermo-mechanical fatigue(TMF) tests were also discussed.Results showed that thermo-mechanical fatigue lives largely depended on the applied mechanical strain amplitudes,applied types of strain and temperature.On the hysteresis loops appeared two apparent asymmetries:one was zero asymmetry and the other was tensile and compressive asymmetry.Dislocations configuration and slip behaviors were contributed to cyclic hardening or cyclic softening.