基于m值高效法的TA15合金超塑性变形

对TA15合金在拉伸试验机上进行应变速率敏感因子(m值)高效超塑性变形试验,研究合金的超塑性性能和显微组织。结果表明:在780~950℃变形时,TA15合金呈现出良好的超塑性能;900℃变形时,该合金的超塑性能最好,m值达到0.62,最大伸长率为1287%;随着变形温度的升高,合金的超塑性能降低,950℃时伸长率仅为567%。显微组织分析表明:TA15合金在超塑性变形过程中,晶粒始终保持等轴状;由于变形温度升高,晶粒合并长大,950℃时发生?→?相转变,初生?相体积分数大幅度降低。与最大m值法相比较,m值高效超塑性变形不仅使TA15合金获得了良好超塑性能,变形效率也显著提高。     

TB8钛合金形变诱导超塑性研究

采用形变诱导法对TB8钛合金进行了超塑性拉伸实验,研究了变形温度、预变形量和中间保温时间对该合金超塑性性能及微观组织演变的影响。结果表明:与恒应变速率法拉伸相比,该方法拉伸后合金的超塑性得到大幅度地提升;变形温度为750℃、预变形量为50%和保温时间为20 min时,该合金的超塑性能最好,伸长率为796.1%。预变形阶段,脱溶析出和再结晶双重优化作用使亚稳态β相转变为细小均匀的再结晶组织,在后续变形过程中,细小弥散的α相既能抑制再结晶晶粒过分长大,又能在一定程度上使再结晶组织发生应变集中而破碎。超塑性变形后合金的微观组织仍然保持较好的等轴状,具有典型的超塑性变形特征。     

热轧温度对TA5-A钛合金板材组织及拉伸性能的影响

改变热轧温度对TA5-A钛合金板材进行组织和性能研究,用金相显微镜观察了其微观组织形貌,并测试了拉伸性能.结果表明:在一定条件下,随着热轧温度的升高,TA5-A钛合金板材晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,合金强度降低,塑性增加;热轧总变形量为60％左右时,合金晶粒在热轧变形过程中发生破碎,破碎后的细小α晶粒随着热轧温度的升高而逐渐长大;当热轧温度为930、950℃时,TA5-A板材的整体晶粒尺寸较细小且均匀一致,板材的抗拉强度和塑性达到良好匹配.     

TA15合金基于变 m 值法超塑性研究

基于变应变速率敏感性指数m值的方法对TA15合金超塑性进行了研究,在1053~1223 K温度范围内进行了超塑性拉伸实验。结果表明：TA15合金的延伸率为580%~1922%。微观组织分析表明合金变形过程中晶粒随温度升高而逐渐长大,但仍保持等轴状,在1223 K时发生α→β相转变,超塑性能严重下降。与恒应变速率法相比较,该方法大幅度提高了TA15合金的超塑性能。此外,超塑性变形过程中,力学性能和微观组织演变特征与Ashby-Verrall模型较吻合,因此推断出TA15合金基于变m值法超塑性变形的主要机制是扩散蠕变协调的晶界滑移。     

铸态AZ31镁合金的超塑性性能及流变应力

通过连铸AZ31镁合金的单向拉伸实验,研究了该合金的超塑性变形性能及不同拉伸变形条件下的流变应力。结果表明,在温度为300℃~450℃,应变速率.ε为4.25×10-4s-1的情况下,连铸ZA31镁合金表现出超塑性。在温度为400℃,应变速率.ε为4.25×10-4s-1时,延伸率增加了200%,具有较好的超塑性性能。用光学显微镜观察变形前后拉伸试样的微观组织发现:试样的初始晶粒尺寸约为15μm,在变形之后颈缩区域的晶粒长大现象不是很明显,晶粒沿着变形方向有所伸长,但晶粒形状基本保持为等轴状。     

变形及热处理工艺对GH4169合金超塑性的影响

针对GH4169合金进行了不同变形工艺的超塑性拉伸和热处理试验,研究变形及热处理对合金塑性的影响。结果表明,锻态合金分别经过890℃×10h+950℃×1h和890℃×10h+950℃×3h的退火热处理后,发现延长第二次退火时间可有效细化晶粒;利用最大应变速率敏感指数法(最大m值法)进行不同温度的超塑性拉伸试验,在950℃时合金的伸长率最佳;延长第二次退火时间可显著提高试样的伸长率;采用基于最大m值法的应变诱发超塑性法对合金进行超塑性拉伸试验,可知预变形拉伸后,保温20min后其伸长率最佳;在890℃×10h+950℃×3h热处理后合金伸长率达566%,较单纯m值法拉伸后合金的伸长率显著提高。     

大晶粒AZ91镁合金的超塑变形行为

研究了晶粒尺寸为 85 μm的大晶粒AZ91镁合金在高温下的超塑拉伸变形行为。结果表明 ,大晶粒AZ91合金能在高温下获得超塑性。在 35 0℃下 ,应变速率为 3× 10 - 4s- 1 拉伸时 ,最大伸长率达2 2 8%。 30 0℃下 4 0 %的预应变可以改善合金在更高温度下的超塑性能。在超塑拉伸变形初期 ,动态再结晶细化了合金的晶粒 ,呈现出细晶超塑的特征 ;随着应变量的增加 ,合金的晶粒长大趋势不明显。大晶粒AZ91合金的超塑性变形机制是晶界滑移控制下的孔洞连接协调机制。     

TA15合金超塑性变形空洞演化及断裂行为

对TA15合金在SANS CMT4104型高温电子拉伸实验机上进行恒应变速率超塑性拉伸试验,研究了合金超塑性变形过程中空洞演化及断裂行为。结果表明:超塑性变形过程中,TA15合金空洞含量和大小受变形量、应变速率和应变速率敏感性指数m值的影响较大。随变形量增大,空洞分别沿拉伸轴方向和垂直于拉伸轴方向发生了聚合和连接,空洞长大由形核时的一般扩散机制向塑性变形机制转变。TA15合金超塑性拉伸试样断口呈针点状,断口上含有大量的韧窝状空洞,空位聚集-空洞连接是TA15合金超塑性断裂的主要机制。     

TA15合金应变速率循环超塑性研究

采用应变速率循环法研究了TA15合金的超塑性.在变形温度分别为850、900、950℃,应变速率范同为1×10-5～1×10-3S-1的试验条件下.讨论了工艺参数对流变应力、m值及其超塑性的影响.结果表明,TA15合金具有较好的超塑性,最佳变形温度为900℃,伸长率为412%.     

TA32钛合金板材的超塑性能研究

研究了真空环境中TA32钛合金板材在温度950℃、应变速率5. 32×10~(-4)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1)条件下的超塑性变形行为。结果表明,在不同应变速率条件下,合金的流变应力曲线特征和显微组织演变显著不同。在应变速率较低(5. 32×10~(-4)～3. 33×10~(-3)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线呈传统超塑变形的稳态流动特征,变形后的合金中初生α相晶粒尺寸较大;在高应变速率(8. 31×10~(-3)s~(-1)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线中流变应力增大到峰值后快速单调递减直至试样断裂,合金变形过程中初生α相发生动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸较低应变速率条件下显著细化。950℃时,TA32钛合金板材均具有超塑性变形能力,超塑性延伸率在145%～519%之间;当应变速率为5. 32×10~(-4)s~(-1)时,具有最佳的超塑性,拉伸延伸率可达519%。断裂区形貌分析发现,TA32钛合金板材的超塑性断裂模式为空洞聚集-连接-长大型断裂。     

Superplastic Behaviour and Microstructural Evolution in Stepped Tensile Deformation of Titanium Alloy

The effect of stepped tensile deformation at 850, 900, 950 °C on the elongation, microstructure, and mechanical characteristics of titanium alloy has been investigated. The stepped uniaxial tension (stepped-UT) was composed of the following three steps in sequence: constant speed tension, clearance stage, and maximum m superplasticity tension (MaxmSPT). Results showed that the maximum elongation of TC6 alloy between 850 and 950 °C through the Stepped-UT was 2053%, in which the first engineering strain of constant speed tension was 2.0, the following clearance time was 15 min, and the MaxmSPT was finally carried on until failure. And the optimal elongations obtained by the MaxmSPT and constant speed tensile method were 1347 and 753.9% at 850 °C, respectively. The true stress-strain curves showed the strain rate sensitivity index m of the alloy in the stepped-UT was higher than the one in the single step of the MaxmSPT. Moreover, the microstructure of TC6 alloys in the stepped superplastic deformation was observed and the grain refinement was found. The grain refinement and true stress-strain curves of TC6 alloys were all affected by preplanned engineering strain and temperatures. The results also showed the joint action of the dynamic recrystallization and static or meta-dynamic recrystallization refined the grains, improved the structure property, and induced the plasticity enhancement.     

Superplastic behaviour and microstructure evolution of a fine-grained TA15 titanium alloy

The fine-grained microstructure of TA15 titanium alloy was prepared through two-step forging technology combined with high and low temperatures, and a transnormal superplastic elongation of more than 2000% was obtained. The superplastic behaviour and microstructure evolution were systematically researched at different temperatures and strain rates through superplastic tensile test. The results indicate that the fine-grained TA15 alloy exhibits superplasticity at temperatures of 760–980°C and initial strain rates from 1.1 × 10⁻² to 5.5 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. The optimal superplastic conditions are 940°C and 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹, in which the average elongation is 2526% and the maximum elongation is 2743%. During superplastic deformation, dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur obviously, and the corporate effect of strain hardening and recrystallization softening decides the superplastic ability directly.     

TA15合金高低温恒应变速率拉伸变形行为对比研究

为进一步研究钛合金超塑性变形行为,对TA15合金在变形温度700~900 ℃、应变速率1×10?2~1×10?4 s?1条件下进行恒应变速率拉伸实验,对比不同温度、不同应变速率下合金的变形行为。结果表明:TA15合金在初生等轴α相平均尺寸15 μm的条件下,拉伸试样的伸长率为73.3%~250.0%;在850 ℃、1×10?4 s?1变形条件下,试样伸长率最高;在700~750 ℃下,合金表现出的峰值应力较大;在750 ℃、1×10?4 s?1变形条件下,试样伸长率为183.3%。合金试样仅在高温及低应变速率条件下出现稳态流变阶段,该阶段持续时间越长,合金的伸长率越高。变形后的TA15合金组织均发生不同程度的长大,经高温、低应变速率的变形,试样组织粗化现象最为明显。     

双相NiAl金属间化合物超塑性

研究双相Ni-31Al金属间化合物的高温变形行为。结果表明,该合金在950~1075℃温度范围,1.25×10-4~8×10-3s-1应变速率范围内呈超塑性变形。在温度为1000℃、应变速率为5×10-4s-1时,最大延伸率可达281.3%。显微结构分析表明,超塑性变形过程中两相具有很好的协调变形能力,超塑性变形后原始组织拉长、细化。双相Ni-31Al金属间化合物超塑性变形机制可能为连续动态回复与再结晶。     

变形工艺对TC11钛合金超塑性的影响

为了研究TC11(Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si)钛合金的超塑性变形行为,采用两种改锻工艺细化坯料原始组织,然后在电子拉伸试验机上分别以恒速、恒应变速率和最大m值法进行拉伸实验.结果表明,TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻工艺,可以获得晶粒度为6μm的细晶等轴组织,而在β区拔长改锻的组织为粗大的魏氏组织.在变形温度为900℃的条件下,TC11钛合金通过最大m值超塑变形方式获得了异常高的超塑性,最大伸长率达到2300%;而采用常规的恒应变速率和恒速超塑变形,伸长率分别为1147%和1100%.说明TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻细化晶粒后,以最大m值超塑变形是获得较好超塑性的有效方法.     

Phase transformation in the β phase of super α2 Ti3Al base alloys during static annealing and superplastic deformation at 700–1000 °C

Ti₃Al based alloys have admirable superplasticity with elongation greater than 1000% at temperatures between 950 and 1000 °C. In this study, the phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a super α₂ alloy Ti–25%Al–10%Nb–2%V–1%Mo (in at.%) at lower temperatures of 700–900 °C are further examined, and the reasons for the reduced elongations are examined. The initial grain size was around 2 μm. Although the super α₂ alloy exhibited superior superplastic elongations of 1500% at 960 °C, the elongation dropped to 600% at 900 °C, 330% at 850 °C and 140% at 750 °C. The β→α₂^′ transformation occurred in accordance with the equilibrium phase diagram during static annealing, but the transformation was enhanced during dynamic straining at temperatures from 750 to 900 °C. The β→α₂^′ transformation in the two-phase region is shown to be diffusion controlled, and not a massive or martensitic transformation. With the fine acicular α₂^′ plates inside the β grains, the grain boundary sliding accommodation process across the BCC β grains was impeded, leading to lower tensile elongations.     

Low-temperature superplasticity of ZK40 magnesium alloy processed using equal channel angular pressing

Microstructure evolution and superplastic behaviors of ZK40 magnesium alloy were investigated in the temperature range of 473～623 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the microstructure changes, twinning occurred significantly after being processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for one pass through the die, the mean grain size was 5.6μm. Finer grains can be obtained after further processing through ECAP, the average grain size of the alloy processed by ECAP for three passes was as low as 0.8 μ_m; this alloy exhibited low temperature superplasticity at 473～523 K, elongations obtained at the same initial strain rate of 1×10~(-3) s~(-1) were 260％ at 473 K and 612％ at 523 K, respectively. Corresponding values for the ZK40 alloy processed by ECAP for only one pass were 124％ at 473 K and 212％ at 523 K, respectively; poor superplastic behavior of this material was related to the long-range stresses associated with the non-equilibrium grain boundaries within the coarse grains. The incompatibility between fine and coarse grains was thought to be unfavorable to the improvement of superplasticity.     

应变速率对TA15钛合金超塑性的影响

采用恒应变速率拉伸方法研究了应变速率对TA15合金超塑性的影响。结果表明,在变形温度为900℃,应变速率为3.3×10-4～1.1×10-2s-1时,随应变速率的降低,伸长率逐渐增大,最大伸长率为1074%。同时,在高应变速率条件下也获得了良好的超塑性能。此外,应力-应变曲线中出现了较长的应变硬化阶段,应变速率越低,应变硬化阶段越长,并且有利于超塑性变形。微观组织观察表明应变速率对TA15合金显微组织演变有着显著的影响,应变速率越低,显微组织粗化越严重。高应变速率条件下,由于动态再结晶的作用,试样变形区出现了很多新的细小等轴α相。     

Phase Composition and Superplastic Behavior of a Wrought AlCoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy

A cast AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy was multiaxially forged at 950°C to produce a fine homogeneous mixture of grains/particles of four different phases with the average size of ~2.1 μm. The forged alloy exhibited unusual superplastic behavior accompanied by a pronounced softening stage, followed by a steady-state flow stage, during tensile deformation at temperatures of 800°C–1000°C and at strain rates of 10^?4–10^?1 s^?1. Despite the softening stage, no noticeable strain localization was observed and a total elongation of up to 1240% was obtained. A detailed analysis of the phase composition and microstructure of the alloy before and after superplastic deformation was conducted, the strain rate and temperature dependences of the flow stress were determined at different stages of the superplastic deformation, and the relationships between the microstructure and properties were identified and discussed.     

Er、Zr微合金化5083铝合金的超塑性

针对5E83合金(Er、Zr微合金化5083合金),采用超塑性拉伸试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM),探究了Er、Zr微合金元素、晶粒尺寸、变形温度、应变速率对合金超塑性的影响。通过再结晶退火、空冷和水冷的搅拌摩擦加工(FSP),分别获得了晶粒尺寸为7.4、5.2、3.4μm的完全再结晶组织,作为初始状态进行超塑性拉伸。结果表明,初始晶粒尺寸越细小,超塑性伸长率越高。当晶粒尺寸>5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化缓慢,细化初始晶粒可显著提高超塑性;而当晶粒尺寸<5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化严重,进一步细化初始晶粒对超塑性的提高有限。不同变形温度、应变速率的超塑性拉伸结果显示在变形温度为450～540℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-4～1.67×10^-1 s^-1,超塑性伸长率随变形温度和应变速率的提高呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势;变形温度为520℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-3 s^-1条件下,水冷FSP态合金获得最大伸长率330%...