电致变色氧化钨薄膜的干法锂化研究

采用电子束加热蒸发金属Ｌｉ对ＷＯ３电致变色薄膜进行干法锂化，利用Ｘ光电子能谱和电化学方法分析不同锂化程度ＷＯ３薄膜的化学组分和电致变色性能。实验表明，当锂化ＷＯ３薄膜中Ｌｉ原子与Ｗ原子的数目比在０．１５左右时有良好的可逆性和着色效率。利用该方法制备了性能良好的单片式导Ｌｉ＋全固态电致变色薄膜器件Ｇｌａｓｓ／ＩＴＯ／ＷＯ３·Ｌｉ／ＬｉＦ·ＡｌＦ３／Ｖ２Ｏ５／Ａｌ。     

NiOxHy薄膜电致变色性能的研究

利用直流磁控溅射法，在Ｏ２＋Ｈ２的气氛下制备了ＮｉＯｘＨｙ薄膜，研究了不同氢气含量对薄膜的初始沉积态、漂白态和着色态透光性能的影响，含氢量为８０％时，薄膜的初始沉积态的平均可见光透射比最高。含氢量为６０％时，薄膜的电致变色能力最佳。用获得的ＮｉＯｘＨｙ薄膜制备的反射型全固态电致变色器件的控光范围可达７７％。对ＮｉＯｘＨｙ薄膜三种状态的红外吸收光谱分析表明，ＮｉＯｘＨｙ薄膜的变色机理可用：Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２（漂白态）＝ＮｉＯＯＨ（着色态）＋Ｈ＋＋ｅ－表示。     

NiO_xH_y 能效窗口薄膜的电致变色性

介绍了用于能效窗口的直流溅射氢氧化镍电致变色薄膜的电变色性能。讨论了不同偏置条件下的光透过谱线和循环伏安特性，薄膜厚度与光密度的变化关系，以及不同厚度的电致变色薄腊与太阳光透过率的关系。同时对电色薄膜的时间响应特性、光密度变化与注入的电荷密度的联系也进行了研究。结果表明，直接采用氢氧化镍作为制备电致变色薄膜的靶材，获得的薄膜有良好的电致变色性能，薄膜不需激活就有良好的初始电色特性。初步讨论了镍电致变色的机理，用能带理论可以定性说明镍电致变色薄膜的消着色机理。     

电沉积法制备电致变色材料

应用电沉积法制备WO3、NiO、M0O3,WO3/M0O3等电致变色薄膜。WO3薄膜、NiO薄膜、M0O3薄膜具有较好的电致变色特性,漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为30％左右。WO3/M0O3掺杂薄膜漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为40％左右,显示掺杂有利于增强薄膜的电致变色特性。WO3 NiO互补型电致变色体系漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为40％左右,显示互补型电致变色材料有利于增强电致变色特性。在双注入模型的基础上,根据过渡金属配合物显色机理,提出解释电致变色机理的“配位场模型”,认为在电致变色中可能存在三种电子跃迁方式。     

电致变色灵巧窗的设计与研制

从电致变色器件的工作原理出发，对电致变色灵巧窗的基本结构和各层材料的作用进行分析和讨论，对组成灵巧窗的各层薄膜材料进行研究和制备，并研制了性能优良的ＩＴＯ／ＷＯ３／ＬｉＣｌＯ４－ＰＣ／ＮｉＯ／ＩＴＯ以及ＩＴＯ／ＮｉＯ／ＬｉＣｌＯ４－ＰＣ／ＩＴＯ结构的半固态灵巧窗和ＩＴＯ／ＷＯ３／ＬｉＮｂＯ３／ＮｉＯ／ＩＴＯ结构的全固态灵巧窗。     

射频溅射沉积TaOx薄膜离子导体性能

利用射频反应溅射沉积方法在不同氧含量下以ＷＯ３／ＩＴＯ／Ｇｌａｓｓ为基体，制备了一系列厚度大于２００ｎｍ的ＴａＯｘ薄膜，并用Ａｒｎｏｌｄｕｓｓｅｎ方法检测离子导电性能。结果表明，当溅射功率为１５０Ｗ、氧含量１０～８０％条件下制备的ＴａＯｘ薄膜均为离子导体。其中氧含量２０—４０％时离子导电性能最佳。用ＴａＯｘ薄膜作为离子导体制备的Ａｌ／ＮｉＯｘ／ＴａＯｘ／ＷＯｘ／ＩＴＯ／Ｇｌａｓｓ电致变色器件，其着色态在可见光谱范围（０．３８—０．７８μｍ）的平均反射比为１１．２％，漂白态时对应的平均反射比可达８３．２％。本文还讨论了ＴａＯｘ离子导体的离子导电机理。     

电子束蒸发氧化钨薄膜电致变色性能的研究

报道了电子束蒸发制备的氧化钨薄膜的电臻变色特性和开关寿命，给出了电极电压和电解浓浓度对氧化钨薄膜电致变色性能的影响。     

光电致变色薄膜及其器件

光电致变色器件(Photoelectrochromic device)由染料电池和WO3电致变色薄膜电极组成。本研究采用溶胶一凝胶法分别制备WO3和TiO2纳米薄膜，并组装成光电致变色器件，对不同热处理和薄膜厚度下的器件的光电致变色性能进行测试分析。试验表明用提拉法制成的WO3薄膜和用旋涂法及丝网印刷制成的TiO2薄膜，都具有较好的成膜性，并且由其组装成的器件具有良好的光电致变色效果。     

不同膜厚WO3薄膜的电致变色特性研究

研究了膜厚对WO3薄膜的电致变色特性的影响。WO3电致变色薄膜采用真空电子束蒸发技术制备，采用光学膜厚极值法和石英晶体振荡法膜厚测量技术监控WO3薄膜的膜厚及其光学特性。对不同光学膜厚的WO3薄膜的初始态、着色态和退色态的光谱特性进行了对比，同时研究了透射比和电流的时间响应特性。     

NiOxHx能效窗口薄膜的电致变色性

介绍了用于能效窗口的直流溅射氢氧化镍电致变色薄膜的电变色性能。讨论了不同偏置条件下的光透过谱线和循环伏安特性，薄膜厚度与光密度的变化关系，以及不同厚度的电致变色薄膜与光透过度的关系。同时对电色薄膜的时间响应性、光密度变化与注入的电荷密度的联系也进行了研究。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.