CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION AND ITS COMPRESSIBLE CHARACTERISTICS

1. INTRODUCTION So far a lot of high dams that are greater than 100 m in height have been constructed in China. And many super high dams over 200 m in height, such as those at the Ertan and Longtan Hydropower Stations, were completed or are under construc…     

曝气池内气液混合液两相流力学特性的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型和标准k-ε湍流模型对曝气池内气液两相流力学特性进行数值模拟研究。速度与压力的耦合求解采用了Phase-Coupled-SIMPLE算法。对中心截面(y=0.025 m)在(z=0.71 m)测线上垂向速度的模拟值与实验值进行比较分析,结果吻合较好。结果表明:当表观气速较小时,进口气速对曝气池上方混合液的垂向速度影响较小;当表观气速较大时,整个曝气池中心截面(y=0.025 m)呈现中心垂向速度大,靠近两侧边壁的垂向速度小,且为负值的规律。并且发现气泡在上升的过程中由于附壁效应容易产生摆动,表观气速越大,附壁效应越明显。通过对曝气池内不同气体速度下池内力学特性的分析研究,以期对曝气池的设计运行提供参考。     

PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION

1.INTRODUCTION Alotofhighdams,whicharegreaterthan100minheight,havebeensofarcompletedinChi na.Andmanysuperhighdamsover200mhighsuch asErtanandLongtanHydropowerStationswere completedorareunderconstruction.Someof themevenhavetheheightontheorderof300m suchasXiaowanandXiluoduHydropowerSta tions[1].Accordingtoincompletestatistics,nearly30superhighdamswhicharegreaterthan200min heighthavebeensofarcompletedintheworld[2].Becauseoftheheadincrease,flowvelocityin thesehighdamscanreachseveral dozenm…     

CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH VELOCITY FLOW WITH AND WITHOUT AERATION ON THE ORDER OF 50 m/s

Experimental study of cavitation characteristics with and without aeration was conducted at the flow velocity 50m/s in the non-circulating type water tunnel in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Zhejiang University of Technology. Variations of pressure and cavitation number with air concentration, pressure waveforms as well as cavitation erosion level of concrete specimen with and without aeration were obtained. The effects of cavitation control by aeration were analyzed.     

自掺气水流流速分布

本文根据前人的实验资料，建立了一套计算自掺气水流流速分布的半经验半理论方法。提出了掺气对紊动有抑制作用，从而导致近底流速指数中指数大于1／7，并使自掺气水流的最大流速比不掺气水流的最大流速有所增大。公式的计算结果与实验数据相对比，结果基本一致。     

最佳鳃片倾斜角下分离鳃内部流场的数值模拟

采用均匀试验设计理论对鳃片倾斜角α与β进行数值模拟方案的设计,通过采用Fluent软件中的欧拉模型,以鳃片3上表面的泥沙速度作为考核指标,对不同鳃片倾斜角下的分离鳃速度流场进行模拟。运用投影寻踪回归分析法(PPR)对数值计算结果进行了分析,得出鳃片β倾斜角对分离鳃水沙分离效果影响是最大的,其次是鳃片α倾斜角的影响;当鳃片倾斜角的组合为α=60°与β=45°时,分离鳃中的速度流场有利于水沙的快速分离且水沙分离效果最佳。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH VELOCITY FLOW OVER A CYLINDRICAL PROTRUSION IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF AERATION

This article experimentally investigated the pressure and cavitation characteristics of high velocity flow over a surface irregularity with and without aeration in a non-circulating water tunnel system. The surface irregularity is a cylindrical protrusion made of stainless steel of 6 mm diameter and 2 mm height. Pressures with and without aeration were measured with MPX400D pressure transducers and real-timely acquired by a SINOCERA YE6263 data acquisition system. Variations in flow regimes with and without aeration were observed. Pressure profiles and their variations with air concentration upper and lower cylindrical protrusion on the invert and obvert walls were determined. Variations of cavitation number with air concentration lower cylindrical protrusion were analyzed. Also, cavitation numbers in the presence and absence of aeration were compared.     

明渠自掺气水流发展区掺气浓度分布试验

本文对不同坡度、水深和流速的明渠掺气水流的掺气浓度进行了测量.通过对试验数据分析,发现掺气发展区断面掺气浓度分布曲线与均匀掺气区的差异在于前者下支浓度梯度很小.本文拟合了该无因次水深与佛汝德数的经验计算式,与试验数据吻合良好.     

带掺气槽岸边溢洪道挑流消能工水力特性

采用RNGk-ε双方程紊流模型对掺气槽、差动式挑流鼻坎和预挖坑联合运行的岸边溢洪道水流流场进行研究,模拟了具有大曲率水气交界面的挑射水舌和掺气坎水流,分析讨论泄槽流态、掺气槽底板最大冲击压力和差动式挑坎压力分布,给出了挑射水舌以及预挖坑的水流结构与速度分布特性,并将计算值与实验值进行对比,两者吻合良好。研究结果表明:泄槽中4道掺气槽的设置能有效减免发生空蚀破坏,但对泄槽中水面有一定的影响;高扩散低收缩差动式挑流鼻坎与预挖坑的联合运用消能效果理想。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A NEW TYPE OF AERATOR IN SPILLWAY WITH LOW FROUDE NUMBER AND MILD SLOPE FLOW

Experimental study on aeration characteristics of various aeration devices was conducted in the spillway tunnel of the Pubugou hydropower project, Sichuan Province, China. It is shown by comparison that the new type of aeration device, namely, the aerator with a trapezoidal-shaped slot and a steep-slope section(ATSS), can avoid water accumulation in the cavity of the aeration device in the project, thus can effectively solve the backwater problems arising from this project and be used for a wide range of different water levels, without any drain facilities. Above the water level of 840 m, the water contained in the cavity can be eliminated completely, which means that the recommended new type of aerator can meet the aeration demands in the spillway of the project with low Froude number and may be of practical significance and of interest to other projects with similar types of aeration devices.     

百色水利枢纽溢流坝掺气减蚀研究

百色水利枢纽工程RCC主坝高130m，最大水头差102m，溢流坝最大单宽流量约166m^3／S，流速超过40m／s，采用宽尾墩加消力池联合消能，由于水头高，流速大，堰面气蚀问题突出，水流掺气是减灭气蚀的有效方法，通过分析其它工程掺气减蚀的经验，就百色水利枢纽大比例尺模型试验来研究百色掺气水流的特性，掺气减蚀效果的评估以及掺气坎的最佳布置。     

跌坎型掺气槽过流的掺气特性

本文在分析实测资料的基础上，探讨了无挑角跌坎型掺气槽空腔区水舌的掺气特性，并重点研究了射流水舌的掺气超始流速，掺气层厚度，断面浓度分布以及通气量等参数的理论预测。     

圆管中分层层流流动的新模型及减阻规律

本文提出了研究圆管分层层流流动的新模型，并利用该模型研究了圆管分层流动速度分布规律，得出了速度场解析表达式，最后，研究了分层流动的阻力规律，为分层掺气减阻提供了理论依据．算例表明，分层掺气可以实现有效的减阻     

AERATION EFFECT OF SUBMERGED JET ON HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＪｅｔｆｌｏｗｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｆｏｒｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｉｓｓｉｐａｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｎｄｅｓｉｇｎ ,ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍ ｐｌｅｘｉｔｙｏｆｐｒｏｂｌｅｍａｎｄｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｉｃ     

生物接触氧化源水预处理工程的水流阻力试验研究

生物接触氧化工艺主要由两大系统组成：填料和曝气。本文结合东深供水源水生物接触氧化预处理这个前所未有的特大型水处理工程的有关试验研究，介绍其水力摩阻问题以及其试验研究的方法；根据实测的流速分布和填料挂泥的重量，分析了生物处理汇的水力特性和填料挂泥对工艺处理效果可能产生的影响，为工程的设计提供了依据。     

明流隧洞工作门掺气设施的试验研究

在对某水电站放空洞工作闸门的常压及减压模型试验中，进行了工作闸门的体型比较；讨论了通风洞的进气量、明流洞坎下沿程水流的修气浓度、掺气坎减免空蚀的保护长度；还探讨了门槽空化的特性以及工作闸门掺气设施的方案优化。     

Laboratory model study of the effect of aeration on axial velocity attenuation of turbulent jet flows in plunge pool

In the laboratory model experiment, the velocities of the jet flow along the axis are measured, using the CQY-Z8a velocity-meter. The velocity attenuations of the jet flow along the axis under different conditions are studied. The effects of the aeration concentration, the initial jet velocity at the entry and the thickness of the jet flow on the velocity attenuation of the jet flow are analyzed. It is seen that the velocity attenuation of the jet flow along the axis sees a regular variation. It is demonstrated by the test results that under the experimental conditions, the velocity along the axis decreases linearly. The higher the air concentration is, the faster the velocity will be decayed. The absolute value of the slope K increases with the rise of the air concentration. The relationship can be defined as K = AC_a +K_b. The coefficient A is 0.03 under the experimental conditions. With the low air concentration of the jet flow, the thinner the jet flow is, the faster the velocity will be decayed. With the increase of the air concentration, the influence of the thickness of the jet flow on the velocity attenuation is reduced. When the air concentration is increased to a certain value, the thickness of the jet flow may not have any influence on the velocity attenuation. The initial jet velocity itself at the entry has no influence on the variation of the velocity attenuation as the curves of the velocity attenuation at different velocities at the entry are practically parallel, even coinciding one with another. Therefore, improving the air concentration of the jet flow and dispersing the jet flow in the plunge pool could reduce the influence of the jet flow on the scour.     

The effect of bubble plume on oxygen transfer for moving bed biofilm reactor

The movement of the bubble plume plays an important role in the operation of a moving bed biofilm reactor （MBBR）, and it directly affects the contact and the mixture of the gas-liquid-solid phases in the aeration tank and also the oxygen transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase. In this study, the velocity field is determined by a 4-frame PTV as well as the time-averaged and timedependent velocity distributions. The velocity distribution of the bubble plume is analyzed to evaluate the operating efficiency of the MBBR. The results show that the aeration rate is one of the main factors that sway the velocity distribution of the bubble plumes and affect the operating efficiency of the reactor.     

EMERGENCE ANGLE OF FLOW OVER AN AERATOR

Aerator is an important device for release works of hydraulic structures with high-speed flow in order to protect them from cavitation damage. This kind of protecting effect is related closely to cavity length below the aerator, while the cavity length is dominated by the emergence angle over the aerator. Therefore it is crucial to determine this angle accurately. In the present paper the affecting intensities of flow depth and the fluctuating velocity on this angle were analyzed through two introduced parameters. Furthermore, the improved expressions of emergence angle estimation, for both ramp-type and step-type aerators, were presented by means of 68 sets of experimental data from 6 projects based on error theory. The results showed that the present method has higher accuracy than the previously reported methods.