不同品种与加工工艺对初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分的影响

采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分进行分析。9个单品种初榨橄榄油共鉴定出22种挥发性风味成分,相对含量较高的有(E)-2-己烯醛、正己醛、2-己烯醛、叶醇、1-戊烯-3-酮,其中(Z)-2-庚烯醛仅在鄂植8号和阿斯品种中检出,乙酸己酯只在莱星和城固32号品种中检出,正戊醇仅在鄂植8号品种中检出,皮瓜尔和阿斯品种中未鉴定出(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和2-乙基己醇。莱星、城固32号单品种初榨橄榄油随着油橄榄成熟度的增大,(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇相对含量明显升高,而1-戊烯-3-醇相对含量显著降低。莱星单品种油橄榄加酶提取的橄榄油特有成分为(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛,鄂植8号单品种特有成分有柠檬烯、正戊醇、(Z)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-乙基己醇。结果说明,9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分在相对含量和成分组成上均存在差别;同一品种不同成熟度的油橄榄获取的初榨橄榄油,香气成分不同,不同品种初榨橄榄油挥发性成分随成熟度的变化规律基本一致,加酶提取工艺较佳,可丰富初榨橄榄油香气。     

GC-O结合OAV鉴定陇南初榨橄榄油关键香气成分

选取甘肃陇南代表性品种莱星和鄂植8号初榨橄榄油及消费口碑良好的特级混合初榨橄榄油为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）检测比较3 种初榨橄榄油的挥发性物质组成,同时采用气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O）技术筛选其香气活性物质,最后结合香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）分析各呈香组成对橄榄油香气轮廓呈现的贡献性,从而鉴定出3 种橄榄油各自的关键香气成分。结果表明：采用GC-MS在莱星、特级混合及鄂植8号初榨橄榄油中各检测出35、30 种及25 种挥发性成分,其中己醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和(E)-2-己烯醛的含量丰富。采用GC-O在3 种初榨橄榄油中各筛选出13、15 种和12 种香气活性成分,包含具有青草特征的C6化合物、呈现油脂香气的庚醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛以及表现其他气味信息的香气物质。OAV分析发现3 个样品各有12、13 种及11 种关键香气成分（OAV≥1）,以1-辛烯-3-醇、芳樟醇、(E)-2-己烯醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛为代表的OAV较高,对初榨橄榄油呈香品质具有重要作用。本研究筛选出3 种初榨橄榄油的关键香气成分,结果可为提升初榨橄榄油风味品质提供理论基础。     

六种特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分的比较

为探究比较特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分,采用固相微萃取(solid phase micro-extraction,SPME)结合气相色谱嗅闻质谱(gas chromatography-olfactrometry-mass spectrometry,GC-O-MS)联用、感官评价和电子鼻技术对3个国家的6种特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分进行分析。结果表明,电子鼻可以明显区分不同橄榄油;GC-O-MS通过极性色谱柱(DB-Wax)和非极性色谱柱(DB-5)结合分析,鉴定得出65种挥发性香气活性化合物,包括醛类16种,醇类12种,酯类9种,酮类6种,烯烃及萜烯类8种,芳香类5种,酸类3种及6种其他类型化合物。结合文献、检测及嗅闻结果得出特级初榨橄榄油中的特征香气成分为反-2-己烯醛、己醛、反-2-壬烯醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和顺-3-己烯-1-醇等以醛醇为代表的小分子化合物。     

基于电子鼻和GC-MS的不同品牌橄榄油挥发性风味物质研究

本文旨在探讨不同品牌的橄榄油挥发性风味物质的差异,为研究鉴别不同品牌的橄榄油提供参考。方法:运用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对不同品牌的橄榄油挥发性物质进行检测和分析。结果表明:电子鼻能灵敏地检测到不同品牌橄榄油气味的差异性。GC-MS在不同品牌的橄榄油中检测出76种挥发性物质,主要为烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酸类及其他化合物。酸类物质是除帆船牌特级初榨橄榄油外其他4种橄榄油都具有的物质,1号曼托瓦特级初榨橄榄油特有的关键挥发性化合物是癸烷、E-2-庚烯、6-乙基-2-甲基辛烷、戊醛、庚醛、辛醇和2-辛酮;2号百一牌特级初榨橄榄油特有的挥发性物质是1-癸烯和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷;3号福恩牌特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是1-十三烯和辛烷;4号帆船特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是十二烷、3,5-二甲基辛烷、D-柠檬烯和3,7-二甲基-1-辛醇;5号斯巴达(金)特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是(E)-2-己烯醛。不同品牌的橄榄油之间共有的关键风味化合物主要有己醛和壬醛。结论:橄榄油品牌不同,主要的挥发性成分种类及其相对含量有差异。     

基于主成分分析构建初榨橄榄油香气质量评价模型

采用热脱附—气相色谱质谱联用技术(TD-GC-MS)测定10个橄榄油样本中的挥发性物质,鉴定出22种主要风味物质,利用主成分分析法构建香气质量评价模型。结果表明:第一主成分至第六主成分的累积贡献率为96.626 1%,能够较好地反映原始数据的信息;通过主成分分析法,鉴定出初榨橄榄油的主要香气物质是:正己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、2-乙基己醇、柠檬烯、1-戊烯-3-醇、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、正己醛、叶醇、(E)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、Z-罗勒烯、乙酸己酯、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、正戊醇;同时,构建香气质量评价模型,为初榨橄榄油的香气质量评价提供了一种新方法。     

GC-MS-O结合电子鼻对橄榄油挥发性成分的分析与鉴别

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用探讨8种市售橄榄油挥发性风味成分及其特征,并结合电子鼻甄别不同品牌及加工工艺的橄榄油。结果表明,以DVB/CAR/PDMS为萃取头,采用萃取温度60℃、平衡时间30 min及萃取时间30 min为最佳优化条件,共检出橄榄油108种挥发性成分,主要有烃类、醛类、醇类和酯类,其占总挥发性成分的84.43%～96.65%。烃类以1-十三烯、3-乙基-1,5-辛二烯为主,醛类以正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛和壬醛为主,醇类以3-己烯-1-醇和正己醇为主,酯类以乙酸乙酯和乙酸叶醇酯为主。主要的风味贡献物质是正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、壬醛、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸乙酯、叶醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇。特级初榨橄榄油主要香型是脂香型和橄榄果香型,而纯橄榄油主要香型为清香型。气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用和电子鼻结合主成分分析及判别因子分析可有效区分不同品牌和加工工艺的8种橄榄油并找出特征风味成分,可为橄榄油的溯源提供新方法。     

28份国产特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量及其变化规律北大核心CSCD

为了对我国油橄榄产业提供基础数据支持,采用国际油橄榄理事会推荐的HPLC法检测特级初榨橄榄油中的多酚含量,分析了我国不同产地的28份市售食用特级初榨橄榄油样品的多酚含量,并对不同生产年度和不同产地单果级特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:市售国产特级初榨橄榄油中均含有较为丰富的多酚类化合物,多酚含量范围为(63.885±2.345)mg/kg~(307.325±6.865)mg/kg;特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量受贮存时间的影响较大,同时不同产地中适合生产高多酚含量特级初榨橄榄油的品种具有差异。不同特级初榨橄榄油样品之间多酚含量波动较大,需要通过多种方法来防止油脂中多酚类化合物的降解,以保证油品的质量,并因地制宜对油橄榄品种进行优化筛选。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析美藤果油中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取法提取美藤果油中的挥发性成分,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其进行分析鉴定,采用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量。结果表明:美藤果油中共鉴定出46种挥发性成分,占挥发性成分总量的86.73%,主要有(2E,4E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(2E,4Z)-2,4-庚二烯醛、乙酰基环己烯、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、反式-2-戊烯、正己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛等,以醛类、酮类和烃类化合物为主,并含有少量的醇类和呋喃类化合物。     

杀菌方式对酶法去皮全果橙汁挥发性风味的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相质谱联用对不同杀菌方式处理酶法去皮甜橙全果的挥发性风味进行分析,共鉴定出46种挥发性风味物质,主要为苧烯(72.28%~78.09%)、巴伦西亚橘烯(10.23%~17.00%)、α-蒎烯(0.98%~1.11%)、α-人参烯(0.62%~1.35%)、(E)-2-己烯(0.42%~0.73%)、异戊醛(0.61%~1.42%)、芳樟醇(0.79%~1.26%)、丁酸乙酯(0.49%~2.59%)、香叶基丙酮(0.07%~0.14%)等。超高压灭菌、热灭菌和对照3种处理的挥发性风味成分分别为34种、34种和38种。超高压杀菌条件下新检出2,4-癸二烯醛、香叶醇、1-癸醇、诺卡酮等风味物质;热杀菌条件下新检出α-水芹烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、乙酸辛酯、D-香芹酮等风味物质。     

初榨橄榄油风味化合物研究进展

阐述了初榨橄榄油风味的主要来源途径即脂氧合酶途径,对影响初榨橄榄油风味特征的若干因素如品种和地理环境,油橄榄果实成熟度,加工工艺,储藏条件等因素进行了讨论和分析.介绍了初榨橄榄油中挥发性化合物的分析检测方法,并且展望了橄榄油风味化合物研究的应用和发展前景.     

Comparative study of extra virgin olive oil flavor profile of Koroneiki variety (Olea europaea var. Microcarpa alba) cultivated in Greece and Tunisia during one period of harvesting

The effects of geographical region, irrigation and ripening degree of olives on the profile of volatile compounds isolated by monovarietal virgin olive oils from Crete and Tunisia of Koroneiki variety (Olea europaea var. Microcarpa alba) using the SPME GC/MS technique were investigated. Fruits obtained from Greece (island of Crete) and Tunisia (Sfax region) were picked at three and two different growth stages respectively and then immediately processed. The most important compounds identified were esters, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and hydrocarbons. The main volatile compounds present in the oil samples were C6 derivatives, such as [E]-2-hexenal, [E]-2-hex-1-enol, [Z]-3-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol. In addition to C6 compounds, the aroma of the studied samples contained reasonable amounts of various classes of C5 components. The tested oil samples showed different volatile profiles. Specifically, the concentration of total esters, carbonyl, C6 and C5 compounds increased significantly with the ripening degree in Cretan, but not in Tunisian olive oils. Principal component analysis of the results indicated that primary maturity and geographical region rather than irrigation affected significantly the volatile’s profile of olive oil.     

国内初榨橄榄油品质特性研究

以国内种植的油橄榄为原料,研究了油橄榄品种、成熟度以及堆放时间对初榨橄榄油脂肪酸组成、酸值、过氧化值及风味的影响。结果表明：不同品种油橄榄的初榨橄榄油中油酸和亚油酸含量差异较大,油酸含量范围65.85%~80.08%,亚油酸含量范围2.61%~17.18%;初榨橄榄油的酸值随油橄榄成熟度的升高而降低,其中鄂植8号酸值（KOH）从0.35 mg/g下降到0.26 mg/g;紫果的初榨橄榄油过氧化值低于青红果和红果;油橄榄堆放时间延长会使初榨橄榄油的过氧化值略有增加,而酸值的增加程度因品种而异。不同形式的油橄榄初榨橄榄油在风味上均能很好地区分。     

不同煎炸用油制备河豚鱼汤挥发性风味成分的差异性

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析不同煎炸用油制备的河豚鱼汤中挥发性风味物质,利用相对气味活度值结合主成分分析确定其特征风味成分。结果表明,不同煎炸用油制备的河豚鱼汤中挥发性风味物质种类与相对含量差别较大,5种不同鱼汤中共检出69种挥发性物质,其中清汤,猪油、大豆油、花生油、橄榄油煎炸后熬煮制得鱼汤分别检测出46、30、38、32、32种。主成分分析能较好地区分不同组鱼汤,清汤的特征风味物质为庚醛、壬醛、癸醛、反-2-癸烯醛、反,反-2,4癸二烯醛、三甲胺;猪油煎炸后熬煮制得鱼汤的特征风味物质为己醛、庚醛、反-2-辛烯醛、壬醛、癸醛、反-2-癸烯醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛、反-2-十一醛、2-戊基呋喃;大豆油、花生油、橄榄油煎炸后熬煮制得鱼汤的特征风味物质为壬醛、癸醛、反-2-癸烯醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛。     

Profiles of volatile compounds from some monovarietal Tunisian virgin olive oils. Comparison with French PDO

The volatile profiles of seven Tunisian and four French virgin olive oils were established by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC), using flame ionisation and mass spectrometer detectors. Eighty-six compounds were identified and characterized, representing 97.4–99.9% of the total GC area. (E)-2-hexenal, the main compound extracted by SPME, characterized the olive oil headspace for approximately 90% of the oils examined. Significant differences in the proportions of volatile constituents from oils of different varieties were detected. The results demonstrated that the accumulation of the different metabolites in the oils obtained from the various cultivars was strictly connected with the varietal parameters on the basis of the enzyme differences genetically determined. This feature made possible the differentiation of the examined cultivars on the basis of the percent of each metabolite.     

Influence of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) on plant sterol oxidation in extra virgin olive oil

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of rosemary compounds in inhibiting the plant sterol oxidation in extra virgin olive oil during heating. The stability of plant sterols was measured by quantification of plant sterol and sterol oxide formation upon 6 h of heating in both the extra virgin olive oil and its respective oil at 10% rosemary concentration (ROE). The total sterol and sitosterol oxide contents were determined by GC-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-MS techniques, respectively. Heating experiments were carried out at 180 degrees C for 0, 1, 3 and 6 h. The total sterol content in the extra virgin olive oil was 255 mg/100 g and that in the ROE 270 mg/100 g. Sitosterol was the most abundant sterol in both samples (50% of total sterol). The ROE showed a lower content of sitosterol oxides with respect to the extra virgin olive oil during heating: after 6 h of heating only 6.1% of sitosterol oxides were formed, while up to 11.5% of sitosterol oxidized in the extra virgin olive oil. Our findings suggested that rosemary compounds were able to counteract the oxidation of plant sterols in the extra virgin olive oil during heating, preventing formation of potentially harmful compounds to human health.     

Effect of Fat Level and Partial Replacement of Pork Backfat with Olive Oil on the Lipid Oxidation and Volatile Compounds of Greek Dry Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT: High- and reduced-fat Greek fermented sausages were produced with 30% and 20% total fat in the initial formulation. The same products were manufactured with a partial replacement of pork backfat with 20% olive oil. The influence of the modification of the lipid fraction on the oxidation process was evaluated after 2 mo of storage. The reduction of fat increased thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, total aldehydes, and typical lipid oxidation compounds (hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2-octenal). A significant decrease in oxidation was detected in batches containing olive oil, particularly in the sausages with the highest olive oil content. This addition decreased, in both fat level products, TBA values and hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2,4-hexadienal, benceneacetaldehyde, tt,2,4-nonadienal, and pentadecanal. The addition of olive oil significantly increased monounsaturated fatty acids content.     

浒苔挥发性风味成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法对新鲜肠浒苔的挥发性风味成分进行测定,并加以感官评定分析比较风味物质组成。结果表明：浒苔的主要特征性风味物质是顺-3-十七烯,该物质在新鲜肠浒苔中含量高达59.54%,其次是棕榈醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、β-紫罗兰酮、壬醛、反式-2-己烯醛、2,4-戊二烯醛以及反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛等。     

控制热氧化冷榨芝麻油的脂肪酸组成及挥发性

本文采用气相色谱（GC）和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS）方法分析了控制热氧化前后冷榨芝麻油的脂肪酸组成和挥发性成分的变化情况。通过相对气味活度值（ROAV）评价各风味物质对芝麻油整体香气的贡献,并结合聚类分析确定控制热氧化后冷榨芝麻油中的关键风味物质。结果显示,样品中的脂肪酸主要有7种,包括3种饱和脂肪酸和4种不饱和脂肪酸,热氧化后冷榨芝麻油中的亚油酸及总不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著降低;柠檬烯和罗勒烯等烃类是冷榨芝麻油中的主要挥发性成分,其含量占风味物质总量的74.6%;热氧化后样品中的挥发性成分增加了10种,总峰面积是冷榨芝麻油风味物质总峰面积的2.68倍,3-甲基丁醛、癸醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛等醛类含量高达67.9%,是热氧化样品的主要挥发性成分,其中亚油酸的氧化产物(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛是热氧化冷榨芝麻油中最重要的风味物质。     

Shelf life predictions for packaged olive oil using flavor compounds as markers

The experimentally-derived amounts of five selected flavor compounds, namely hexenal, 2-pentyl furan, (E)-2-heptenal, nonanal, and (E)-2-decenal, all produced during the oxidation of extra virgin olive oil packaged in various storage conditions (glass/PET/PVC bottles; 15/30/40 °C temperature; light or dark conditions) for one year, were used in a mathematical model for calculating the probability that the olive oil would not have reached the end of its shelf life (P_safe) after a certain storage period time. The storage times corresponding to probabilities of 70%, 50% and 30% were also calculated. On the basis of these results, an optimal group of flavor compounds were selected that were highly correlated to the degradation factors (storage conditions), and therefore the P_safe, of the oil. These flavor compounds could then be used as markers to identify the cause of the oxidative degradation (the storage history) of the olive oil.